Research on the typical microstructures and contact angles of hydrophobic plant leaves

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Meirong Yi; Liting Wu; Luqi Liu; Pengxiang Zhang; Xiaobing Li
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'LinkUse': [353], 'link': [355], 'a': [359, 374, 384, 500, 504, 684, 762, 843, 866, 895, 1094, 1130, 1418, 1430, 1464, 1495, 1690, 1752, 1828, 1933, 2134, 2140, 2173, 2210, 2227, 2235, 2268, 2309, 2329, 2352, 2378, 2417, 2499, 2623, 2723, 3173, 3192, 3210, 3285, 3301, 3399, 3587, 3689, 3819, 3852, 3880], 'article': [364], 'with': [365, 432, 450, 687, 722, 901, 957, 1002, 1019, 1034, 1133, 1199, 1374, 1413, 1429, 1546, 1585, 1650, 1653, 1733, 1772, 1787, 1969, 2101, 2144, 2239, 2357, 2501, 2532, 2586, 2687, 2787, 3090, 3146, 3154, 3190, 3205, 3250, 3334, 3393, 3503, 3556, 3651, 3744, 4032, 4056, 4192], 'your': [366], 'friends': [367], 'colleagues.': [369], 'Learn': [370], 'more.Copy': [371], 'URL': [372], 'Share': [373], 'linkShare': [375], 'onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat': [376], 'Abstract': [377], 'As': [378, 837, 2031, 2124, 2323, 3038, 3325, 3361], 'well': [379, 838, 2585, 2599], 'known,': [380, 839], 'exhibit': [383, 842], 'striking': [385, 844], 'diversity': [386, 845], 'surface': [388, 405, 430, 444, 454, 537, 589, 660, 764, 789, 847, 863, 930, 981, 1013, 1023, 1114, 1449, 1488, 1543, 1569, 1582, 1618, 1623, 1641, 1678, 1713, 1731, 2095, 2105, 2117, 2152, 2247, 2354, 2390, 2463, 2479, 2496, 2696, 2785, 3104, 3429, 3445, 3485, 3512, 3650, 3780, 3824, 4055], 'structures': [389, 848, 893, 1180, 1696, 1705, 2667, 2686, 3100, 4139], 'through': [390, 849], 'billions': [391, 850], 'years': [393, 852], 'evolution.': [395], 'However,': [396, 918, 3027], 'there': [397, 919, 3043], 'are': [398, 709, 920, 1158, 1477, 1504, 1726, 1925, 2107, 2310, 2335, 2347, 2550, 2891], 'many': [399, 922, 1501, 1723], 'issues': [400, 923], 'remain': [401], 'unknown': [402, 927], 'in': [403, 420, 458, 511, 582, 869, 898, 928, 970, 975, 1041, 1063, 1160, 1209, 1227, 1399, 1461, 1472, 1479, 1592, 1600, 1659, 1664, 1669, 1835, 1960, 1967, 1979, 2005, 2033, 2040, 2063, 2084, 2126, 2157, 2162, 2187, 2252, 2257, 2297, 2367, 2392, 2471, 2571, 2707, 2712, 2930, 3040, 3050, 3208, 3214, 3253, 3327, 3337, 3363, 3387, 3500, 3580, 3980, 4199], 'wettability': [406, 428, 724, 766, 785, 872, 914, 931, 2115, 3783, 3971], 'leaves.': [409, 733, 934, 2000, 3567], 'In': [410, 476, 960, 1163, 1763, 1919, 1944, 1983, 2088, 2672, 2870, 3417, 3507], 'work,': [412, 1065], 'four': [413, 545, 963, 3420, 3443], 'kinds': [414, 964, 2547, 3421], 'found': [419, 969, 1040, 1471, 3164], 'University': [422, 972, 1043], 'were': [423, 456, 470, 490, 814, 973, 994, 1044, 1075, 1091, 1142, 1173, 1358, 1372, 1394, 1411, 3128, 3425, 3462], 'introduced,': [424], 'means': [426], 'micromorphology': [431, 1343, 1450, 1624, 2464, 3430], 'aid': [434], 'angle': [437, 489, 534, 987, 1048, 1086, 1098, 1247, 1259, 1271, 1283, 1917, 2003, 2529, 2564, 2737, 2748, 2782, 2877, 2901, 2983, 3016, 3061, 3077, 3127, 3144, 3168, 3188, 3220, 3228, 3248, 3282, 3298, 3317, 3332, 3359, 3373, 3391, 3491, 3530, 3904, 4059], 'measurement': [438, 1087, 3905], 'scanning': [440, 1422], 'electron': [441, 1423], 'microscopy.': [442], 'The': [443, 659, 702, 734, 820, 1005, 1060, 1148, 1176, 1451, 1510, 1535, 1607, 1677, 1821, 2001, 2053, 2074, 2474, 2539, 2658, 2695, 2753, 2808, 3058, 3075, 3226, 3303, 3542], 'structural': [445, 1014, 1554, 2096, 2166, 2261, 2355, 2371, 2697, 2716, 3047, 3446, 3486], 'models': [446, 1015, 1924, 2097], 'these': [448, 2345], 'respect': [451, 1020, 2102, 3481], 'their': [453, 1022, 2104], 'morphologies': [455, 2106, 2497, 3564], 'established': [457, 2362, 2699, 3463, 3484], 'terms': [459, 976], 'bionics.': [461], 'Meanwhile,': [462, 983, 1552, 1799, 2495, 3267], 'apparent': [464, 985, 2579, 2735, 2875, 3015, 3489], 'given': [468, 989], 'surfaces': [469, 485, 627, 644, 654, 721, 802, 875, 900, 944, 956, 990, 1183, 1235, 1408, 1456, 1842, 1856, 1873, 1890, 1907, 2689, 3123, 3398, 3517, 3717], 'calculated': [471, 995, 2487, 2578, 2601, 2998, 3493], 'using': [472, 492, 996, 1093, 2405, 2488, 3001, 3130, 3494, 3884], 'Cassie–Baxter': [474, 998, 1941, 1962, 1990, 2007, 2754, 2872, 3496], 'model.': [475], 'addition,': [477, 1164, 1764, 3508], 'effects': [479, 3117], 'geometrical': [481, 2185, 2295, 2442, 2596, 2693, 3119, 3319, 3380], 'parameters': [482, 2296, 2443, 2613, 3120, 3320, 3381, 3395, 3514, 3538], 'leaf': [484, 593, 862, 943, 1156, 1166, 1182, 1216, 1251, 1263, 1275, 