Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W3000453819', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1097/bsd.0000000000000932', 'title': 'Propensity Score Matching', 'display_name': 'Propensity Score Matching', 'publication_year': 2020, 'publication_date': '2020-01-03', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W3000453819', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1097/bsd.0000000000000932', 'mag': '3000453819', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31913173'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1097/bsd.0000000000000932', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764663100', 'display_name': 'Clinical Spine Surgery A Spine Publication', 'issn_l': '2380-0186', 'issn': ['2380-0186', '2380-0194'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315671', 'host_organization_name': 'Lippincott Williams & Wilkins', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315671', 'https://openalex.org/P4310318547'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Lippincott Williams & Wilkins', 'Wolters Kluwer'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5036053667', 'display_name': 'Liam Kane', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1524-8378'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210090807', 'display_name': 'Rothman Orthopaedics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00brr5r54', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'other', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210090807']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2799360765', 'display_name': 'Thomas Jefferson University Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04zhhva53', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2799360765', 'https://openalex.org/I4210114575']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I51579864', 'display_name': 'Stryker (United States)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/043affe91', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I51579864']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2949033070', 'display_name': 'Medtronic (Ireland)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04dyhjr58', 'country_code': 'IE', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2949033070', 'https://openalex.org/I4210091810']}], 'countries': ['IE', 'US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Liam T. Kane', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Dr Schroeder has received funds to travel from AO Spine and Medtronic. Dr Vaccaro has consulted or has done independent contracting for DePuy, Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Stout Medical, Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint Global, Medacorp, Innovative Surgical Design, Orthobullets, Ellipse, and Vertex. He has also served on the scientific advisory board/board of directors/committees for Flagship Surgical, AO Spine, Innovative Surgical Design, and Association of Collaborative Spine Research. Dr Vaccaro has received royalty payments from Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Aesculap, Thieme, Jaypee, Elsevier, and Taylor Francis/Hodder and Stoughton. He has stock/stock option ownership interests in Replication Medica, Globus, Paradigm Spine, Stout Medical, Progressive Spinal Technologies, Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties, Spine Medica, Computational Biodynamics, Spinology, In Vivo, Flagship Surgical, Cytonics, Bonovo Orthopaedics, Electrocore, Gamma Spine, Location Based Intelligence, FlowPharma, R.S.I., Rothman Institute and Related Properties, Innovative Surgical Design, and Avaz Surgical. He has also served as deputy editor/editor of Spine. In addition, Dr Vaccaro has also provided expert testimony. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.', 'Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210090807', 'https://openalex.org/I2799360765']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Dr Schroeder has received funds to travel from AO Spine and Medtronic. Dr Vaccaro has consulted or has done independent contracting for DePuy, Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Stout Medical, Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint Global, Medacorp, Innovative Surgical Design, Orthobullets, Ellipse, and Vertex. He has also served on the scientific advisory board/board of directors/committees for Flagship Surgical, AO Spine, Innovative Surgical Design, and Association of Collaborative Spine Research. Dr Vaccaro has received royalty payments from Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Aesculap, Thieme, Jaypee, Elsevier, and Taylor Francis/Hodder and Stoughton. He has stock/stock option ownership interests in Replication Medica, Globus, Paradigm Spine, Stout Medical, Progressive Spinal Technologies, Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties, Spine Medica, Computational Biodynamics, Spinology, In Vivo, Flagship Surgical, Cytonics, Bonovo Orthopaedics, Electrocore, Gamma Spine, Location Based Intelligence, FlowPharma, R.S.I., Rothman Institute and Related Properties, Innovative Surgical Design, and Avaz Surgical. He has also served as deputy editor/editor of Spine. In addition, Dr Vaccaro has also provided expert testimony. