Publication Information

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236, 256, 286, 311, 326, 333, 341, 379, 392, 411, 421, 430, 438, 461, 474, 523, 551], 'rise': [2], 'of': [3, 10, 76, 101, 121, 128, 165, 184, 216, 223, 231, 235, 258, 276, 289, 296, 304, 335, 340, 370, 413, 423, 432, 440, 463, 473, 525, 553, 562], 'digital': [4], 'platforms': [5, 13, 415], 'and': [6, 19, 29, 32, 46, 59, 167, 245, 498, 509, 587], 'natural': [8], 'tendency': [9], 'markets': [11, 45, 72, 159, 394], 'involving': [12], 'to': [14, 27, 43, 49, 64, 88, 168, 171, 177, 195, 201, 208, 309, 331, 365, 416, 426, 451, 456, 477, 482, 487, 533, 547, 549], 'become': [15], 'concentrated,': [16], 'competition': [17, 162, 172, 228, 259, 262, 290, 448], 'authorities': [18, 58], 'courts': [20, 60], 'are': [21, 61, 141, 355, 384, 407, 428, 484], 'more': [22, 84, 485], 'frequently': [23], 'in': [24, 73, 157, 226, 307, 313, 391, 410, 460, 515, 529], 'a': [25, 67, 95, 102, 132, 161, 185, 193, 367, 581], 'position': [26], 'investigate': [28], 'decide': [30], 'merger': [31], 'abuse': [33], 'cases': [34], 'that': [35, 93, 144, 267], 'involve': [36], 'platforms.\r\n\r\nThis': [37], 'report': [38], 'provides': [39], 'guidance': [40], 'on': [41, 47, 117, 212, 251, 337, 470, 522], 'how': [42, 48], 'define': [44], 'assess': [50], 'market': [51, 97, 297, 300, 305, 351, 371, 405, 418, 434, 475, 543, 563], 'power': [52, 372, 419, 435, 544], 'when': [53, 70], 'dealing': [54], 'with': [55, 540], 'two-sided': [56, 77, 320, 414, 467], 'platforms.\r\n\r\nDEFINITION\r\n\r\nCompetition': [57], 'well': [62], 'advised': [63], 'uniformly': [65], 'use': [66, 332], 'multi-markets': [68, 80], 'approach': [69, 81, 92, 134, 240], 'defining': [71], 'context': [75, 412], 'platforms.': [78, 321, 442], 'The': [79], 'is': [82, 176, 205, 330, 545], 'flexible': [85], 'instrument': [86], 'compared': [87], 'competing': [90], 'single-market': [91, 133], 'defines': [94], 'single': [96], 'for': [98, 109, 272, 319, 584], 'both': [99, 471], 'sides': [100, 120, 339, 472], 'platform,': [103], 'as': [104, 191, 302, 350, 353, 559, 576, 578], 'former': [106], 'naturally': [107], 'accounts': [108], 'different': [110, 396, 574], 'substitution': [111], 'possibilities': [112], 'by': [113, 198, 221, 282, 447], 'user': [115], 'groups': [116], 'two': [119, 358], 'platform.': [123, 237, 342], 'While': [124], 'one': [125, 199], 'might': [126], 'think': [127], 'conditions': [129, 140], 'under': [130, 150, 376], 'which': [131, 175], 'could': [135], 'be': [136, 148, 189, 196, 270, 348, 366, 488, 557], 'feasible,': [137], 'necessary': [139], 'so': [142], 'severe': [143], 'it': [145, 500], 'would': [146, 241], 'only': [147, 219, 327], 'applicable': [149], 'rare': [151], 'circumstances.\r\n\r\nTo': [152], 'fully': [153], 'appreciate': [154], 'business': [155, 397], 'activities': [156, 211, 244], 'platform': [158, 218, 526, 541], 'from': [160, 255, 535, 570], 'law': [163, 229, 291], 'point': [164], 'view,': [166], 'do': [169], 'justice': [170], 'law’s': [173], 'purpose,': [174], 'protect': [178], 'consumer': [179, 252, 517, 536], 'welfare,': [180], 'legal': [182], 'concept': [183], '“market”': [186], 'should': [187, 264, 346], 'not': [188, 206, 347, 386, 494, 502], 'interpreted': [190, 349], 'requiring': [192], 'price': [194], 'paid': [197], 'party': [200], 'other.': [203], 'It': [204], 'sufficient': [207], 'consider': [209], '“unpaid': [214], 'side”': [215, 234], 'indirectly': [220], 'way': [222], 