1287, 1291, 1493, 1508, 1542, 1581, 1617, 1709, 1750, 1761, 1825, 1860, 1877, 1894, 1911, 2069, 2114, 2132, 2172, 2267, 2289, 2377, 2446, 2511, 2515, 2661, 2704, 2722, 2828, 2978, 3021, 3054, 3082, 3122, 3306, 3323, 3383, 3397, 3402, 3406, 3410, 3414, 3474, 3516], 'investigated': [491, 3129], 'Matlab': [494, 3132], 'software.': [495, 3133], '1': [496, 1194, 1212], 'Introduction': [497], 'Wettability': [498], 'is': [499, 945, 1515, 1530, 1544, 1577, 1583, 1612, 1642, 1683, 1743, 1805, 1816, 2009, 2026, 2056, 2119, 2153, 2197, 2232, 2248, 2301, 2361, 2412, 2418, 2430, 2438, 2485, 2535, 2575, 2662, 2681, 2705, 2742, 2760, 2805, 2831, 2866, 2883, 2917, 2966, 2989, 2997, 3023, 3030, 3044, 3067, 3084, 3139, 3162, 3175, 3202, 3229, 3269, 3344, 3367, 3525], 'characteristic': [501, 1654], 'property': [502, 692, 1997, 4005], 'solid': [505, 874], 'surface,': [506, 1935, 2321, 2447, 2979], 'plays': [508], 'important': [509], 'roles': [510], 'addressing': [512], 'problems': [514], 'related': [515], 'energy': [517], '[[1]],': [518], 'environment': [519], '[[2]],': [520], 'resources': [521], '[[3]]': [522], 'health': [524], '[[4]].': [525], 'According': [526, 2182, 2387, 2521], 'value': [529, 2865, 2911, 2965, 2996, 3029, 3174, 3211, 3221, 3275, 3286], 'wetting': [532, 538, 639, 978, 1923, 2676, 3720, 3847, 4219], '(θ),': [535], 'behaviour': [539, 640, 979, 1931, 2677, 4246], 'can': [540, 767, 790, 1483, 2043, 2402, 3374], 'generally': [541], 'be': [542, 646, 791, 1469, 1484, 1767, 2044, 2291, 2403, 2459, 2567, 2744, 2816, 3375, 3532], 'divided': [543, 2045], 'into': [544, 1191, 1361, 1951, 2046, 2560, 2861, 2961, 3012], 'different': [546, 1862, 1879, 1896, 1913, 2666], 'regimes,': [547], 'superhydrophilicity': [548, 771], 'θ': [550, 557, 569], '<': [551, 558], '10°,': [552], 'hydrophilicity': [553], '10°': [555], '≤': [556, 564], '90°,': [559], 'hydrophobicity': [560], '90°': [562], '<θ': [563], '150°,': [565], 'superhydrophobicity': [567, 794, 3655], '>': [570], '150°': [571], '[[5],': [572], '[6]].': [573], 'Hydrophobic': [574], 'superhydrophobic': [576, 748, 833, 899, 1037, 1996, 3559, 3613, 3742, 3885, 3946, 4170], 'phenomena': [577], 'been': [579, 614], 'frequently': [580], 'observed': [581, 1578, 2336, 3140], 'nature,': [583], 'such': [584, 2448], 'as': [585, 1517, 1807, 2011, 2155, 2250, 2303, 2349, 2449, 2469, 2553, 2569, 2598, 2600, 2868, 2968, 2991, 2999, 3025, 3086, 3236, 3283], 'beetle': [587, 642, 662, 3793], 'cuticle': [588, 643, 663, 3779], '[[7]],': [590], 'bamboo': [592], '[[8]],': [594], 'water-repellent': [595], 'rose': [596, 755, 3853], 'petal': [597], '[[9]],': [598], 'water-walking': [599], 'strider': [600], '[[10]]': [601], 'water-transporting': [603], 'cactus': [604], '[[11]].': [605], 'For': [606, 630, 879, 1138, 1635, 2222, 2340, 3113, 3134, 3241], 'past': [608], 'few': [609], 'decades,': [610], 'significant': [611], 'efforts': [612], 'devoted': [615], 'designing': [617], 'fabricating': [619], 'artificial': [620, 3554], 'materials': [621, 3555], 'mimicking': [623, 726, 3562], 'features': [624, 940, 3969], 'natural': [626, 3907, 4117], '[[12],': [628], '[13]].': [629], 'example,': [631, 880], 'Tong': [632], 'et': [633, 680, 716, 758, 806, 882, 3576, 3607, 3643, 3678, 3711, 3736, 3767, 3812, 3842, 3874, 3966, 3999, 4025, 4051, 4082, 4112, 4135, 4159, 4243], 'al.': [634, 681, 717, 759, 807, 883], '[[14]]': [635], 'proposed': [636, 886, 1926], 'that': [637, 860, 887, 1486, 1540, 1579, 1745, 1757, 1769, 1813, 2441, 2733, 2794, 3097, 3141, 3165, 3178, 3204, 3271, 3346, 3369, 3441, 3527], 'could': [645, 829, 1468, 2290, 2458, 2566, 2815, 3355, 3531, 3547], 'applied': [647], 'design': [650, 949, 3878], 'working': [653, 1431], 'some': [656], 'soil-engaging': [657], 'implements.': [658], 'exhibits': [664, 1751, 1827], 'anti-adhesion': [665], 'anti-friction': [667], 'properties': [668, 3560, 3776, 3786], 'due': [669, 1974], 'combination': [672], 'rough': [674, 1934, 3716], 'texture': [675], 'function.': [678], 'Zhao': [679], '[[15]]': [682], 'fabricated': [683], 'biomimetic': [685, 763, 955, 3977, 4054, 4143, 4197], 'film': [686, 4093], 'drag': [688], 'reduction': [689], 'microbe-resistant': [691], 'according': [693], 'structure': [696, 706, 825, 1497, 1781, 1796, 2055, 2076, 2123, 2142, 2231, 2237, 2500, 2741, 2776, 2800, 2804, 2822, 2847, 2882, 2905, 2915, 2926, 2947, 2987, 3065], 'shark': [698], 'skin': [699], 'inspired': [700], 'riblets.': [701], 'scale': [703], 'arrangement': [704, 2241], 'micro-riblets': [708], 'responsible': [710], 'its': [712, 831, 1622, 1640], 'property.': [714], 