Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W3033384780', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.96.017', 'title': 'The Sun, neutrinos and Super-Kamiokande', 'display_name': 'The Sun, neutrinos and Super-Kamiokande', 'publication_year': 2020, 'publication_date': '2020-06-10', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W3033384780', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.96.017', 'mag': '3033384780', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32522939', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7298169'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.96.017', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/pjab/96/6/96_PJA9606B-02/_pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210197794', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the Japan Academy Series B', 'issn_l': '0386-2208', 'issn': ['0386-2208', '1349-2896'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4324114469', 'host_organization_name': 'Japan Academy', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4324114469'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Japan Academy'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'gold', 'oa_url': 'https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/pjab/96/6/96_PJA9606B-02/_pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5101874029', 'display_name': 'Y. Suzuki', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7340-6675'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I74801974', 'display_name': 'The University of Tokyo', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/057zh3y96', 'country_code': 'JP', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I74801974']}], 'countries': ['JP'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Yoichiro SUZUKI', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['The University of Tokyo'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'The University of Tokyo', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I74801974']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5101874029'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I74801974'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.076, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 1, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.222222, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 61, 'max': 69}, 'biblio': {'volume': '96', 'issue': '6', 'first_page': '204', 'last_page': '233'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10921', 'display_name': 'Neutrino Physics Research', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3106', 'display_name': 'Nuclear and High Energy Physics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10921', 'display_name': 'Neutrino Physics Research', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3106', 'display_name': 'Nuclear and High Energy Physics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10818', 'display_name': 'Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena', 'score': 0.9986, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3106', 'display_name': 'Nuclear and High Energy Physics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10048', 'display_name': 'Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies', 'score': 0.998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3106', 'display_name': 'Nuclear and High Energy Physics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/massless-particle', 'display_name': 'Massless particle', 'score': 0.7782381}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/cosmic-neutrino-background', 'display_name': 'Cosmic neutrino background', 'score': 0.7434444}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-neutrino-problem', 'display_name': 'Solar neutrino problem', 'score': 0.7327037}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/super-kamiokande', 'display_name': 'Super-Kamiokande', 'score': 0.6565559}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-solar-model', 'display_name': 'Standard solar model', 'score': 0.6169331}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-neutrino', 'display_name': 'Electron neutrino', 'score': 0.47893223}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/neutrino-astronomy', 'display_name': 'Neutrino astronomy', 'score': 0.45529488}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C186453547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2126', 'display_name': 'Neutrino', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.9287642}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C5807566', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2216633', 'display_name': 'Solar neutrino', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.8446696}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.80016017}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54937798', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2024141', 'display_name': 'Massless particle', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7782381}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C107966497', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q509021', 'display_name': 'Neutrino oscillation', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.7476356}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C187379410', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3075329', 'display_name': 'Cosmic neutrino background', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.7434444}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C7644452', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31937', 'display_name': 'Solar neutrino problem', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.7327037}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C109214941', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18334', 'display_name': 'Particle physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.68044287}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C182785530', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1924429', 'display_name': 'Measurements of neutrino speed', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.65957624}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776412466', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647227', 'display_name': 'Super-Kamiokande', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.6565559}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C103762249', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2719897', 'display_name': 'Standard solar model', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.6169331}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C112286727', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q619699', 'display_name': 'Electron neutrino', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.47893223}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C56623721', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801478', 'display_name': 'Neutrino astronomy', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.45529488}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C68709404', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134475', 'display_name': 'Flux (metallurgy)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.41100353}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C44870925', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547', 'display_name': 'Astrophysics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.35197747}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185544564', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197', 'display_name': 'Nuclear physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.33856368}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185592680', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329', 'display_name': 'Chemistry', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.04448369}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C178790620', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351', 'display_name': 'Organic chemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D004601', 'descriptor_name': 'Elementary Particles', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D055585', 'descriptor_name': 'Physical Phenomena', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016082', 'descriptor_name': 'Solar System', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 4, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.96.017', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/pjab/96/6/96_PJA9606B-02/_pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210197794', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the Japan Academy Series B', 'issn_l': '0386-2208', 'issn': ['0386-2208', '1349-2896'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4324114469', 'host_organization_name': 'Japan Academy', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4324114469'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Japan Academy'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc7298169', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc7298169?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7298169', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32522939', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.96.017', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/pjab/96/6/96_PJA9606B-02/_pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210197794', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the Japan Academy Series B', 'issn_l': '0386-2208', 'issn': ['0386-2208', '1349-2896'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4324114469', 'host_organization_name': 'Japan Academy', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4324114469'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Japan Academy'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 119, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1519033839', 'https://openalex.org/W1522259599', 'https://openalex.org/W1569573896', 'https://openalex.org/W1621755064', 'https://openalex.org/W1635600110', 'https://openalex.org/W1648895437', 'https://openalex.org/W1659875532', 'https://openalex.org/W1814410305', 'https://openalex.org/W1963984950', 'https://openalex.org/W1980178923', 'https://openalex.org/W1983987483', 'https://openalex.org/W1985463590', 'https://openalex.org/W1987951492', 'https://openalex.org/W1988277279', 'https://openalex.org/W1989526255', 'https://openalex.org/W1992365867', 'https://openalex.org/W1997998331', 'https://openalex.org/W2000744791', 'https://openalex.org/W2002299479', 'https://openalex.org/W2008949591', 'https://openalex.org/W2009628515', 'https://openalex.org/W2013362937', 'https://openalex.org/W2014060501', 'https://openalex.org/W2020067889', 'https://openalex.org/W2021829387', 'https://openalex.org/W202297912', 'https://openalex.org/W2023878063', 'https://openalex.org/W2024528209', 