Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W3047310649', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.3386/w28039', 'title': 'Refinancing, Monetary Policy, and the Credit Cycle', 'display_name': 'Refinancing, Monetary Policy, and the Credit Cycle', 'publication_year': 2020, 'publication_date': '2020-10-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W3047310649', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.3386/w28039', 'mag': '3047310649'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.3386/w28039', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': None, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'report', 'type_crossref': 'report', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'bronze', 'oa_url': 'https://doi.org/10.3386/w28039', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5029694397', 'display_name': 'Gene Amromin', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1321305853', 'display_name': 'National Bureau of Economic Research', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04grmx538', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1321305853']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I77697173', 'display_name': 'Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03n7scr80', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'other', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1317239608', 'https://openalex.org/I77697173']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1317239608', 'display_name': 'Federal Reserve', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05fk5tr28', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'other', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1317239608']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2802905149', 'display_name': 'Federal Reserve Board of Governors', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00v448643', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1317239608', 'https://openalex.org/I2802905149']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I79576946', 'display_name': 'University of Pennsylvania', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00b30xv10', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I79576946']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Gene Amromin', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Real Estate The Wharton School University of Pennsylvania 432 Vance Hall 3733 Spruce Street Philadelphia, PA 19104', 'Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago 230 South LaSalle Street Chicago, IL 60604-1413', 'Federal Reserve Board 20th and C St N Stop 149 Washington, DC 20551', 'NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1321305853']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago 230 South LaSalle Street Chicago, IL 60604-1413', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I77697173']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Federal Reserve Board 20th and C St N Stop 149 Washington, DC 20551', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1317239608', 'https://openalex.org/I2802905149']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Real Estate The Wharton School University of Pennsylvania 432 Vance Hall 3733 Spruce Street Philadelphia, PA 19104', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I79576946']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5068650728', 'display_name': 'Neil Bhutta', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1321305853', 'display_name': 'National Bureau of Economic Research', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04grmx538', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1321305853']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I79576946', 'display_name': 'University of Pennsylvania', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00b30xv10', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I79576946']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I77697173', 'display_name': 'Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03n7scr80', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'other', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1317239608', 'https://openalex.org/I77697173']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1317239608', 'display_name': 'Federal Reserve', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05fk5tr28', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'other', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1317239608']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2802905149', 'display_name': 'Federal Reserve Board of Governors', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00v448643', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1317239608', 'https://openalex.org/I2802905149']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Neil Bhutta', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Real Estate The Wharton School University of Pennsylvania 432 Vance Hall 3733 Spruce Street Philadelphia, PA 19104', 'Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago 230 South LaSalle Street Chicago, IL 60604-1413', 'Federal Reserve Board 20th and C St N Stop 149 Washington, DC 20551', 'NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1321305853']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Real Estate The Wharton School University of Pennsylvania 432 Vance Hall 3733 Spruce Street Philadelphia, PA 19104', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I79576946']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago 230 South LaSalle Street Chicago, IL 60604-1413', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I77697173']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Federal Reserve Board 20th and C St N Stop 149 Washington, DC 20551', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1317239608', 'https://openalex.org/I2802905149']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5011614361', 'display_name': 'Benjamin J. Keys', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1317239608', 'display_name': 'Federal Reserve', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05fk5tr28', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'other', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1317239608']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2802905149', 'display_name': 'Federal Reserve Board of