'Chen': [715, 3964], '[[16]]': [718], 'obtained': [719, 2404, 3376], 'smart': [720], 'tunable': [723], 'both': [729], 'lotus': [730, 799, 827, 1760], 'rice': [732], 'micro/nanostructured': [735], 'arrays': [736, 4031], 'shape': [739, 1154, 4028], 'memory': [740, 4029], 'polymer': [741, 4030], 'allow': [742], 'it': [743, 1765, 3138, 3268, 3366], 'switched': [744], 'reversibly': [745, 769], 'between': [746, 770, 1525, 2112, 2215, 2421, 3314], 'isotropic': [749], 'anisotropic': [751, 3658], 'states.': [752], 'Inspired': [753], 'petal,': [756], 'Gao': [757], '[[17]]': [760], 'prepared': [761, 788, 803], 'whose': [765], 'switch': [768], 'superhydrophobicity.': [773], 'Due': [774], 'protonation': [777], 'deprotonation': [779], 'carboxyl': [782], 'groups,': [783], 'changed': [792], 'from': [793, 906, 1077, 2293, 2461, 2818, 4116], 'superhydrophilicity.': [796], 'Besides,': [797], 'leaf-like': [800], 'structured': [801, 4087, 4169], 'Kim': [805], '[[18]]': [808], 'exhibited': [809], 'reduced': [810], 'platelet': [811], 'adhesion,': [812], 'which': [813, 1126, 1467, 2061, 2300, 2814, 3088, 3498], 'potentially': [815], 'suitable': [816], 'medical': [818], 'applications.': [819], 'nano-': [821], 'micro-scale': [823], 'hierarchical': [824, 1753, 1829, 2051, 2075, 2679, 2758, 3459, 3822, 4168], 'explain': [830], 'unique': [832], 'self-cleaning': [835, 3620], 'properties.': [836], 'evolution': [854], '[[19]].': [855], 'Previous': [856], 'studies': [857], 'demonstrated': [859], 'morphology': [864, 1570], 'has': [865, 2077, 3276], 'dominant': [867], 'role': [868, 897], 'affecting': [870], 'enhancing': [877], 'hydrophobicity.': [878], 'Feng': [881], '[[19]]': [884], 'nanostructures': [889], 'hierarchically': [891], 'organised': [892], 'played': [894], 'decisive': [896], 'high': [902, 1691], 'angles.': [904], 'Learning': [905], 'nature': [907], 'gives': [908], 'us': [909], 'inspirations': [910], 'construct': [912], 'special': [913, 958], 'functional': [916], 'surfaces.': [917, 3384, 3541], 'still': [921, 1710, 1826], 'no': [924, 1553, 2439, 3046, 3098], 'doubt': [925, 2440], 'remains': [926, 1626], 'A': [935, 1101], 'deeper': [936], 'understanding': [937], 'essential': [946], 'rational': [948], 'reproducible': [952], 'construction': [953, 3610], 'wettability.': [959], 'Letter,': [962, 1463, 3419], 'analysed': [974], 'micromorphology.': [982], 'model': [999, 1918, 1939, 1942, 1991, 2008, 2143, 2167, 2238, 2262, 2356, 2372, 2698, 2717, 2755, 2823, 2927, 3457, 4163], 'compared': [1001, 3237], 'measurement.': [1004], 'objective': [1006, 4198], 'Letter': [1009, 2042, 3546], 'was': [1010, 1109, 1127, 1184, 3307, 3438, 3492, 3499, 3522], 'establish': [1012], 'morphologies.': [1024], '2': [1025, 1367, 1590], 'Materials': [1026, 1030], 'methods': [1028], '2.1': [1029], 'Four': [1031], 'species': [1033], 'or': [1036, 1644, 2455, 2493, 3212, 3340, 3351], 'leaves,': [1038], 'commonly': [1039], 'selected': [1045, 3309], 'measurements:': [1049], 'Cinnamomum': [1050, 1249, 1309, 1491, 1858, 2064, 2130, 2170, 2826, 3136, 3400, 3466], 'camphora,': [1051, 3137], 'Carex': [1052, 1261, 1317, 1573, 1875, 2067, 2224, 2265, 2287, 2509, 2636, 3198, 3404, 3469], 'tristachya,': [1053], 'Sonchus': [1054, 1273, 1325, 1892, 2071, 2326, 2375, 2513, 2645, 3243, 3408, 3472], 'oleraceus': [1055, 1274, 1326, 1893, 2072, 2327, 2376, 2514, 2646, 3244, 3409, 3473], 'tender': [1057, 1747], 'Loropetalum': [1058, 1285, 1333, 1720, 1748, 1823, 1909, 2085, 2659, 2702, 2720, 3019, 3052, 3080, 3106, 3304, 3412, 3476], 'chinense.': [1059], 'chemicals': [1061], 'used': [1062], 'include': [1066], 'trichloromethane': [1067, 1192], '(CHCl3),': [1068], 'glutaraldehyde': [1069, 1364], '(C5H8O2)': [1070], 'ethanol': [1072, 1380], '(C2H5': [1073], 'OH),': [1074], 'purchased': [1076], 'Sinopharm': [1078], 'Chemical': [1079], 'Reagent': [1080], 'Co.,': [1081], 'Ltd.': [1082], '(China).': [1083], '2.2': [1084], 'Contact': [1085, 1916, 3390], 'Leaf': [1088, 1448], 'measured': [1092, 1215, 1516, 1806, 2588, 3034, 3093, 3505], 'DSA100': [1095], 'optical': [1096, 1231, 1242, 1254, 1266, 1278], 'measuring': [1099, 3432], 'instrument.': [1100], 'certain': [1102], 'volume': [1103], 'water': [1105, 1152, 1201, 1237, 3434, 3881], 'droplets': [1106, 3740], '(10': [1107], 'μl)': [1108], 'dropped': [1110], 'onto': [1111], 'abaxial': [1113, 1407, 1455, 1841, 1855, 1872, 1889, 1906], 'fresh': [1116, 1189, 1348], '(a': [1118, 1350], 'cut': [1119, 1351], 'area': [1120, 1352, 2480, 2483, 2767, 2893], '10': [1122, 1124], '×': [1123, 1355], 'mm2)': [1125, 1357], 'attached': [1128], 