Publication Information

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None, 'fwci': 0.0, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 0, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.0, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 0, 'max': 62}, 'biblio': {'volume': None, 'issue': None, 'first_page': None, 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12219', 'display_name': 'Canadian Identity and History', 'score': 0.897, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12219', 'display_name': 'Canadian Identity and History', 'score': 0.897, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 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'https://openalex.org/W2056758751', 'https://openalex.org/W1989609903', 'https://openalex.org/W1548842204'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Dominant': [0], 'narratives': [1], 'and': [2, 17, 24, 36, 45, 66, 114, 137, 147, 164, 175, 213, 229, 254, 281, 299, 327, 343, 345, 423, 436, 471, 476, 496, 498, 530, 587, 615, 620, 653, 660, 667, 675, 725, 739, 761, 789, 793, 803, 817, 832, 846, 880, 907, 939, 952, 1006, 1016, 1021, 1048, 1054, 1113, 1117, 1133, 1149, 1208, 1242, 1270, 1272, 1287, 1306], 'discourses': [3, 55], 'of': [4, 77, 112, 121, 125, 151, 181, 186, 198, 227, 234, 246, 259, 273, 279, 284, 302, 317, 341, 356, 372, 407, 416, 434, 461, 478, 487, 503, 507, 510, 576, 580, 609, 618, 626, 633, 733, 814, 819, 821, 826, 837, 866, 884, 898, 909, 926, 991, 1003, 1013, 1024, 1051, 1080, 1088, 1140, 1147, 1160, 1205, 1257, 1268, 1280, 1292, 1300, 1304], 'diversity': [5, 48, 72, 90, 440, 951, 1310, 1339], 'in': [6, 26, 70, 73, 92, 128, 140, 220, 267, 307, 314, 430, 445, 560, 646, 683, 693, 698, 730, 746, 893, 998, 1063, 1136, 1340], 'Toronto': [7], 'have': [8, 60, 80, 153, 192, 218, 922, 1040, 1046, 1153], 'for': [9, 34, 333, 349, 404, 623, 787, 829, 839, 859, 960, 976, 1028, 1182], 'long': [10, 1342], 'been': [11, 193], 'predominantly': [12], 'based': [13, 290, 338, 546], 'on': [14, 32, 155, 339, 346, 392, 547, 850, 982, 1077, 1179, 1202], 'ethnic': [15, 493], 'origin': [16, 275, 1207], 'immigration': [18, 33, 148, 174, 190, 225, 241, 320, 363, 386, 553, 567, 603, 612, 635, 655, 706, 711, 794, 860, 912, 931, 999, 1055, 1094, 1119, 1226, 1231], 'due': [19, 441, 871], 'to': [20, 89, 118, 195, 263, 442, 473, 526, 534, 540, 571, 648, 715, 778, 801, 841, 862, 872, 935, 942, 958, 971, 1100, 1109, 1195, 1211, 1215, 1289, 1309, 1329, 1333], 'the': [21, 57, 84, 93, 97, 103, 141, 158, 178, 184, 196, 199, 210, 214, 221, 223, 232, 235, 239, 257, 268, 282, 325, 334, 350, 357, 362, 370, 373, 393, 398, 405, 413, 428, 431, 437, 447, 462, 468, 501, 504, 517, 541, 548, 565, 577, 581, 584, 591, 594, 607, 613, 624, 627, 631, 642, 649, 672, 680, 687, 710, 721, 731, 734, 785, 791, 815, 824, 835, 842, 847, 857, 864, 873, 896, 905, 918, 924, 927, 996, 1001, 1011, 1022, 1029, 1049, 1086, 1110, 1125, 1141, 1165, 1168, 1187, 1196, 1203, 1228, 1235, 1255, 1262, 1265, 1273, 1278, 1283, 1290, 1301, 1307, 1324, 1341], 'migration': [22], 'history': [23], 'tradition': [25], 'Canada': [27, 182, 435, 508, 543, 619, 747, 1217], 'which': [28, 152, 260, 287, 521, 605, 708, 770, 887, 1073, 1174], 'is': [29], 'increasingly': [30, 1154], 'reliant': [31], 'population': [35, 375, 432], 'labour': [37, 937], 'market': [38], 'growth': [39, 574], '(Wayland,': [40], '2006).': [41], 