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I51579864', 'https://openalex.org/I2949033070']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5026168794', 'display_name': 'Taolin Fang', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0468-066X'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I51579864', 'display_name': 'Stryker (United States)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/043affe91', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I51579864']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2949033070', 'display_name': 'Medtronic (Ireland)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04dyhjr58', 'country_code': 'IE', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2949033070', 'https://openalex.org/I4210091810']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210090807', 'display_name': 'Rothman Orthopaedics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00brr5r54', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'other', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210090807']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2799360765', 'display_name': 'Thomas Jefferson University Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04zhhva53', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2799360765', 'https://openalex.org/I4210114575']}], 'countries': ['IE', 'US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Taolin Fang', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Dr Schroeder has received funds to travel from AO Spine and Medtronic. Dr Vaccaro has consulted or has done independent contracting for DePuy, Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Stout Medical, Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint Global, Medacorp, Innovative Surgical Design, Orthobullets, Ellipse, and Vertex. He has also served on the scientific advisory board/board of directors/committees for Flagship Surgical, AO Spine, Innovative Surgical Design, and Association of Collaborative Spine Research. Dr Vaccaro has received royalty payments from Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Aesculap, Thieme, Jaypee, Elsevier, and Taylor Francis/Hodder and Stoughton. He has stock/stock option ownership interests in Replication Medica, Globus, Paradigm Spine, Stout Medical, Progressive Spinal Technologies, Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties, Spine Medica, Computational Biodynamics, Spinology, In Vivo, Flagship Surgical, Cytonics, Bonovo Orthopaedics, Electrocore, Gamma Spine, Location Based Intelligence, FlowPharma, R.S.I., Rothman Institute and Related Properties, Innovative Surgical Design, and Avaz Surgical. He has also served as deputy editor/editor of Spine. In addition, Dr Vaccaro has also provided expert testimony. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.', 'Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Dr Schroeder has received funds to travel from AO Spine and Medtronic. Dr Vaccaro has consulted or has done independent contracting for DePuy, Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Stout Medical, Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint Global, Medacorp, Innovative Surgical Design, Orthobullets, Ellipse, and Vertex. He has also served on the scientific advisory board/board of directors/committees for Flagship Surgical, AO Spine, Innovative Surgical Design, and Association of Collaborative Spine Research. Dr Vaccaro has received royalty payments from Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Aesculap, Thieme, Jaypee, Elsevier, and Taylor Francis/Hodder and Stoughton. He has stock/stock option ownership interests in Replication Medica, Globus, Paradigm Spine, Stout Medical, Progressive Spinal Technologies, Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties, Spine Medica, Computational Biodynamics, Spinology, In Vivo, Flagship Surgical, Cytonics, Bonovo Orthopaedics, Electrocore, Gamma Spine, Location Based Intelligence, FlowPharma, R.S.I., Rothman Institute and Related Properties, Innovative Surgical Design, and Avaz Surgical. He has also served as deputy editor/editor of Spine. In addition, Dr Vaccaro has also provided expert testimony. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I51579864', 'https://openalex.org/I2949033070']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210090807', 'https://openalex.org/I2799360765']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5017013345', 'display_name': 'Matthew S. Galetta', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210090807', 'display_name': 'Rothman Orthopaedics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00brr5r54', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'other', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210090807']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2799360765', 'display_name': 'Thomas Jefferson University Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04zhhva53', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2799360765', 'https://openalex.org/I4210114575']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I51579864', 'display_name': 'Stryker (United States)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/043affe91', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I51579864']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2949033070', 'display_name': 'Medtronic (Ireland)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04dyhjr58', 'country_code': 'IE', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2949033070', 'https://openalex.org/I4210091810']}], 'countries': ['IE', 'US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Matthew S. Galetta', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Dr