'glass': [1131], 'slide': [1132], 'double': [1134], 'sided': [1135], 'adhesive': [1136, 3785], 'tape.': [1137], 'each': [1139, 1388, 2462], 'sample,': [1140], 'measurements': [1141], 'taken': [1143], 'three': [1144, 2546], 'times': [1145], 'averaged.': [1147], 'images': [1149, 1453, 1839, 1853, 1870, 1887, 1904], 'captured': [1151], 'droplet': [1153, 1949, 1965], 'samples': [1157], 'shown': [1159, 1478, 2032, 2125, 2156, 2251, 2570, 3039, 3326, 3362], 'Fig.': [1161, 1225, 1480, 1833, 2034, 2158, 2160, 2188, 2253, 2255, 2298, 2365, 2393, 2708, 2710, 3041, 3183, 3328, 3364, 3385], '1.': [1162, 1289], 'after': [1169, 1221, 1296, 1557, 1628, 1700, 3055], 'dewax': [1171, 1223, 1297, 1302, 1306, 1701, 3056], 'treatment': [1172, 1298, 1303, 4217], 'also': [1174, 1470, 1613, 1684, 2792, 2918, 3163, 3308], 'measured.': [1175], 'removal': [1177, 1559], 'wax': [1179, 1548, 1695, 1704, 3099], 'carried': [1185], 'out': [1186], 'dipping': [1188], 'min,': [1195], 'then': [1196, 2486], 'being': [1197, 1631], 'washed': [1198, 1373], 'distilled': [1200, 1375], 'dried': [1203, 1396], 'at': [1204, 1397, 1861, 1878, 1895, 1912], '50°C': [1205, 1398], '24': [1207, 1402], 'h': [1208, 2429, 2625, 3273], 'vacuum.': [1210], 'Table': [1211, 1288, 2472, 2572, 2592], 'summarises': [1213], 'before': [1219, 1294], 'treatment.': [1224, 3057], '1Open': [1226], 'figure': [1228, 1836, 2163, 2258, 2368, 2713, 3388], 'viewerPowerPoint': [1229, 1837, 2164, 2259, 2369, 2714, 3389], 'Macroscopic': [1230, 1241, 1253, 1265, 1277], 'appearance': [1232, 1243, 1255, 1267, 1279], 'a1': [1240, 2837, 2856], 'a2': [1244, 2937, 2958, 3353], 'Water': [1245, 1257, 1269, 1281], 'camphora': [1250, 1310, 1492, 1859, 2065, 2131, 2171, 2507, 2628, 2827, 3401, 3467], 'b1': [1252], 'b2': [1256], 'tristachya': [1262, 1318, 1574, 1876, 2068, 2225, 2266, 2288, 2510, 2637, 3199, 3405, 3470], 'c1': [1264], 'c2': [1268], 'd1': [1276], 'd2': [1280], 'chinense': [1286, 1334, 1721, 1749, 1824, 1910, 2086, 2660, 2703, 2721, 3020, 3053, 3081, 3107, 3305, 3413, 3477], 'Measured': [1290, 2618], 'Plant': [1299, 2610], 'Before': [1301], '(°)': [1304, 1308, 2617, 2620], 'After': [1305, 1404], 'treatment,': [1307, 1702], '124.5': [1311, 2633], '±': [1312, 1315, 1320, 1323, 1328, 1331, 1336, 1339, 2634, 2643, 2653], '3.62': [1313, 2635], '111.6': [1314], '1.36': [1316], '153.3': [1319, 2642], '2.53': [1321, 2644], '145.8': [1322], '3.02': [1324], '123.8': [1327, 2652], '2.81': [1329, 2654], '110.4': [1330], '3.26': [1332], '126.0': [1335], '3.05': [1337], '125.3': [1338], '2.45': [1340], '2.3': [1341], 'Surface': [1342, 2165, 2180, 2260, 2275, 2370, 2385, 2715, 2730], 'characterisation': [1344], 'Small': [1345], 'pieces': [1346], '5': [1354, 1356, 1441, 3568], 'first': [1359], 'immersed': [1360], '2.5': [1362], 'wt%': [1363], 'solution': [1365, 1381], 'h.': [1368, 1403], 'Then,': [1369, 2351], 'water,': [1376], 'dehydrated': [1377], 'gradient': [1379], '(10,': [1382], '30,': [1383, 3831], '50,': [1384], '70,': [1385], '90,': [1386], '100%,': [1387], 'step': [1389], '15': [1391], 'min)': [1392], 'further': [1395, 3114], 'vacuum': [1400], 'that,': [1405], 'sputter-coated': [1412], 'gold-palladium': [1414], 'examined': [1416], 'FEI': [1419, 1427], 'Quanta': [1420], '200F': [1421], 'microscope': [1424], '(SEM,': [1425], 'American': [1426], 'Company)': [1428], 'distance': [1432, 1524, 1604, 1672, 1802, 2214, 2315, 2420, 2453, 2843, 2943, 3149], '8': [1434], 'mm': [1435], 'an': [1437, 4195], 'accelerating': [1438], 'voltage': [1439], 'kV.': [1442], '3': [1443], 'Results': [1444], 'discussion': [1446], '3.1': [1447], 'SEM': [1452, 1537, 1838, 1852, 1869, 1886, 1903], 'introduced': [1460, 2039, 3426], 'description': [1465], 'previous': [1474, 2524], 'work': [1475], '[[20]],': [1476], '2.': [1481, 2473, 2573, 2593], 'It': [1482, 1576, 1742, 2574, 3161, 3201, 3343, 3437, 3524], 'seen': [1485], 'presents': [1494, 1711, 2133], 'hill-shaped': [1496, 2137], '(Fig.': [1498, 1533, 1550, 1563, 1595, 1605, 1619, 1633, 1646, 1697, 1714, 1782, 1797, 1810, 1819, 1831, 2363, 2467, 2829, 2928, 3159, 3224], '2a1).': [1499], 'Obviously,': [1500, 3288], 'convex': [1502, 1586, 2136, 2229, 2435, 2821, 2925, 3450], 'hills': [1503, 1514, 1529], 'distributed': [1505, 1727], 'surface.': [1509, 2339, 3324], 'average': [1511, 1523, 1593, 1602, 1660, 1670, 1773], 'diameter': [1512, 1594, 1774, 1788, 2205, 2312, 2414, 2450, 2840, 2940, 3156, 3260, 3265], 'about': [1518, 1589, 1790, 2536], '21.33': [1519, 2629], 'μm': [1520, 1532, 1591, 1599, 1658, 1663, 1668, 1777, 1809, 1818], 'centres': [1526, 