Governors', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00v448643', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1317239608', 'https://openalex.org/I2802905149']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I79576946', 'display_name': 'University of Pennsylvania', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00b30xv10', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I79576946']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1321305853', 'display_name': 'National Bureau of Economic Research', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04grmx538', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1321305853']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I77697173', 'display_name': 'Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03n7scr80', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'other', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1317239608', 'https://openalex.org/I77697173']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Benjamin Keys', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Real Estate The Wharton School University of Pennsylvania 432 Vance Hall 3733 Spruce Street Philadelphia, PA 19104', 'Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago 230 South LaSalle Street Chicago, IL 60604-1413', 'Federal Reserve Board 20th and C St N Stop 149 Washington, DC 20551', 'NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Federal Reserve Board 20th and C St N Stop 149 Washington, DC 20551', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1317239608', 'https://openalex.org/I2802905149']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Real Estate The Wharton School University of Pennsylvania 432 Vance Hall 3733 Spruce Street Philadelphia, PA 19104', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I79576946']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1321305853']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago 230 South LaSalle Street Chicago, IL 60604-1413', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I77697173']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 5, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 3140, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 3140, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': None, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 6, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.612111, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 82, 'max': 83}, 'biblio': {'volume': None, 'issue': None, 'first_page': None, 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10632', 'display_name': 'Consequences of Mortgage Credit Expansion and Housing Market Dynamics', 'score': 0.9656, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10632', 'display_name': 'Consequences of Mortgage Credit Expansion and Housing Market Dynamics', 'score': 0.9656, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11817', 'display_name': 'Financialization of the Economy', 'score': 0.9172, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2003', 'display_name': 'Finance'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10127', 'display_name': 'Banking and Finance in Economic Systems', 'score': 0.9063, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2003', 'display_name': 'Finance'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/mortgage-credit-expansion', 'display_name': 'Mortgage Credit Expansion', 'score': 0.524262}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/consumption', 'display_name': 'Consumption (sociology)', 'score': 0.4560253}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126285488', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178476', 'display_name': 'Monetary policy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7430495}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.53084314}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C556758197', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018', 'display_name': 'Monetary economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5284885}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C3008058167', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196', 'display_name': 'Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.47782496}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C73283319', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416617', 'display_name': 'Financial system', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.47094047}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C30772137', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762', 'display_name': 'Consumption (sociology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4560253}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144133560', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453', 'display_name': 'Business', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.43469915}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778300220', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114380', 'display_name': 'Financial crisis', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4193846}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C89611455', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646', 'display_name': 'Mechanism (biology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4187287}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C139719470', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680', 'display_name': 'Macroeconomics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.21281266}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C36289849', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749', 'display_name': 'Social science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779134260', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136', 'display_name': 'Disease', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111472728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471', 'display_name': 'Epistemology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142724271', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208', 'display_name': 'Pathology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C524204448', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926', 'display_name': 'Infectious disease (medical specialty)', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.3386/w28039', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': None, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://www.nber.org/papers/w28039.