Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W3123780293', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1997.tb00422.x', 'title': 'Population thinking and tree thinking in systematics', 'display_name': 'Population thinking and tree thinking in systematics', 'publication_year': 1997, 'publication_date': '1997-10-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W3123780293', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1997.tb00422.x', 'mag': '3123780293'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1997.tb00422.x', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1997.tb00422.x', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4078192', 'display_name': 'Zoologica Scripta', 'issn_l': '0300-3256', 'issn': ['0300-3256', '1463-6409'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'bronze', 'oa_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1997.tb00422.x', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5060663041', 'display_name': 'Robert J. O’Hara', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5087-6965'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I169335092', 'display_name': 'University of North Carolina at Greensboro', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04fnxsj42', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I169335092']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': "ROBERT J. O'HARA", 'raw_affiliation_strings': ["Robert J. O'Hara, Cornelia Strong College and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, U.S.A."], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': "Robert J. O'Hara, Cornelia Strong College and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, U.S.A.", 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I169335092']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5060663041'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I169335092'], 'apc_list': {'value': 3710, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 3710, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.0, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 184, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.985376, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 97, 'max': 98}, 'biblio': {'volume': '26', 'issue': '4', 'first_page': '323', 'last_page': '329'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10778', 'display_name': 'Philosophy and History of Science', 'score': 0.9972, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1207', 'display_name': 'History and Philosophy of Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/12', 'display_name': 'Arts and Humanities'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10778', 'display_name': 'Philosophy and History of Science', 'score': 0.9972, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1207', 'display_name': 'History and Philosophy of Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/12', 'display_name': 'Arts and Humanities'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11354', 'display_name': 'Evolution and Paleontology Studies', 'score': 0.9678, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1911', 'display_name': 'Paleontology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13238', 'display_name': 'Botanical Studies and Applications', 'score': 0.9557, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1110', 'display_name': 'Plant Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/11', 'display_name': 'Agricultural and Biological Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/essentialism', 'display_name': 'Essentialism', 'score': 0.55204946}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/population-biology', 'display_name': 'Population biology', 'score': 0.5163301}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/divergence', 'display_name': 'Divergence (linguistics)', 'score': 0.5073773}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41806617', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516404', 'display_name': 'Systematics', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.7054114}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2908647359', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603', 'display_name': 'Population', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6756787}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5956758}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153683151', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391156', 'display_name': 'Essentialism', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.55204946}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C193252679', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242125', 'display_name': 'Phylogenetic tree', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5332123}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C9652623', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109', 'display_name': 'Field (mathematics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5190504}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C180704567', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1098652', 'display_name': 'Population biology', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5163301}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C207390915', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525', 'display_name': 'Divergence (linguistics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5073773}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779343474', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175', 'display_name': 'Context (archaeology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.42638877}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C53553401', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307', 'display_name': 'Genealogy', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.42315656}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C78458016', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400', 'display_name': 'Evolutionary biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4092985}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111472728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471', 'display_name': 'Epistemology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.38932478}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C18903297', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150', 'display_name': 'Ecology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.30881402}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C58642233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924', 'display_name': 