2217, 2423], 'adjacent': [1528, 2220, 2426], '29.33': [1531, 2630], '2a2).': [1534], 'magnified': [1536], 'image': [1538], 'reveals': [1539], 'covered': [1545], 'epicuticular': [1547, 2974], 'crystals': [1549], '2a3).': [1551], 'changes': [1555, 3169], 'occur': [1556], 'waxes': [1562, 1611, 1630, 2503, 2534, 2975], '2a4).': [1564], 'Figs.': [1565, 2127], '2b1–b4': [1566], 'show': [1567], 'leaf.': [1575, 2073, 2087, 3108, 3200], 'arranged': [1584, 2359], 'ribbons': [1587], '2b3)': [1596], '18.83': [1598, 2639], 'centre-to-centre': [1603, 1671, 1801, 2314, 2452, 2842, 2942, 3148], '2b2).': [1606], 'layer': [1608], 'cuticular': [1610], 'present': [1614], '2b3).': [1620], 'Moreover,': [1621], 'nearly': [1625], 'unchanged': [1627], 'removed': [1632], '2b4).': [1634], 'Luctuca': [1637, 1680], 'indical': [1638, 1681], 'leaf,': [1639, 1722, 2066, 2226, 2328, 2508, 3245, 3468, 3471, 3478], 'rugose': [1643], 'wrinkled': [1645], '2c1)': [1647], 'textured': [1649], 'columnar': [1651, 2333], 'humps': [1652, 2334, 2346], 'dimensions': [1655], '46.67': [1657, 2647], 'diameter,': [1661], '20.00': [1662, 2649], 'height': [1665, 2432, 2456, 3257], '67.00': [1667, 2648], '(Figs.': [1673, 1738, 2516], '2c2': [1674], 'c3).': [1676, 2520], 'L.': [1682, 4107, 4156], 'featured': [1685], 'presence': [1688], 'density': [1692], 'small': [1694], '2c3).': [1698], 'Also,': [1699], 'disappear,': [1706], 'while': [1707, 1784, 3152], 'stripe-shaped': [1712, 2230], '2c4).': [1715], 'With': [1716, 3480], 'regard': [1717], 'microscale': [1724], 'projections': [1725, 1735], 'whole': [1730], 'superimposed': [1732], 'nanoscale': [1734], 'top': [1737], '2d1': [1739], 'd2).': [1741], 'clear': [1744, 3203, 3345, 3368, 3526], 'micro/nanostructure': [1754, 1830, 2657, 2680, 2759, 3460], 'similar': [1755], '[[20]].': [1762], 'should': [1766], 'noted': [1768], 'microprotrusions': [1771, 1804, 2860], '22.17': [1776], 'form': [1778, 1793], 'first-layer': [1780, 2751, 2775, 2803, 2812, 2846], '2d1),': [1783, 1811], 'nanoprotrusions': [1786, 1815], '990': [1791], 'nm': [1792], 'second-layer': [1795, 2740, 2789, 2799, 2881, 2904, 2914, 2946, 2986, 3064], '2d3).': [1798, 1820], '27.30': [1808], '1.45': [1817], 'wax-removed': [1822], '2d4).': [1832], '2Open': [1834], 'a1,': [1847], 'a2,': [1848], 'a3': [1849], 'a4': [1851], 'magnifications': [1863, 1880, 1897, 1914], 'b1,': [1864], 'b2,': [1865], 'b3': [1866, 2518], 'b4': [1868], 'c1,': [1881], 'c2,': [1882], 'c3': [1883], 'c4': [1885], 'd1,': [1898], 'd2,': [1899], 'd3': [1900], 'd4': [1902], '3.2': [1915], 'general,': [1920], 'two': [1921, 2047, 2078, 2665, 2684], 'classical': [1922], 'describe': [1928], 'liquid': [1930], 'namely,': [1936], 'Wenzel': [1938, 1946, 1987], '[[21]].': [1943], 'model,': [1947, 1963, 1988, 2873, 3451, 3454, 3461, 3497], 'penetrates': [1950], 'asperities': [1953, 1973], 'wets': [1955], 'entire': [1957], 'area.': [1958], 'While': [1959], 'comes': [1966], 'tips': [1971], 'trapped': [1977], 'air': [1978], 'cavities': [1981], '[[22]].': [1982], 'contrast': [1984], 'accurately': [1993], 'describes': [1994], '(θr)': [2004, 2565, 3022, 3083], 'expressed': [2010, 2198], '[[23]]:': [2012], '(1)': [2013], 'where': [2014, 2201, 2306, 2410, 2763, 2834, 2887, 2934], 'fs': [2015, 2556, 2604, 2614], 'stands': [2016], 'fraction': [2019, 2191, 2279, 2396, 2475, 2768, 2894], 'liquid–solid': [2022, 2194, 2282, 2399], 'interface': [2023, 2195, 2283, 2400, 2772, 2897], 'θe': [2025, 2558], 'intrinsic': [2028, 2527, 2540, 2746, 2899, 2981, 3059], 'angle.': [2030, 3436], '2,': [2035], 'types,': [2048], 'monolayer': [2049, 2054, 2135, 2141, 2228, 2236, 2353, 2670, 2820, 2924, 3449, 3452, 3455], 'structures.': [2052], 'characterised': [2057, 2682], 'single-scale': [2059], 'roughness,': [2060], 'occurs': [2062, 2083], 'scales': [2079], 'roughness': [2081], 'section,': [2090], 'schematic': [2092], 'illustrations': [2093], 'established,': [2108], 'correlation': [2111], 'geometry': [2118, 2181, 2276, 2386, 2391, 2731, 3537], 'discussed.': [2120, 3523], '3.2.1': [2121], 'Monolayer': [2122], '2a1–a4,': [2128], 'structure.': [2138, 2671, 2752, 2790], 'Thus,': [2139, 2234], 'uniform': [2145], 'distribution': [2146], 'hemispherical': [2148, 2207], 'convexes': [2149, 2208], 'constructed,': [2154], '3.': [2159], '3Open': [2161], 'Schematic': [2174, 2177, 2269, 2272, 2379, 2382, 2724, 2727], 'representation': [2175, 2186, 2270, 2380, 2725], 'b': [2176, 2271, 2381, 2726, 3403], 'illustration': [2178, 2273, 2383, 2728], 'c': [2179, 2274, 2384, 2729, 3407], '3b,': [2189], '(fs)': [2196, 2284, 