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.nber.org/papers/w28039.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401271', 'display_name': 'RePEc: Research Papers in Economics', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I77793887', 'host_organization_name': 'Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I77793887'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.3386/w28039', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': None, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.45, 'display_name': 'Partnerships for the goals', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 102, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1486798382', 'https://openalex.org/W1496366492', 'https://openalex.org/W1511304478', 'https://openalex.org/W1514024461', 'https://openalex.org/W1522479808', 'https://openalex.org/W1528036195', 'https://openalex.org/W1529896967', 'https://openalex.org/W1538723593', 'https://openalex.org/W1592164300', 'https://openalex.org/W163728157', 'https://openalex.org/W1959343104', 'https://openalex.org/W1974897232', 'https://openalex.org/W1977530533', 'https://openalex.org/W1978524202', 'https://openalex.org/W1991869321', 'https://openalex.org/W2015527437', 'https://openalex.org/W2016962092', 'https://openalex.org/W2021609257', 'https://openalex.org/W2036884318', 'https://openalex.org/W2040069267', 'https://openalex.org/W2064161613', 'https://openalex.org/W2067094520', 'https://openalex.org/W2076875781', 'https://openalex.org/W2102265878', 'https://openalex.org/W2106033282', 'https://openalex.org/W2108874313', 'https://openalex.org/W2111033720', 'https://openalex.org/W2112378860', 'https://openalex.org/W2121426804', 'https://openalex.org/W2140234860', 'https://openalex.org/W2142359401', 'https://openalex.org/W2145673304', 'https://openalex.org/W2163250238', 'https://openalex.org/W2182091510', 'https://openalex.org/W2226679018', 'https://openalex.org/W2285377271', 'https://openalex.org/W2331837544', 'https://openalex.org/W248075046', 'https://openalex.org/W2606818070', 'https://openalex.org/W2608907576', 'https://openalex.org/W2609547760', 'https://openalex.org/W2766062770', 'https://openalex.org/W2793847225', 'https://openalex.org/W2803744577', 'https://openalex.org/W2883636427', 'https://openalex.org/W2885880380', 'https://openalex.org/W2890353604', 'https://openalex.org/W2898016295', 'https://openalex.org/W2899947955', 'https://openalex.org/W2913847303', 'https://openalex.org/W2980060437', 'https://openalex.org/W2995644989', 'https://openalex.org/W2998308097', 'https://openalex.org/W3020985780', 'https://openalex.org/W3022623205', 'https://openalex.org/W3042527226', 'https://openalex.org/W3086468212', 'https://openalex.org/W3115238631', 'https://openalex.org/W3121618176', 'https://openalex.org/W3121768221', 'https://openalex.org/W3121871838', 'https://openalex.org/W3122059306', 'https://openalex.org/W3122077126', 'https://openalex.org/W3122165438', 'https://openalex.org/W3122269459', 'https://openalex.org/W3122366667', 'https://openalex.org/W3122378246', 'https://openalex.org/W3122433537', 'https://openalex.org/W3122440388', 'https://openalex.org/W3122644241', 'https://openalex.org/W3123123373', 'https://openalex.org/W3123220841', 'https://openalex.org/W3123381521', 'https://openalex.org/W3123449206', 'https://openalex.org/W3123642212', 'https://openalex.org/W3123692948', 'https://openalex.org/W3123707724', 'https://openalex.org/W3124149467', 'https://openalex.org/W3124190716', 'https://openalex.org/W3124251162', 'https://openalex.org/W3124356542', 'https://openalex.org/W3124426380', 'https://openalex.org/W3124506641', 'https://openalex.org/W3124548736', 'https://openalex.org/W3124822508', 'https://openalex.org/W3124879122', 'https://openalex.org/W3125254852', 'https://openalex.org/W3125384945', 'https://openalex.org/W3125420425', 'https://openalex.org/W3125891475', 'https://openalex.org/W3137492589', 'https://openalex.org/W3143159490', 'https://openalex.org/W4230481499', 'https://openalex.org/W4230853959', 'https://openalex.org/W4231724412', 'https://openalex.org/W4233860535', 'https://openalex.org/W4246691993', 'https://openalex.org/W4292321532', 'https://openalex.org/W4300536662', 'https://openalex.org/W4300542273', 'https://openalex.org/W4300575716', 'https://openalex.org/W73147218'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4386639311', 'https://openalex.org/W4297999843', 'https://openalex.org/W4297405066', 'https://openalex.org/W4200034745', 'https://openalex.org/W3125705623', 'https://openalex.org/W272821406', 'https://openalex.org/W2342323788', 'https://openalex.org/W2133617433', 'https://openalex.org/W2098776621', 'https://openalex.org/W1972526379'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'We': [0], 'assess': [1], 'the': [2, 14, 18, 31, 41, 49, 52, 62, 65, 83, 96, 102, 107], 'complicated': [3], 'reality': [4], 'of': [5, 20, 64, 68, 75, 90, 98], 'monetary': [6], 'policy': [7, 23], 'transmission': [8, 84], 'through': [9], 'mortgage': [10, 27, 92], 'markets': [11], 'by': [12, 106], 'synthesizing': [13], 'existing': [15], 'literature': [16], 'on': [17, 58], 'role': [19], 'refinancing': [21, 44, 53], 'in': [22, 30], 'implementation.After': [24], 'briefly': [25], 'reviewing': [26], 'market': [28, 93], 'institutions': [29], 'U.S.': [32], 'and': [33, 45, 47, 78, 95], 'documenting': [34], 'refinance': [35], 'activity': [36], 'over': [37], 'time,': [38], 'we': [39], 'summarize': [40], 'links': [42], 'between': [43], 'consumption,': [46], 'describe': [48], 'frictions': [50], 'impeding': [51], 'channel.The': [54], 'paper': [55], 'draws': [56], 'heavily': [57], 'research': [59], 'emerging': [60], 'from': [61], 'experience': [63], 'financial': [66], 'crisis': [67], '2008-09,': [69], 'as': [70], 'it': [71], 'highlights': [72], 'a': [73, 88], 'combination': [74], 'market,': [76], 'institutional,': [77], 'policy-making': [79], 'factors': [80], 'that': [81], 'dulled': [82], 'mechanism.We': [85], 'conclude': [86], 'with': [87], 'discussion': [89], 'potential': [91], 'innovations,': [94], 'applicability': [97], 'lessons': [99], 'learned': [100], 'to': [101], 'ongoing': [103], 'stresses': [104], 'induced': [105], 'COVID-19': [108], 'pandemic.': [109]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3047310649', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-16T05:57:15.274550', 'created_date': '2020-08-10'}