'In': [42, 513, 562, 590, 754], 'Canada,': [43], 'national': [44, 274, 491, 1206], 'city': [46, 65, 1188], 'level': [47, 59, 86, 160, 1189], 'policies': [49, 156, 191, 1305], 'are': [50], 'often': [51], 'very': [52, 179], 'different,': [53], 'although': [54], 'at': [56, 83, 157, 583, 1018, 1085, 1186], 'federal': [58, 85, 105, 119, 448, 528, 1064, 1126], 'an': [61, 366, 598], 'important': [62, 78, 367], 'impact': [63, 368, 1178], 'upon': [64, 291, 369, 963], 'even': [67], 'community-level': [68], 'efforts': [69], 'addressing': [71], 'Toronto.': [74], 'A': [75], 'number': [76, 1079], 'shifts': [79, 108], 'taken': [81], 'place': [82, 306], 'with': [87, 427, 532, 557, 700, 775, 796, 799], 'regards': [88, 533, 800], 'policy': [91, 171, 364, 417, 466, 554, 568, 741, 1180, 1238, 1252], 'recent': [94], 'years': [95], 'when': [96, 686], 'Stephen': [98], 'Harper-led': [99], 'Conservative': [100], 'Party': [101], 'won': [102], '2006': [104, 1034], 'elections.': [106], 'These': [107, 695], 'include': [109], 'increased': [110, 848, 961], 'decentralization': [111], 'administrative': [113, 851], 'financial': [115], 'responsibilities,': [116], 'cut-backs': [117], 'funding': [120], 'social': [122, 130, 616], 'programs,': [123], 'introduction': [124, 283, 1002, 1023, 1256], 'conservative': [126], 'values': [127], 'public': [129, 658, 973, 1313], 'services': [131], '(especially': [132], 'concerning': [133], 'health': [134, 974], 'issues,': [135], 'women': [136], 'newcomers),': [138], 'changes': [139, 674], 'Temporary': [142], 'Foreign': [143], 'Workers': [144], 'Program': [145], '(TFWP),': [146], 'policy,': [149, 242, 454, 1261], 'all': [150, 382, 479], 'impacted': [154], 'local': [159], '(Russo,': [161, 853], '2008;': [162], 'Caron': [163], 'La': [165], 'Forest,': [166], '2009).\r\nCanada': [167], 'has': [168, 206, 1057], 'a': [169, 277, 285, 451, 458, 523, 772, 881, 902, 1004, 1060, 1078, 1115, 1129, 1176, 1246, 1249, 1258, 1293, 1312, 1331], 'longstanding': [170], 'framework': [172, 525], 'regarding': [173, 602, 811], 'diversity.': [176], 'Since': [177, 1033], 'founding': [180], 'through': [183, 611, 911], 'appropriation': [185], 'Aboriginal': [187], 'land': [188], 'resources,': [189], 'central': [194], 'production': [197], 'Canadian': [200, 240, 463, 518, 595, 930, 1266, 1284, 1296], 'nation': [201], '(Thobani,': [202, 352], '2000).': [203, 353], 'Evidently,': [204], 'in-migration': [205, 443], 'fluctuated': [207], 'considerably': [208], 'over': [209, 704, 987, 1138], 'past': [211, 919], 'century': [212], 'most': [215], 'significant': [216, 1130], 'spikes': [217], 'occurred': [219], '1910s,': [222], 'postwar': [224], 'boom': [226], '1950s,': [228], 'later': [230], 'by': [231, 361, 484, 664, 679, 719, 768, 1096, 1164, 1221, 1323], 'close': [233], '20th': [236], 'century.': [237], 'Within': [238], 'two': [243, 322, 920], 'pro-dominant': [244], 'principles': [245, 360], 'admission': [247], 'can': [248], 'be': [249, 264, 390, 891], 'identified': [250], 'namely': [251, 1082], 'economic': [252, 300, 702, 717, 940, 1166], 'contribution;': [253], 'family': [255, 328, 628, 650, 983, 1213], 'reunification,': [256], 'latter': [258, 351], 'only': [261], 'came': [262], 'clearly': [265], 'defined': [266, 1233], 'late': [269, 592], '1960s.': [270], 'The': [271, 310, 354, 465, 639, 759, 954, 1240, 1298], 'removal': [272], 'as': [276, 294, 376, 412, 457, 630, 