2401, 2484], 'as:': [2199, 2885], '(2)': [2200], 'D': [2202, 2307, 2411, 2621, 3181, 3194, 3216, 3234], 'represents': [2203, 2765], 'refers': [2211, 2779], 'convexes.': [2221], 'observed.': [2233], 'parallel': [2240], 'semicylindrical': [2243, 2317], 'stripes': [2244, 2318], 'proposed,': [2249], '4.': [2254], '4Open': [2256], 'Here,': [2277], 'derived': [2292, 2817], '4,': [2299, 3954], 'written': [2302], 'follows:': [2304], '(3)': [2305, 2492], 'respectively.': [2322, 2907, 2949, 3479], 'large': [2330], 'number': [2331], 'sake': [2342], 'simplicity,': [2344], 'abstracted': [2348], 'cylinders.': [2350, 2436], 'regularly': [2358], 'cylinders': [2360, 2427], '5).': [2364], '5Open': [2366], '5,': [2394], 'following': [2407], 'equation:': [2408], '(4)': [2409], 'cylinders,': [2416], 'There': [2437], '(D),': [2451], '(a)': [2454, 3150], '(h)': [2457], 'determined': [2460], '2),': [2468, 2830, 2929], 'summarised': [2470], 'actual': [2477, 3092], 'wetted': [2478], 'projected': [2482], 'corresponding': [2490], '(2),': [2491], '(4).': [2494], 'reveal': [2498], 'Cinnamomm': [2506, 2627], '2a3,': [2517], 'reports,': [2525], '105°': [2537], '[[24]].': [2538], '(θe)': [2543], 'thus': [2551, 3068], 'set': [2552, 2990], '105°.': [2554, 2992], 'Inserting': [2555, 2950], 'values': [2559, 2602, 2850, 2952, 3005, 3195], '(1),': [2561, 3013], 'obtained,': [2568], 'obvious': [2576], '(Table': [2582, 2590, 3036], '2)': [2583], 'match': [2584], 'data': [2589, 3035], '1).': [2591, 3037], 'Summary': [2594], 'parameters,': [2597], 'θr': [2606, 2616, 2619], 'Geometrical': [2612], 'Calculated': [2615], '(μm)': [2622, 2624, 2626], '0.587': [2631], '124.40': [2632], '2.00': [2638], '0.157': [2640], '152.08': [2641], '0.626': [2650], '122.41': [2651], '3.2.2': [2655], 'Hierarchical': [2656], 'composed': [2663], 'rather': [2668], 'than': [2669, 3299], 'case,': [2674], 'independent': [2685], 'respective': [2688], 'depending': [2690], 'various': [2692], 'parameters.': [2694], 'illustrated': [2706], '6.': [2709], '6Open': [2711], 'Assume': [2732], 'thus:': [2761, 2832], '(5)': [2762], 'fs1': [2764, 2809, 2864, 3007], 'solid–liquid': [2771, 2896], 'θr2': [2778, 2995, 3010], 'only': [2786], 'We': [2791], 'assume': [2793], 'effect': [2796], 'not': [2806], 'considered.': [2807], 'structure,': [2813], '(6)': [2833], 'D1': [2835, 2852, 3349], 'represent': [2838, 2938], '(microprotrusions).': [2848], 'Substituting': [2849], '(22.50': [2853], 'μm)': [2854, 2858, 2960], '(27.30': [2857], '(6),': [2862], 'computed': [2867, 2967, 3024], '0.696.': [2869], '(θr2)': [2878], 'represented': [2884], '(7)': [2886], 'fs2': [2888, 2910, 2964], 'θe2': [2890], '(nanoprotrusions),': [2906, 2948], 'Accordingly,': [2908], '(nanoprotrusions)': [2916, 2988, 3066], 'connected': [2919], 'previously': [2922], 'discussed': [2923], 'expression': [2932], '(8)': [2933], 'D2': [2935, 2954], '(990': [2955], 'nm)': [2956], '(1.45': [2959], '(8),': [2962], '0.536.': [2969], 'Provided': [2970], 'good': [2971, 3501], 'coverage': [2972], 'Then': [2993], '127.11°': [3000], '(7).': [3002], 'Subsequently,': [3003], 'inserting': [3004], '(0.696)': [3008], '(127.11°)': [3011], '136.84°.': [3026], 'far': [3031], 'beyond': [3032], '2d4,': [3042], 'almost': [3045], 'change': [3048, 3235], 'occurring': [3049], 'reset': [3069], '85°': [3071], '(without': [3072], 'waxes).': [3074], 'recalculated': [3085], '127.06°,': [3087], 'agrees': [3089], 'data.': [3094, 3506], 'This': [3095], 'verifies': [3096], 'exist': [3101], '3.2.3': [3109], 'Simulation': [3110], 'analysis': [3111, 4166], 'results': [3112, 3543], 'assessment,': [3115], 'increases': [3145, 3249, 3333], 'increasing,': [3151], 'decreases': [3153], '(D)': [3157], 'increasing': [3158], '7a).': [3160], 'sharply': [3170], 'when': [3171], 'close': [3176], 'value.': [3182, 3302, 3342], '7b': [3184], 'depicts': [3185], 'varies': [3189, 3392], 'increase': [3207, 3252], 'decrease': [3213, 3336], 'value,': [3217], 'becomes': [3222], 'greater': [3223], '7b).': [3225], 'sensitive': [3231], 'thea': [3239], 'change.': [3240], 'ratio': [3255], '(h': [3261], '/D)': [3262], '(a).': [3266], 'noticed': [3270], '/D': [3274], 'little': [3277], 'influence': [3278, 3294, 3510, 3770], 'increasing.': [3287], 'h/D': [3290], 'exerts': [3291], 'much': [3292], 'larger': [3293, 3352], 'understand': [3311], 'relationship': [3313], '7d,': [3329], 'D2/a2': [3339], 'D1/a1': [3341], 'smaller': [3348], '(D2)': [3350], '(a1)': [3354], 'make': [3356], 'increase.': [3360], '7,': [3365], 'desired': [3371], 'adjusting': [3378, 3535], '7Open': [3386], 