Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W3105216156', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.34172/iejm.2020.22', 'title': 'Effective Dose Calculation for Patients Undergoing X-ray Examinations in Erbil Hospitals', 'display_name': 'Effective Dose Calculation for Patients Undergoing X-ray Examinations in Erbil Hospitals', 'publication_year': 2020, 'publication_date': '2020-09-30', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W3105216156', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.34172/iejm.2020.22', 'mag': '3105216156'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.34172/iejm.2020.22', 'pdf_url': 'https://ddj.hums.ac.ir/PDF/iejm-217.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210222622', 'display_name': 'International Electronic Journal of Medicine', 'issn_l': '2251-8304', 'issn': ['2251-8304'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'doaj'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'hybrid', 'oa_url': 'https://ddj.hums.ac.ir/PDF/iejm-217.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5000083720', 'display_name': 'Ilham Khalid Ibrahim', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9352-1208'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I167609691', 'display_name': 'Hawler Medical University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02a6g3h39', 'country_code': 'IQ', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I167609691']}], 'countries': ['IQ'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Ilham Khalid Ibrahim', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region-Iraq.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region-Iraq.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I167609691']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5008228280', 'display_name': 'Fatiheea Fatihalla Hassan', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5572-5875'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I167609691', 'display_name': 'Hawler Medical University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02a6g3h39', 'country_code': 'IQ', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I167609691']}], 'countries': ['IQ'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Fatiheea Fatihalla Hassan', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region-Iraq.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region-Iraq.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I167609691']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5025807386', 'display_name': 'Nashwan Karkhi Abdulkareem', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8797-4873'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I167609691', 'display_name': 'Hawler Medical University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02a6g3h39', 'country_code': 'IQ', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I167609691']}], 'countries': ['IQ'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Nashwan Karkhi Abdulkareem', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region-Iraq.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region-Iraq.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I167609691']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5008228280'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I167609691'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.0, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 0, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.0, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 0, 'max': 60}, 'biblio': {'volume': '9', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '121', 'last_page': '123'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10844', 'display_name': 'Radiation Dose and Imaging', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2741', 'display_name': 'Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10844', 'display_name': 'Radiation Dose and Imaging', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2741', 'display_name': 'Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12386', 'display_name': 'Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging', 'score': 0.9973, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2204', 'display_name': 'Biomedical Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11894', 'display_name': 'Radiology practices and education', 'score': 0.99, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2741', 'display_name': 'Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/collective-dose', 'display_name': 'Collective dose', 'score': 0.5831681}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/lead-apron', 'display_name': 'Lead apron', 'score': 0.41038632}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.8773242}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778357063', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713102', 'display_name': 'Pelvis', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.74013656}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779983558', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9597', 'display_name': 'Abdomen', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.73810923}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2989005', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963', 'display_name': 'Nuclear medicine', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.6117707}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C191049221', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1088432', 'display_name': 'Collective dose', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5831681}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C149857219', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5239054', 'display_name': 'Effective dose (radiation)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5644706}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C190892606', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3512464', 'display_name': 'Radiological weapon', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.55904955}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778220009', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160105', 'display_name': 'Cervical cancer', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5542836}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C61511704', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857', 'display_name': 'Incidence (geometry)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5494152}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C18231593', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186161', 'display_name': 'Ionizing radiation', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.52822614}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126838900', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604', 'display_name': 