'Taxonomy (biology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.20711541}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.20633236}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C149923435', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732', 'display_name': 'Demography', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.14172524}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C95457728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309', 'display_name': 'History', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.12710574}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C151730666', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205', 'display_name': 'Paleontology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.10405484}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.088231385}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.082971305}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.058948994}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104317684', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187', 'display_name': 'Gene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C202444582', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863', 'display_name': 'Pure mathematics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41895202', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162', 'display_name': 'Linguistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1997.tb00422.x', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1997.tb00422.x', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4078192', 'display_name': 'Zoologica Scripta', 'issn_l': '0300-3256', 'issn': ['0300-3256', '1463-6409'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1997.tb00422.x', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1997.tb00422.x', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4078192', 'display_name': 'Zoologica Scripta', 'issn_l': '0300-3256', 'issn': ['0300-3256', '1463-6409'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15', 'display_name': 'Life on land', 'score': 0.56}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 39, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1495756776', 'https://openalex.org/W1891702080', 'https://openalex.org/W1967892569', 'https://openalex.org/W1972241743', 'https://openalex.org/W1981275193', 'https://openalex.org/W1998472402', 'https://openalex.org/W2013410948', 'https://openalex.org/W2020349679', 'https://openalex.org/W2023770502', 'https://openalex.org/W2035420254', 'https://openalex.org/W2051080577', 'https://openalex.org/W2060936141', 'https://openalex.org/W2076582569', 'https://openalex.org/W2087053050', 'https://openalex.org/W2088138371', 'https://openalex.org/W2096698507', 'https://openalex.org/W2108057700', 'https://openalex.org/W2314918860', 'https://openalex.org/W2324501219', 'https://openalex.org/W2327078328', 'https://openalex.org/W2327555725', 'https://openalex.org/W2478395683', 'https://openalex.org/W2990721240', 'https://openalex.org/W3124739406', 'https://openalex.org/W3124974717', 'https://openalex.org/W3125583943', 'https://openalex.org/W3126112889', 'https://openalex.org/W3134404135', 'https://openalex.org/W3201449466', 'https://openalex.org/W4230680739', 'https://openalex.org/W4247149400', 'https://openalex.org/W4249194631', 'https://openalex.org/W4251392365', 'https://openalex.org/W4300517032', 'https://openalex.org/W4302780453', 'https://openalex.org/W4388245928', 'https://openalex.org/W4388296129', 'https://openalex.org/W66022270', 'https://openalex.org/W90300160'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W569556757', 'https://openalex.org/W5052204', 'https://openalex.org/W4381950067', 'https://openalex.org/W4206911430', 'https://openalex.org/W4205736397', 'https://openalex.org/W4200429499', 'https://openalex.org/W2993461221', 'https://openalex.org/W2954841615', 'https://openalex.org/W2384483030', 'https://openalex.org/W2379990707'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Two': [0], 'new': [1, 190, 203], 'modes': [2], 'of': [3, 37, 45, 57, 61, 92, 108, 137, 147, 153, 164, 174, 180, 192, 205], 'thinking': [4, 29, 65, 96, 112, 185, 197], 'have': [5, 14, 20], 'spread': [6, 98], 'through': [7, 99], 'systematics': [8, 47], 'in': [9, 33, 41, 48, 150], 'the': [10, 31, 34, 38, 42, 49, 54, 58, 67, 77, 100, 103, 106, 145, 151, 159, 189, 202], 'twentieth': [11], 'century.': [12, 27], 'Both': [13], 'deep': [15], 'historical': [16], 'roots,': [17], 'but': [18, 132], 'they': [19], 'been': [21], 'widely': [22], 'accepted': [23], 'only': [24], 'during': [25], 'this': [26], 'Population': [28, 64], 'overtook': [30], 'field': [32, 60, 101, 191, 204], 'early': [35], 'part': [36], 'century,': [39], 'culminating': [40], 'full': [43], 'development': [44, 107], 'population': [46, 62, 91, 184, 193], '1930s': [50], 'and': [51, 53, 83, 166], '1940s,': [52], 'subsequent': [55], 'growth': [56], 'entire': [59], 'biology.': [63, 207], 'rejects': [66], 'idea': [68], 'that': [69, 114], 'each': [70], 'species': [71, 87, 115], 'has': [72, 97], 'a': [73, 89, 121, 154, 172, 178], 'natural': [74], 'type': [75], '(as': [76, 123], 'earlier': [78, 124], 'essentialist': [79], 'view': [80], 'had': [81, 127], 'assumed),': [82], 'instead': [84, 134], 'sees': [85, 168], 'every': [86], 'as': [88, 171, 183], 'varying': [90], 'interbreeding': [93], 'individuals.': [94], 'Tree': [95, 111], 'since': [102], '1960s': [104], 'with': [105], 'phylogenetic': [109, 206], 'systematics.': [110], 'recognizes': [113], 'are': [116, 133], 'not': [117], 'independent': [118], 'replicates': [119], 'within': [120], 'class': [122], 'group': [125], 'thinkers': [126], 'tended': [128], 'to': [129, 188, 201], 'see': [130], 'them),': [131], 'inter‐connected': [135], 'parts': [136], 'an': [138], 'evolutionary': [139, 148, 169], 'tree.': [140], 'It': [141], 'lays': [142], 'emphasis': [143], 'on': [144, 158], 'explanation': [146], 'events': [149], 'context': [152], 'tree,': [155], 'rather': [156, 176], 'than': [157, 177], 'states': [160], 'exhibited': [161], 'by': [162], 'collections': [163], 'species,': [165], 'it': [167], 'history': [170], 'story': [173, 179], 'divergence': [175], 'development.': [181], 'Just': [182], 'gave': [186], 'rise': [187, 200], 'biology,': [194], 'so': [195], 'tree': [196], 'is': [198], 'giving': [199]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3123780293', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 29}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 17}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 12}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-29T16:05:09.716542', 'created_date': '2021-02-01'}