748, 750, 1059, 1144, 1254, 1311], 'criterion': [278], 'admission,': [280], 'system,': [286], 'assigned': [288], 'points': [289], 'notions': [292], 'such': [293], 'education,': [295], 'age,': [296], 'language': [297, 1026], 'skills,': [298], 'characteristics': [301], 'applicants,': [303], 'also': [304, 418], 'took': [305], 'those': [308, 645], 'years.': [309], 'point': [311, 1062], 'system': [312, 1120], '(entrenched': [313], 'the\xa0Immigration': [315], 'Act': [316, 764, 1276], '1967-1977)': [318], 'classified': [319], 'under': [321], 'main': [323], 'categories,': [324], 'independent': [326], 'classes.': [329], 'Subsequently': [330], 'selection': [331, 727], 'criteria': [332], 'former': [335], 'category': [336, 1232], 'were': [337, 697, 743, 969, 1200, 1218], 'levels': [340, 1146], 'education': [342], 'occupation': [344], 'kinship': [347], 'ties': [348], 'upholding': [355], 'formerly': [358], 'mentioned': [359], 'had': [365, 1175], 'composition': [371, 433], 'immigrant': [374, 802, 1198], 'it': [377, 876, 1091], 'entailed': [378], 'that': [379, 395, 875], 'applicants': [380], 'from': [381, 409, 932], 'nations,': [383], 'particularly': [384, 644, 870], 'non-traditional': [385], 'source': [387], 'countries': [388, 411], 'could': [389], 'admitted': [391], 'condition': [394], 'they': [396], 'met': [397], 'new': [399, 414, 688, 1005, 1302], 'criteria.': [400], 'It': [401, 782], 'further': [402, 499, 621, 783, 1102], 'allowed': [403], 'entry': [406, 820], 'refugees': [408], 'non-European': [410], 'strands': [415], 'incorporated': [419], 'humanitarian-based': [420], 'admissions': [421, 1148, 1199], '(Boyd': [422], 'Vickers,': [424], '2000).\r\nIn': [425], 'line': [426, 699], 'change': [429], 'increasing': [438, 995], 'cultural': [439, 614], 'flows,': [444], '1971': [446], 'government': [449, 596, 690, 1127, 1170], 'adopted': [450], 'formal': [452, 1259], 'multiculturalism': [453, 456, 1281], 'declaring': [455], 'fundamental': [459], 'characteristic': [460], 'society.': [464], 'recognised': [467], 'equal': [469], 'contribution': [470], 'entitlement': [472], 'rights,': [474], 'privileges': [475], 'powers,': [477], 'Canadians': [480], '(by': [481], 'birth': [482], 'or': [483, 492, 1184], 'choice)': [485], 'regardless': [486, 575], 'their': [488], 'gender,': [489], 'race,': [490], 'origin,': [494], 'colour': [495], 'religion,': [497], 'confirmed': [500], 'rights': [502, 1210], 'aboriginal': [505], 'peoples': [506], '(Department': [509], 'Justice,': [511], '1985).': [512], '1988,': [514], 'Parliament': [515, 769], 'passed': [516, 767], 'Multiculturalism': [519, 1263], 'Act,': [520, 1264], 'provided': [522, 790, 858], 'legal': [524], 'guide': [527], 'responsibilities': [529], 'duties': [531], 'multiculturalism.': [535], '(Fleras': [536], '&': [537, 1318], 'Kunz,': [538], '2001).\r\nPrior': [539], '1990s,': [542, 593], 'adjusted': [544], 'in-flows': [545], 'nation’s': [549], 'absorptive': [550], 'capacity.': [551], 'Subsequently,': [552], 'was': [555, 569, 766, 1071, 1074, 1227], 'designed': [556], 'short-term': [558], 'goals': [559, 707], 'mind.': [561], 'contrast,': [563], 'during': [564], '1990s': [566], 'tailored': [570], 'promote': [572], 'longerterm': [573], 'perceived': [578], 'state': [579, 944], 'economy': [582], 'time.': [585], '(Grant': [586], 'Sweetman,': [588], '2004).': [589], 'launched': [597], 'extensive': [599], 'legislative': [600], 