'Radiology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5070195}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779925993', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336938', 'display_name': 'Radiation exposure', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44014376}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2985379065', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900457', 'display_name': 'Cervical spine', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.41467732}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2909875076', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508434', 'display_name': 'Lead apron', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.41038632}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C141071460', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821', 'display_name': 'Surgery', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.24495414}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121608353', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078', 'display_name': 'Cancer', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.23622447}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126322002', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180', 'display_name': 'Internal medicine', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.13818195}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111337013', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2737837', 'display_name': 'Irradiation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.098950475}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185544564', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197', 'display_name': 'Nuclear physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C120665830', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620', 'display_name': 'Optics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.34172/iejm.2020.22', 'pdf_url': 'https://ddj.hums.ac.ir/PDF/iejm-217.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210222622', 'display_name': 'International Electronic Journal of Medicine', 'issn_l': '2251-8304', 'issn': ['2251-8304'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doaj.org/article/3c9b84863e794c1581009ffe86399d6e', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401280', 'display_name': 'DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.34172/iejm.2020.22', 'pdf_url': 'https://ddj.hums.ac.ir/PDF/iejm-217.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210222622', 'display_name': 'International Electronic Journal of Medicine', 'issn_l': '2251-8304', 'issn': ['2251-8304'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Good health and well-being', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3', 'score': 0.73}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 10, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1997090004', 'https://openalex.org/W2005234366', 'https://openalex.org/W2019084160', 'https://openalex.org/W2087449479', 'https://openalex.org/W2096846576', 'https://openalex.org/W2118604851', 'https://openalex.org/W2143798578', 'https://openalex.org/W2258670649', 'https://openalex.org/W2262484981', 'https://openalex.org/W2767360909'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3152626640', 'https://openalex.org/W3024609098', 'https://openalex.org/W3015202876', 'https://openalex.org/W2515692407', 'https://openalex.org/W2335538564', 'https://openalex.org/W2323143487', 'https://openalex.org/W2171763728', 'https://openalex.org/W2093144166', 'https://openalex.org/W2092736384', 'https://openalex.org/W2072805063'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Background:': [0], 'In': [1], 'conventional': [2, 196], 'X-ray': [3, 55, 197], 'examinations,': [4], 'patients': [5, 43, 78, 194], 'are': [6], 'exposed': [7], 'to': [8, 34, 186, 241, 249], 'radiation.': [9], 'Biological': [10], 'hazards': [11], 'from': [12], 'radiation': [13, 205], 'of': [14, 30, 60, 68, 76, 82, 119, 142, 177, 182, 190, 203, 229, 245], 'any': [15], 'source': [16], 'is': [17, 23, 238], 'expressed': [18], 'as': [19], 'effective': [20, 39, 116], 'dose,': [21], 'and': [22, 36, 52, 63, 72, 101, 111, 128, 138, 154, 163, 193, 232], 'measured': [24, 132], 'in': [25, 57, 85, 170, 209, 221], 'millisieverts': [26], '(mSv).': [27], 'The': [28, 91, 114, 146, 180, 213], 'purpose': [29], 'this': [31, 86, 171, 224], 'study': [32, 172, 184], 'was': [33, 185], 'assess': [35], 'calculate': [37], 'the': [38, 134, 183, 188, 191, 201, 222, 227], 'dose': [40, 236], 'values': [41, 169], 'for': [42, 157, 206], 'undergoing': [44, 195], 'posteroanterior': [45], '(PA)': [46], 'chest,': [47], 'abdomen,': [48, 127, 162], 'anteroposterior': [49], '(AP)': [50], 'pelvis,': [51], 'cervical': [53, 129, 164], 'spine': [54], 'examinations': [56, 122], 'general': [58], 'hospitals': [59], 'Erbil': [61, 210], 'city': [62], 'compare': [64], 'it': [65], 'with': [66, 140], 'those': [67, 141, 176], 'other': [69, 143, 250], 'studies.': [70, 144, 179, 251], 'Materials': [71], 'Methods:': [73], 'A': [74], 'total': [75], '255': [77], 'between': [79], '20-70': [80], 'years': [81], 'age': [83], 'participated': [84], 'work': [87], '(85': [88], 'per': [89], 'hospital).': [90], 'patients’': [92], 'characteristics': [93], 'included': [94], 'age,': [95], 'sex,': [96], 'examination': [97], 'type,': [98], 'projection': [99], 'posture,': [100], 'exposure': [102], 'parameters': [103], 'captured': [104], 'by': [105, 218], 'NOMEX': [106], 'Multimeter': [107], 'including': [108], 'tube': [109], 'potential': [110], 'current-time': [112], 'product.': [113], 'mean': [115, 147, 214], 'doses': [117], '(EDs)': [118], 'four': [120], 'different': [121], '(chest': [123], '(PA),': [124, 159], 'pelvis': [125, 160], '(AP),': [126, 161], 'spine)': [130], 'were': [131, 149, 173, 216], 'using': [133], 'Monte': [135], 'Carlo': [136], 'method': [137], 'compared': [139, 248], 'Results:': [145], 'EDs': [148, 215], 'calculated': [150], '1.04,': [151], '2.01,': [152], '3.12,': [153], '3.22': [155], 'mSv': [156], 'chest': [158], 'spine,': [165], 'respectively.': [166], 'All': [167], 'ED': [168], 'higher': [174], 'than': [175], 'published': [178], 'aim': [181], 'increase': [187, 220, 226], 'awareness': [189], 'radiographer': [192], 'diagnostic': [198], 'radiology': [199], 'on': [200], 'risk': [202], 'ionizing': [204], 'radiological': [207], 'protection': [208], 'hospitals.': [211], 'Conclusion:': [212], 'increased': [217], 'an': [219], 'age;': [223], 'may': [225], 'probability': [228], 'cancer': [230, 246], 'incidence': [231, 244], 'heritable': [233], 'diseases.': [234], 'Hence,': [235], 'optimization': [237], 'required': [239], 'due': [240], 'more': [242], 'probable': [243], 'when': [247]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3105216156', 'counts_by_year': [], 'updated_date': '2024-12-29T10:40:03.613310', 'created_date': '2020-11-23'}