'including': [224], 'them': [225], 'analysis': [230], '“paid': [233], 'Such': [238], 'an': [239, 294, 491, 560], 'exclude': [242], 'certain': [243], 'ensuing': [246], 'positive': [247], 'or': [248], 'negative': [249], 'effects': [250, 511], 'welfare': [253], 'altogether': [254], 'radar': [257], 'law.': [260], 'Instead,': [261], 'practice': [263], 'recognize': [265], 'straightforwardly': [266], 'there': [268], 'can': [269], '“markets”': [271], 'products': [273], 'offered': [274], 'free': [275], 'charge,': [277], 'i.e.': [278], 'without': [279], 'monetary': [280], 'consideration': [281, 377], 'those': [283], 'who': [284], 'receive': [285], 'product.\r\n\r\nASSESSMENT\r\n\r\nThe': [287], 'application': [288], 'often': [292, 385], 'requires': [293], 'assessment': [295], 'power.': [298, 564], 'Using': [299], 'shares': [301, 345, 352, 363, 406], 'indicators': [303], 'power,': [306], 'addition': [308], 'all': [310, 338, 374], 'difficulties': [312], 'standard': [314], 'markets,': [315], 'raises': [316], 'further': [317], 'issues': [318], 'When': [322], 'calculating': [323], 'revenue': [324, 362], 'shares,': [325], 'reasonable': [328], 'option': [329], 'sum': [334], 'revenues': [336], 'Then,': [343], 'such': [344], 'they': [354, 383, 579], 'aggregated': [356], 'over': [357], 'interdependent': [359], 'markets.': [360], 'Large': [361], 'appear': [364], 'meaningful': [368, 387], 'indicator': [369], 'if': [373, 388, 490, 499], 'undertakings': [375, 389], 'serve': [378], 'same': [380], 'sides.': [381], 'However,': [382, 565], 'active': [390], 'relevant': [393], 'follow': [395], 'models.': [398], 'Given': [399], 'potentially': [400], 'strong': [401], 'cross-group': [402], 'external': [403], 'effects,': [404], 'less': [408], 'apt': [409], 'indicate': [417], '(or': [420], 'lack': [422], 'it).': [424], '\r\n\r\nBarriers': [425], 'entry': [427, 452, 483, 534, 554, 566], 'at': [429], 'core': [431], 'persistent': [433], 'and,': [436, 528], 'thus,': [437], 'entrenchment': [439], 'incumbent': [441], 'They': [443], 'deserve': [444], 'careful': [445], 'examination': [446], 'authorities.': [449], 'Barriers': [450, 481], 'may': [453, 512, 556, 568], 'arise': [454, 569], 'due': [455], 'users’': [457, 585], 'coordination': [458], 'failure': [459], 'presence': [462], 'network': [464, 510], 'effect.': [465], 'On': [466], 'platforms,': [468], 'users': [469, 497, 527], 'have': [476], 'coordinate': [478], 'their': [479], 'expectations.': [480], 'likely': [486], 'present': [489], 'industry': [492], 'does': [493, 501], 'attract': [495], 'new': [496, 582], 'undergo': [503], 'major': [504], 'technological': [505], 'change.': [506], 'Switching': [507], 'costs': [508, 519, 538], 'go': [513], 'hand': [514], 'hand:': [516], 'switching': [518, 537], 'sometimes': [520], 'depend': [521], 'number': [524], 'this': [530], 'case,': [531], 'barriers': [532, 548], 'increase': [539], 'size.\r\n\r\nSince': [542], 'related': [546], 'entry,': [550], 'absence': [552], 'attempts': [555], 'seen': [558], 'indication': [561], 'threats': [567], 'firms': [571], 'offering': [572], 'quite': [573], 'services,': [575], 'long': [577], 'provide': [580], 'home': [583], 'attention': [586], 'needs.': [588]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3041194754', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 3}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-04T23:32:45.544890', 'created_date': 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