'review': [601, 828], 'policies,': [604], 're-emphasized': [606], 'objective': [608], 'enriching': [610], 'fabric': [617], 'called': [622], 'reinforcement': [625, 906], 'class': [629], 'cornerstone': [632], 'Canada’s': [634, 867, 1335], 'program.': [636], '(CIC,': [637], '1998)': [638], 'recommendations': [640], 'within': [641, 1234, 1282], 'document,': [643], 'relation': [647], 'class,': [651], 'sponsorship': [652], 'spousal': [654], 'fuelled': [656], 'many': [657, 751, 977], 'debates': [659], 'active': [661], 'criticism': [662, 810], '–especially': [663], 'women’s': [665], 'organisations': [666], 'female': [668], 'advocacy': [669], 'groups.': [670], 'Furthermore,': [671, 856], 'structural': [673], 'welfare': [676], 'cuts': [677], 'initiated': [678], 'progressive': [681], 'conservatives': [682], 'mid-1990s': [684], 'continued': [685, 957], 'Harper': [689, 955, 1169], 'implemented': [691, 1171], 'reforms': [692, 696], '2008.': [694], 'privileging': [701], 'objectives': [703], 'other': [705, 752], 'heightened': [709], 'minister’s': [712], 'discretionary': [713, 1107], 'authority': [714, 798], 'hand-pick': [716], 'immigrants': [718], 'bypassing': [720], 'department’s': [722], 'own': [723], 'lengthy': [724], 'complicated': [726], 'procedures.\r\nIn': [728], '2001,': [729], 'aftermath': [732], '9/11': [735], 'attacks,': [736], 'anti-terrorist': [737], 'measures': [738, 968], 'security-related': [740], 'apparatus': [742], 'reinforced': [744], 'swiftly': [745], 'well': [749], 'states.': [753], 'fall': [755], '2011,': [756], 'Bill': [757, 806, 1069], 'C-11:': [758], 'Immigration': [760, 1068, 1111], 'Refugee': [762], 'Protection': [763], '(IRPA)': [765], 'evinced': [771], 'considerable': [773, 809, 882], 'concern': [774], 'matters': [776], 'related': [777], 'security': [779, 910, 945, 1150], '(Adelman,': [780], '2002).': [781], 'elevated': [784], 'standards': [786], 'eligibility': [788], 'citizenship': [792, 934, 1009, 1019, 1030], 'minister': [795], 'more': [797, 1007, 1098, 1250, 1294], 'non-citizen': [804], 'detention.': [805], 'C-31': [807], 'received': [808], 'its': [812], 'redefinition': [813], 'status': [816], 'right': [818], 'permanent': [822, 830], 'residents;': [823], 'lack': [825], 'judicial': [827], 'residents': [831], 'refugee': [833, 843, 978], 'claimants;': [834], '‘raise’': [836], 'barriers': [838], 'access': [840], 'determination': [844], 'process;': [845, 1000], 'reliance': [849], 'discretion': [852], '2008:': [854], '299).': [855], 'law': [861], 'become': [863, 1155], 'focus': [865], 'anti-terrorism': [868], 'efforts,': [869], 'fact': [874], 'allows': [877], 'procedural': [878], 'short-cuts': [879], 'degree': [883], 'secrecy,': [885], 'one': [886], 'would': [888], 'normally': [889], 'not': [890], 'tolerated': [892], 'criminal': [894], 'law.\r\nFurthermore,': [895], 'events': [897], 'September': [899], '11th': [900], 'marked': [901], 'shift': [903, 947, 1247], 'towards': [904, 929, 948, 1248, 1338], 'legislation': [908], 'laws.': [913], 'As': [914], 'Russo': [915], '(2008)': [916], 'contends,': [917], 'decades': [921], 'witnessed': [923, 1245], 'reshaping': [925], 'approach': [928, 1308, 1337], 'building': [933], 'importing': [936], 'resources': [938], 'capital,': [941], 'protecting': [943], '(a': [946], 'thinking': [949], 'about': [950], 'order).': [953], 'establishment': [956, 1291], 'call': [959], 'limits': [962], 