'geometric': [3394, 3513], 'd': [3411], 'Conclusion': [3416], 'characterising': [3428], 'worth': [3439], 'noting': [3440], 'bionic': [3444, 4200], 'models,': [3447], 'including': [3448], 'stripe': [3453], 'cylinder': [3456], 'modes,': [3487], 'agreement': [3502], 'controlled': [3533], 'provide': [3548], 'guidance': [3549], 'fabrication': [3552], 'References': [3569], '[1]Mozumder': [3570], 'M.S.': [3571], 'Mourad': [3572], 'A.I.': [3573], 'Pervez': [3574], 'H.': [3575, 3731, 4046, 4238], 'al.:': [3577, 3608, 3644, 3679, 3712, 3737, 3768, 3813, 3843, 3875, 3967, 4000, 4026, 4052, 4083, 4113, 4136, 4160, 4244], "'Recent": [3578, 3680], 'developments': [3579], 'multifunctional': [3581], 'coatings': [3582, 3743], 'solar': [3584], 'panel': [3585], 'applications:': [3586, 3688], "review',": [3588, 3690], 'Sol.': [3589, 3592], 'Energy': [3590], 'Mater.': [3591, 3691, 3695], 'Cells,': [3593], '2019,': [3594, 3630, 3698, 3723, 3861, 3930], '189,': [3595], 'pp.': [3596, 3632, 3667, 3700, 3725, 3756, 3863, 3894, 3915, 3932, 3955, 3988, 4014, 4071, 4101, 4124, 4180, 4207, 4232, 4263], '75–': [3597], '102': [3598], '(doi:': [3599, 3635, 3670, 3703, 3728, 3759, 3804, 3834, 3866, 3897, 3918, 3935, 3958, 3991, 4017, 4043, 4074, 4104, 4127, 4151, 4183, 4210, 4235, 4266], '10.1016/j.solmat.2018.09.015)': [3600], '[2]Yang': [3601], 'M.': [3602, 3710, 3762, 3811, 3998, 4132], 'W.': [3604, 4130, 4154], 'Jiang': [3605, 3901, 3941], 'C.': [3606], "'Facile": [3609], 'robust': [3612], 'cotton': [3614], 'textiles': [3615], 'effective': [3617], 'UV': [3618], 'protection,': [3619], 'oil-water': [3622], "separation',": [3623], 'Colloids': [3624, 3748, 3855, 3909, 4095, 4172, 4226, 4255], 'Surf.': [3625, 3749, 3856, 3910, 4096, 4173, 4227, 4256], 'A:': [3626, 3750, 3857, 4174, 4257], 'Physicochem.': [3627, 3751, 3858, 4175, 4258], 'Eng.': [3628, 3693, 3752, 3859, 4176, 4259], 'Asp.,': [3629, 3753, 3860, 4177, 4260], '570,': [3631], '172–': [3633], '181': [3634], '10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.03.024)': [3636], '[3]Wan': [3637], 'Y.L.': [3638], 'Lian': [3639], 'Z.X.': [3640], 'Xu': [3641], 'J.K.': [3642], "'Fabrication": [3645], 'stainless': [3648], 'steel': [3649], 'super': [3652], 'durable': [3653], 'one-direction': [3654], 'two-direction': [3657], "wettability',": [3659], 'Lett.,': [3663, 4146], '2014,': [3664, 4012, 4099], '9,': [3665, 4148], '(10),': [3666], '712–': [3668], '716': [3669], '10.1049/mnl.2014.0275)': [3671], '[4]Oliveira': [3672], 'N.M.': [3673], 'Vilabril': [3674], 'S.': [3675, 3807, 3839, 4050, 4109], 'Oliveira': [3676], 'M.B.': [3677], 'advances': [3681], 'open': [3683], 'fluidic': [3684], 'systems': [3685], 'biomedical': [3687], 'Sci.': [3692, 3890], 'C:': [3694], 'Biol.': [3696], 'Appl.,': [3697], '97,': [3699], '851–': [3701, 4208], '863': [3702], '10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.040)': [3704], '[5]Zhang': [3705], 'K.': [3706], 'Z.': [3708, 3940, 4020], 'Maxey': [3709], "'Self-cleaning": [3713], 'coalescence-induced': [3719], "transition',": [3721], 'Langmuir,': [3722], '35,': [3724], '2431–': [3726], '2442': [3727], '10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03664)': [3729], '[6]Aziz': [3730], 'Amrei': [3732], 'M.M.': [3733], 'Dotivala': [3734], 'A.': [3735, 3766, 3841], "'Modeling": [3738], 'Cassie': [3739], 'orthogonal': [3745], 'fibrous': [3746], "structures',": [3747], '2017,': [3754, 4147, 4178], '512,': [3755], '61–': [3757], '70': [3758], '10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.10.031)': [3760], '[7]Sun': [3761], 'Appel': [3763], 'E.': [3764, 4213], 'Kovalev': [3765], "'The": [3769], 'topography': [3773], 'physico-chemical': [3775], 'elytra': [3789], 'dung': [3792, 3973], 'Geotrupes': [3794], 'stercorarius': [3795], '(Coleoptera,': [3796], "Scarabaeidae)',": [3797], 'Bioinspir.': [3798], 'Biomim.,': [3799], '2018,': [3800, 3830, 3892, 3913, 3953, 4039, 4069, 4205], '13,': [3801], '016008': [3803], '10.1088/1748-3190/aa9596)': [3805], '[8]Jin': [3806], 'Wang': [3808, 3997, 4157], 'Y.': [3809, 3938, 4048, 4111], 'Motlag': [3810], "'Large-area": [3814], 'direct': [3815], 'laser-shock': [3816], 'imprinting': [3817], '3D': [3820], 'biomimic': [3821], 'metal': [3823], 'triboelectric': [3826], "nanogenerators',": [3827], 'Adv.': [3828, 4036, 4120], 'Mater.,': [3829, 4038, 4121], '1705840': [3833], '10.1002/adma.201705840)': [3835], '[9]Ghosh': [3836], 'U.U.': [3837], 'Nair': [3838], 'Das': [3840], "'Replicating": [3844], 'resolving': [3846], 'adhesion': [3849, 4061], 