'https://openalex.org/W2025092105', 'https://openalex.org/W2027075281', 'https://openalex.org/W2029800679', 'https://openalex.org/W2035479047', 'https://openalex.org/W2036565186', 'https://openalex.org/W2036753713', 'https://openalex.org/W2038599840', 'https://openalex.org/W2040326270', 'https://openalex.org/W2040889916', 'https://openalex.org/W2041585515', 'https://openalex.org/W2041687440', 'https://openalex.org/W2042567389', 'https://openalex.org/W2044942589', 'https://openalex.org/W2049694288', 'https://openalex.org/W2051756823', 'https://openalex.org/W2052428207', 'https://openalex.org/W2056681373', 'https://openalex.org/W2059777410', 'https://openalex.org/W2060564147', 'https://openalex.org/W2062000516', 'https://openalex.org/W2062332993', 'https://openalex.org/W2062359690', 'https://openalex.org/W2063256186', 'https://openalex.org/W2066949102', 'https://openalex.org/W2067877915', 'https://openalex.org/W2070151728', 'https://openalex.org/W2076242352', 'https://openalex.org/W2078536640', 'https://openalex.org/W2079103297', 'https://openalex.org/W2080390939', 'https://openalex.org/W2080703249', 'https://openalex.org/W2090385345', 'https://openalex.org/W2094325197', 'https://openalex.org/W2095808828', 'https://openalex.org/W2101696492', 'https://openalex.org/W2110606875', 'https://openalex.org/W2114996605', 'https://openalex.org/W2115896628', 'https://openalex.org/W2118147733', 'https://openalex.org/W2119155686', 'https://openalex.org/W2120011068', 'https://openalex.org/W2120663786', 'https://openalex.org/W2122363774', 'https://openalex.org/W2127556270', 'https://openalex.org/W2133810860', 'https://openalex.org/W2134077235', 'https://openalex.org/W2136169477', 'https://openalex.org/W2137229134', 'https://openalex.org/W2137301669', 'https://openalex.org/W2138176674', 'https://openalex.org/W2139748174', 'https://openalex.org/W2146548959', 'https://openalex.org/W2155334286', 'https://openalex.org/W2157338954', 'https://openalex.org/W2159617645', 'https://openalex.org/W2163441211', 'https://openalex.org/W2166733904', 'https://openalex.org/W2175815291', 'https://openalex.org/W2227523875', 'https://openalex.org/W2229720163', 'https://openalex.org/W2232454336', 'https://openalex.org/W2242145672', 'https://openalex.org/W2243341230', 'https://openalex.org/W2245494133', 'https://openalex.org/W2246644974', 'https://openalex.org/W2254383394', 'https://openalex.org/W2331463321', 'https://openalex.org/W2397297824', 'https://openalex.org/W2525069180', 'https://openalex.org/W2557362528', 'https://openalex.org/W2614098466', 'https://openalex.org/W2899140785', 'https://openalex.org/W2899497983', 'https://openalex.org/W2911411688', 'https://openalex.org/W2949156223', 'https://openalex.org/W2963640325', 'https://openalex.org/W2992481160', 'https://openalex.org/W3003186255', 'https://openalex.org/W3025765350', 'https://openalex.org/W3040147003', 'https://openalex.org/W3084106382', 'https://openalex.org/W3098757351', 'https://openalex.org/W3099692031', 'https://openalex.org/W3105311284', 'https://openalex.org/W3105916717', 'https://openalex.org/W3131497865', 'https://openalex.org/W3141421198', 'https://openalex.org/W3152328244', 'https://openalex.org/W3152418336', 'https://openalex.org/W3214406546', 'https://openalex.org/W4230180083'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W68885797', 'https://openalex.org/W4294639848', 'https://openalex.org/W3105567537', 'https://openalex.org/W3098673203', 'https://openalex.org/W3033384780', 'https://openalex.org/W2964307322', 'https://openalex.org/W2951806991', 'https://openalex.org/W2509784656', 'https://openalex.org/W1998858679', 'https://openalex.org/W1587888582'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'In': [0, 79], 'the': [1, 13, 23, 40, 46, 51, 62, 85, 105], 'standard': [2, 24], 'model': [3], 'of': [4, 15], 'elementary': [5], 'particle': [6], 'physics': [7], 'neutrinos': [8, 30, 44, 108, 120], 'are': [9], 'massless,': [10], 'and': [11, 73, 93], 'therefore': [12], 'actuality': [14], 'finite': [16, 122], 'neutrino': [17, 65, 101, 123], 'mass': [18], 'indicates': [19], 'a': [20], 'theory': [21], 'beyond': [22], 'model.': [25], 'The': [26], 'Sun': [27], 'produces': [28], 'abundant': [29], 'due': [31], 'to': [32, 75, 109], 'nuclear': [33], 'fusion': [34], 'reactions.': [35], 'A': [36], 'pioneering': [37], 'experiment': [38], 'in': [39, 91, 95], 'early': [41], "'70s": [42], 'detected': [43], 'from': [45, 89], 'Sun,': [47], 'but': [48], 'found': [49], 'that': [50, 100], 'observed': [52], 'flux': [53], 'was': [54, 59], 'smaller': [55], 'than': [56], 'expected,': [57], 'which': [58], 'then': [60], 'called': [61], 'missing': [63], 'solar': [64, 106], 'problem.': [66, 78], 'Tremendous': [67], 'efforts': [68], 'were': [69], 'made': [70], 'both': [71], 'experimentally': [72], 'theoretically': [74], 'solve': [76], 'this': [77], '2001,': [80], 'almost': [81], '30': [82], 'years': [83], 'after': [84], 'first': [86], 'indication,': [87], 'data': [88], 'Super-Kamiokande': [90], 'Japan': [92], 'SNO': [94], 'Canada': [96], 'together': [97], 'provided': [98], 'evidence': [99], 'oscillation': [102, 114], 'effectively': [103], 'converts': [104], '(electron)': [107], 'non-electron': [110], 'type': [111], 'neutrinos.': [112], 'Neutrino': [113], 'can': [115], 'occur': [116], 'only': [117], 'for': [118], 'those': [119], 'with': [121], 'mass.': [124]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3033384780', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-15T12:25:11.423922', 'created_date': '2020-06-12'}