'immigration.': [964], 'Moreover,': [965, 1162], 'some': [966], 'controversial': [967], 'introduced': [970, 1072], 'limit': [972], 'care': [975], 'applicants;': [979], 'cut': [980], 'back': [981], 'reunification': [984], 'programs;': [985], 'limitations': [986], 'settlement': [988], 'funding;': [989], 'cancellations': [990], 'applications': [992, 1099], '(Ibbitson,': [993], '2012);': [994], 'selectiveness': [997], 'thorough': [1008], 'test;': [1010], 'banning': [1012], 'veils,': [1014], 'burqas': [1015], 'niqabs': [1017], 'ceremonies;': [1020], 'additional': [1025], 'requirements': [1027], 'applications,': [1031], 'etc.': [1032], 'deportation': [1035, 1044], 'proceedings': [1036], 'against': [1037], 'illegal': [1038], 'workers': [1039], 'accelerated,': [1041], 'high': [1042], 'profile': [1043], 'actions': [1045], 'increased,': [1047], 'integration': [1050], 'security,': [1052], 'intelligence': [1053], 'agencies': [1056], 're-emerged': [1058], 'focal': [1061], 'decision-making.\r\nIn': [1065], 'March': [1066], '2008,': [1067], 'C-50': [1070], 'heavily': [1075], 'criticised': [1076], 'grounds;': [1081], 'favouring': [1083], 'efficiency': [1084], 'expense': [1087], 'fairness': [1089], '(as': [1090], 'proposed': [1092], 'reducing': [1093], 'queue': [1095], 'rejecting': [1097], 'prevent': [1101], 'backlog),': [1103], 'granting': [1104], 'too': [1105], 'much': [1106], 'power': [1108], 'Minister': [1112], 'creating': [1114], 'closed': [1116], 'non-transparent': [1118], '(See': [1121], 'Russo,': [1122], '2008).': [1123], 'While': [1124], 'maintains': [1128], 'steering': [1131], 'capacity': [1132], 'remains': [1134], 'partially': [1135], 'control': [1137], 'aspects': [1139], 'process': [1142], '(such': [1143], 'overall': [1145], 'regulations),': [1151], 'provinces': [1152], 'significant,': [1156], 'autonomous': [1157], 'players': [1158], '(separation': [1159], 'powers).': [1161], 'supported': [1163], 'crisis,': [1167], 'budget': [1172], 'cutbacks,': [1173], 'direct': [1177], 'priorities': [1181], 'communities': [1183], 'neighbourhoods': [1185], '(Toronto': [1190], 'Star,': [1191], '2013).\r\nIn': [1192], 'summary,': [1193], 'prior': [1194], '1960s,': [1197], 'regulated': [1201], 'basis': [1204], 'immigrants’': [1209], 'sponsor': [1212], 'members': [1214], 'enter': [1216], 'hardly': [1219], 'addressed': [1220], 'policy.': [1222], 'Thus,': [1223], 'economically': [1224], 'motivated': [1225], 'sole': [1229], 'primary': [1230], 'highly': [1236], 'selective': [1237], 'framework.': [1239], '1970s': [1241], '1980s': [1243], 'arguably': [1244], 'pluralist': [1251, 1336], 'discourse': [1253], '‘multiculturalism’': [1260], 'Charter': [1267], 'Rights': [1269], 'Freedoms': [1271], 'Employment': [1274], 'Equity': [1275], 'entrenched': [1277], 'concept': [1279], 'institutional': [1285], 'body': [1286], 'contributed': [1288], 'diverse': [1295], 'identity.': [1297], 'tone': [1299], 'wave': [1303], 'relations': [1314], 'strategy': [1315], '(Boudreau,': [1316], 'Keil,': [1317], 'Young,': [1319], '2009),': [1320], 'put': [1321], 'forward': [1322], 'conservatives,': [1325], 'however,': [1326], 'may': [1327], 'continue': [1328], 'pose': [1330], 'threat': [1332], 'sustaining': [1334], 'run.': [1343]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3049738024', 'counts_by_year': [], 'updated_date': '2024-12-15T04:20:52.467698', 'created_date': '2020-08-21'}