Schroeder has received funds to travel from AO Spine and Medtronic. Dr Vaccaro has consulted or has done independent contracting for DePuy, Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Stout Medical, Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint Global, Medacorp, Innovative Surgical Design, Orthobullets, Ellipse, and Vertex. He has also served on the scientific advisory board/board of directors/committees for Flagship Surgical, AO Spine, Innovative Surgical Design, and Association of Collaborative Spine Research. Dr Vaccaro has received royalty payments from Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Aesculap, Thieme, Jaypee, Elsevier, and Taylor Francis/Hodder and Stoughton. He has stock/stock option ownership interests in Replication Medica, Globus, Paradigm Spine, Stout Medical, Progressive Spinal Technologies, Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties, Spine Medica, Computational Biodynamics, Spinology, In Vivo, Flagship Surgical, Cytonics, Bonovo Orthopaedics, Electrocore, Gamma Spine, Location Based Intelligence, FlowPharma, R.S.I., Rothman Institute and Related Properties, Innovative Surgical Design, and Avaz Surgical. He has also served as deputy editor/editor of Spine. In addition, Dr Vaccaro has also provided expert testimony. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.', 'Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210090807', 'https://openalex.org/I2799360765']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Dr Schroeder has received funds to travel from AO Spine and Medtronic. Dr Vaccaro has consulted or has done independent contracting for DePuy, Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Stout Medical, Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint Global, Medacorp, Innovative Surgical Design, Orthobullets, Ellipse, and Vertex. He has also served on the scientific advisory board/board of directors/committees for Flagship Surgical, AO Spine, Innovative Surgical Design, and Association of Collaborative Spine Research. Dr Vaccaro has received royalty payments from Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Aesculap, Thieme, Jaypee, Elsevier, and Taylor Francis/Hodder and Stoughton. He has stock/stock option ownership interests in Replication Medica, Globus, Paradigm Spine, Stout Medical, Progressive Spinal Technologies, Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties, Spine Medica, Computational Biodynamics, Spinology, In Vivo, Flagship Surgical, Cytonics, Bonovo Orthopaedics, Electrocore, Gamma Spine, Location Based Intelligence, FlowPharma, R.S.I., Rothman Institute and Related Properties, Innovative Surgical Design, and Avaz Surgical. He has also served as deputy editor/editor of Spine. In addition, Dr Vaccaro has also provided expert testimony. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I51579864', 'https://openalex.org/I2949033070']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5044843407', 'display_name': 'Dhruv K.C. Goyal', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5789-5410'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I51579864', 'display_name': 'Stryker (United States)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/043affe91', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I51579864']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2949033070', 'display_name': 'Medtronic (Ireland)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04dyhjr58', 'country_code': 'IE', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2949033070', 'https://openalex.org/I4210091810']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210090807', 'display_name': 'Rothman Orthopaedics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00brr5r54', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'other', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210090807']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2799360765', 'display_name': 'Thomas Jefferson University Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04zhhva53', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2799360765', 'https://openalex.org/I4210114575']}], 'countries': ['IE', 'US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Dhruv K.C. Goyal', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Dr Schroeder has received funds to travel from AO Spine and Medtronic. Dr Vaccaro has consulted or has done independent contracting for DePuy, Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Stout Medical, Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint Global, Medacorp, Innovative Surgical Design, Orthobullets, Ellipse, and Vertex. He has also served on the scientific advisory board/board of directors/committees for Flagship Surgical, AO Spine, Innovative Surgical Design, and Association of Collaborative Spine Research. Dr Vaccaro has received royalty payments from Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Aesculap, Thieme, Jaypee, Elsevier, and Taylor Francis/Hodder and Stoughton. He has stock/stock option ownership interests in Replication Medica, Globus, Paradigm Spine, Stout Medical, Progressive Spinal Technologies, Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties, Spine Medica, Computational Biodynamics, Spinology, In Vivo, Flagship Surgical, Cytonics, Bonovo Orthopaedics, Electrocore, Gamma Spine, Location Based Intelligence, FlowPharma, R.S.I., Rothman Institute and Related Properties, Innovative Surgical Design, and Avaz Surgical. He has also served as deputy editor/editor of Spine. In addition, Dr Vaccaro has also provided expert testimony. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.', 'Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Dr Schroeder has received funds to travel from AO Spine and Medtronic. Dr Vaccaro has consulted or has done independent contracting for DePuy, Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Stout Medical, Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint Global, Medacorp, Innovative Surgical Design, Orthobullets, Ellipse, and Vertex. He has also served on the scientific advisory board/board of directors/committees for Flagship Surgical, AO Spine, Innovative Surgical Design, and Association of Collaborative Spine Research. Dr Vaccaro has received royalty payments from Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Aesculap, Thieme, Jaypee, Elsevier, and Taylor Francis/Hodder and Stoughton. He has stock/stock option ownership interests in Replication Medica, Globus, Paradigm Spine, Stout Medical, Progressive Spinal Technologies, Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties, Spine Medica, Computational Biodynamics, Spinology, In Vivo, Flagship Surgical, Cytonics, Bonovo Orthopaedics, Electrocore, Gamma Spine, Location Based Intelligence, FlowPharma, R.S.I., Rothman Institute and Related Properties, Innovative Surgical Design, and Avaz Surgical. He has also served as deputy editor/editor of Spine. In addition, Dr Vaccaro has also provided expert testimony. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I51579864', 'https://openalex.org/I2949033070']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210090807', 'https://openalex.org/I2799360765']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5023718872', 'display_name': 'Kristen Nicholson', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3399-8204'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I51579864', 'display_name': 'Stryker (United States)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/043affe91', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I51579864']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2949033070', 'display_name': 'Medtronic (Ireland)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04dyhjr58', 'country_code': 'IE', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2949033070', 'https://openalex.org/I4210091810']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210090807', 'display_name': 'Rothman Orthopaedics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00brr5r54', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'other', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210090807']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2799360765', 'display_name': 'Thomas Jefferson University Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04zhhva53', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2799360765', 'https://openalex.org/I4210114575']}], 'countries': ['IE', 'US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Kristen J. Nicholson', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Dr Schroeder has received funds to travel from AO Spine and Medtronic. Dr Vaccaro has consulted or has done independent contracting for DePuy, Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Stout Medical, Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint Global, Medacorp, Innovative Surgical Design, Orthobullets, Ellipse, and Vertex. He has also served on the scientific advisory board/board of directors/committees for Flagship Surgical, AO Spine, Innovative Surgical Design, and Association of Collaborative Spine Research. Dr Vaccaro has received royalty payments from Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Aesculap, Thieme, Jaypee, Elsevier, and Taylor Francis/Hodder and Stoughton. He has stock/stock option ownership interests in Replication Medica, Globus, Paradigm Spine, Stout Medical, Progressive Spinal Technologies, Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties, Spine Medica, Computational Biodynamics, Spinology, In Vivo, Flagship Surgical, Cytonics, Bonovo Orthopaedics, Electrocore, Gamma Spine, Location Based Intelligence, FlowPharma, R.S.I., Rothman Institute and Related Properties, Innovative Surgical Design, and Avaz Surgical. He has also served as deputy editor/editor of Spine. In addition, Dr Vaccaro has also provided expert testimony. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.', 'Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Dr Schroeder has received funds to travel from AO Spine and Medtronic. Dr Vaccaro has consulted or has done independent contracting for DePuy, Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Stout Medical, Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint Global, Medacorp, Innovative Surgical Design, Orthobullets, Ellipse, and Vertex. He has also served on the scientific advisory board/board of directors/committees for Flagship Surgical, AO Spine, Innovative Surgical Design, and Association of Collaborative Spine Research. Dr Vaccaro has received royalty payments from Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Aesculap, Thieme, Jaypee, Elsevier, and Taylor Francis/Hodder and Stoughton. He has stock/stock option ownership interests in Replication Medica, Globus, Paradigm Spine, Stout Medical, Progressive Spinal Technologies, Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties, Spine Medica, Computational Biodynamics, Spinology, In Vivo, Flagship Surgical, Cytonics, Bonovo Orthopaedics, Electrocore, Gamma Spine, Location Based Intelligence, FlowPharma, R.S.I., Rothman Institute and Related Properties, Innovative Surgical Design, and Avaz Surgical. He has also served as deputy editor/editor of Spine. In addition, Dr Vaccaro has also provided expert testimony. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I51579864', 'https://openalex.org/I2949033070']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210090807', 'https://openalex.org/I2799360765']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5027679642', 'display_name': 'Christopher K. Kepler', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0996-4346'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I51579864', 'display_name': 'Stryker (United States)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/043affe91', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I51579864']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2949033070', 'display_name': 'Medtronic (Ireland)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04dyhjr58', 'country_code': 'IE', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2949033070', 'https://openalex.org/I4210091810']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210090807', 'display_name': 'Rothman Orthopaedics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00brr5r54', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'other', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210090807']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2799360765', 'display_name': 'Thomas Jefferson University Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04zhhva53', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2799360765', 'https://openalex.org/I4210114575']}], 'countries': ['IE', 'US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Christopher K. Kepler', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Dr Schroeder has received funds to travel from AO Spine and Medtronic. Dr Vaccaro has consulted or has done independent contracting for DePuy, Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Stout Medical, Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint Global, Medacorp, Innovative Surgical Design, Orthobullets, Ellipse, and Vertex. He has also served on the scientific advisory board/board of directors/committees for Flagship Surgical, AO Spine, Innovative Surgical Design, and Association of Collaborative Spine Research. Dr Vaccaro has received royalty payments from Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Aesculap, Thieme, Jaypee, Elsevier, and Taylor Francis/Hodder and Stoughton. He has stock/stock option ownership interests in Replication Medica, Globus, Paradigm Spine, Stout Medical, Progressive Spinal Technologies, Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties, Spine Medica, Computational Biodynamics, Spinology, In Vivo, Flagship Surgical, Cytonics, Bonovo Orthopaedics, Electrocore, Gamma Spine, Location Based Intelligence, FlowPharma, R.S.I., Rothman Institute and Related Properties, Innovative Surgical Design, and Avaz Surgical. He has also served as deputy editor/editor of Spine. In addition, Dr Vaccaro has also provided expert testimony. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.', 'Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Dr Schroeder has received funds to travel from AO Spine and Medtronic. Dr Vaccaro has consulted or has done independent contracting for DePuy, Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Stout Medical, Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint Global, Medacorp, Innovative Surgical Design, Orthobullets, Ellipse, and Vertex. He has also served on the scientific advisory board/board of directors/committees for Flagship Surgical, AO Spine, Innovative Surgical Design, and Association of Collaborative Spine Research. Dr Vaccaro has received royalty payments from Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Aesculap, Thieme, Jaypee, Elsevier, and Taylor Francis/Hodder and Stoughton. He has stock/stock option ownership interests in Replication Medica, Globus, Paradigm Spine, Stout Medical, Progressive Spinal Technologies, Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties, Spine Medica, Computational Biodynamics, Spinology, In Vivo, Flagship Surgical, Cytonics, Bonovo Orthopaedics, Electrocore, Gamma Spine, Location Based Intelligence, FlowPharma, R.S.I., Rothman Institute and Related Properties, Innovative Surgical Design, and Avaz Surgical. He has also served as deputy editor/editor of Spine. In addition, Dr Vaccaro has also provided expert testimony. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I51579864', 'https://openalex.org/I2949033070']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210090807', 'https://openalex.org/I2799360765']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5009142068', 'display_name': 'Alexander R. Vaccaro', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8073-0796'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210090807', 'display_name': 'Rothman Orthopaedics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00brr5r54', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'other', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210090807']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2799360765', 'display_name': 'Thomas Jefferson University Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04zhhva53', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2799360765', 