'characteristics': [3850], "petal',": [3854], '561,': [3862], '9–': [3864], '17': [3865], '10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.10.028)': [3867], '[10]Sun': [3868], 'J.': [3869, 3873, 3888, 3921, 3961, 3963, 4009, 4202], 'X.': [3871, 4186], 'Song': [3872], "'Water": [3876], 'strider-inspired': [3877], 'walking': [3882], 'robot': [3883], 'Al': [3886], "surface',": [3887], 'Dispersion': [3889], 'Technol.,': [3891], '39,': [3893], '1840–': [3895], '1847': [3896], '10.1080/01932691.2018.1462199)': [3898], '[11]Zhao': [3899], 'T.': [3900, 4024], 'L.:': [3902, 3942], "'Contact": [3903], "materials',": [3908, 3949], 'B:': [3911, 4097, 4228], 'Biointerfaces,': [3912, 4098, 4229], '161,': [3914], '324–': [3916], '333': [3917], '10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.10.056)': [3919], '[12]Sun': [3920], 'Bhushan': [3922, 4133], 'B.:': [3923], "'Nanomanufacturing": [3924], 'bioinspired': [3926], "surfaces',": [3927, 4094, 4171], 'Tribol.': [3928], 'Int.,': [3929], '129,': [3931], '67–': [3933], '74': [3934], '10.1016/j.triboint.2018.08.007)': [3936], '[13]Si': [3937], 'Dong': [3939], "'Bioinspired": [3943], 'designs': [3944], 'superhydrophilic': [3948], 'ACS': [3950], 'Central': [3951], 'Sci.,': [3952], '1102–': [3956], '1112': [3957], '10.1021/acscentsci.8b00504)': [3959], '[14]Tong': [3960], 'Sun': [3962], 'D.': [3965, 3994, 4022], "'Geometrical": [3968], 'beetles': [3974], 'potential': [3976], 'engineering': [3978], 'applications': [3979], 'tillage': [3981], "implements',": [3982], 'Soil': [3983], 'Till.': [3984], 'Res.,': [3985], '2005,': [3986], '80,': [3987], '1–': [3989], '12': [3990], '10.1016/j.still.2003.12.012)': [3992], '[15]Zhao': [3993], 'Tian': [3995], 'Q.': [3996], "'Study": [4001], 'shark-skin-inspired': [4007], "micro-riblets',": [4008], 'Bionic': [4010, 4203], 'Eng.,': [4011, 4204], '11,': [4013], '296–': [4015], '302': [4016], '10.1016/S1672-6529(14)60046-9)': [4018], '[16]Cheng': [4019], 'Lv': [4023], "'Superhydrophobic": [4027, 4189], 'switchable': [4033, 4057], 'isotropic/anisotropic': [4034], "wetting',": [4035], 'Funct.': [4037], '28,': [4040], '1705002': [4042], '10.1002/adfm.201705002)': [4044], '[17]Gao': [4045], "'A": [4053, 4161], 'transfer': [4063], 'storage': [4065], "microdroplets',": [4067], 'Nanoscale,': [4068], '10,': [4070], '15393–': [4072], '15401': [4073], '10.1039/C8NR04998J)': [4075], '[18]Kim': [4076], 'S.I.': [4077], 'Lim': [4078], 'J.I.': [4079], 'Lee': [4080, 4241], 'B.R.': [4081], "'Preparation": [4084], 'lotus-leaf-like': [4086], 'blood': [4088], 'compatible': [4089], 'poly(ɛ-caprolactone)-block-poly(l-lactic': [4090], 'acid)': [4091], 'copolymer': [4092], '114,': [4100], '28–': [4102], '35': [4103], '10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.09.038)': [4105], '[19]Feng': [4106], "'Super-hydrophobic": [4114], 'surfaces:': [4115, 4138], "artificial',": [4119], '2002,': [4122], '14,': [4123], '1857–': [4125], '1860': [4126], '10.1002/adma.200290020)': [4128], '[20]Barthlott': [4129], 'Mail': [4131], 'B.': [4134], "'Plant": [4137], 'functions': [4141], "innovations',": [4144], 'Nano-Micro': [4145], '23': [4150], '10.1007/s40820-016-0125-1)': [4152], '[21]Liang': [4153], 'He': [4155], 'F.': [4158], '3-D': [4162], 'thermodynamic': [4165], '523,': [4179], '98–': [4181], '105': [4182], '10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.04.001)': [4184], '[22]Gou': [4185], 'Guo': [4187], 'Z.:': [4188], 'micro-line': [4193], 'structures:': [4194], 'optimal': [4196], "engineering',": [4201], '858': [4209], '10.1007/s42235-018-0072-2)': [4211], '[23]Bormashenko': [4212], 'Grynyov': [4214], 'R.:': [4215], "'Plasma": [4216], 'induced': [4218], 'transitions': [4220], 'biological': [4222], 'tissue': [4223], '(pigeon': [4224], "feathers)',": [4225], '2012,': [4230], '92,': [4231], '367–': [4233], '371': [4234], '10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.11.053)': [4236], '[24]Leese': [4237], 'Bhurtun': [4239], 'V.': [4240], 'K.P.': [4242], "'Wetting": [4245], 'hydrophilic': [4248], 'nanostructured': [4251], 'porous': [4252], 'anodic': [4253], "alumina',": [4254], '2013,': [4261], '420,': [4262], '53–': [4264], '58': [4265], '10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.12.010)': [4267], 'Volume15,': [4268], 'Issue4April': [4269], '2020Pages': [4270], 'FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation': [4272]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3000497579', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-05T06:16:26.570029', 'created_date': '2020-01-23'}
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