'https://openalex.org/I4210114575']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I51579864', 'display_name': 'Stryker (United States)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/043affe91', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I51579864']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2949033070', 'display_name': 'Medtronic (Ireland)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04dyhjr58', 'country_code': 'IE', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2949033070', 'https://openalex.org/I4210091810']}], 'countries': ['IE', 'US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Alexander R. Vaccaro', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Dr Schroeder has received funds to travel from AO Spine and Medtronic. Dr Vaccaro has consulted or has done independent contracting for DePuy, Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Stout Medical, Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint Global, Medacorp, Innovative Surgical Design, Orthobullets, Ellipse, and Vertex. He has also served on the scientific advisory board/board of directors/committees for Flagship Surgical, AO Spine, Innovative Surgical Design, and Association of Collaborative Spine Research. Dr Vaccaro has received royalty payments from Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Aesculap, Thieme, Jaypee, Elsevier, and Taylor Francis/Hodder and Stoughton. He has stock/stock option ownership interests in Replication Medica, Globus, Paradigm Spine, Stout Medical, Progressive Spinal Technologies, Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties, Spine Medica, Computational Biodynamics, Spinology, In Vivo, Flagship Surgical, Cytonics, Bonovo Orthopaedics, Electrocore, Gamma Spine, Location Based Intelligence, FlowPharma, R.S.I., Rothman Institute and Related Properties, Innovative Surgical Design, and Avaz Surgical. He has also served as deputy editor/editor of Spine. In addition, Dr Vaccaro has also provided expert testimony. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.', 'Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210090807', 'https://openalex.org/I2799360765']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Dr Schroeder has received funds to travel from AO Spine and Medtronic. Dr Vaccaro has consulted or has done independent contracting for DePuy, Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Stout Medical, Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint Global, Medacorp, Innovative Surgical Design, Orthobullets, Ellipse, and Vertex. He has also served on the scientific advisory board/board of directors/committees for Flagship Surgical, AO Spine, Innovative Surgical Design, and Association of Collaborative Spine Research. Dr Vaccaro has received royalty payments from Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Aesculap, Thieme, Jaypee, Elsevier, and Taylor Francis/Hodder and Stoughton. He has stock/stock option ownership interests in Replication Medica, Globus, Paradigm Spine, Stout Medical, Progressive Spinal Technologies, Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties, Spine Medica, Computational Biodynamics, Spinology, In Vivo, Flagship Surgical, Cytonics, Bonovo Orthopaedics, Electrocore, Gamma Spine, Location Based Intelligence, FlowPharma, R.S.I., Rothman Institute and Related Properties, Innovative Surgical Design, and Avaz Surgical. He has also served as deputy editor/editor of Spine. In addition, Dr Vaccaro has also provided expert testimony. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I51579864', 'https://openalex.org/I2949033070']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5001099138', 'display_name': 'Gregory D. Schroeder', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8895-1964'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210090807', 'display_name': 'Rothman Orthopaedics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00brr5r54', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'other', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210090807']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I51579864', 'display_name': 'Stryker (United States)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/043affe91', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I51579864']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2949033070', 'display_name': 'Medtronic (Ireland)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04dyhjr58', 'country_code': 'IE', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2949033070', 'https://openalex.org/I4210091810']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2799360765', 'display_name': 'Thomas Jefferson University Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04zhhva53', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2799360765', 'https://openalex.org/I4210114575']}], 'countries': ['IE', 'US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Gregory D. Schroeder', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Dr Schroeder has received funds to travel from AO Spine and Medtronic. Dr Vaccaro has consulted or has done independent contracting for DePuy, Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Stout Medical, Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint Global, Medacorp, Innovative Surgical Design, Orthobullets, Ellipse, and Vertex. He has also served on the scientific advisory board/board of directors/committees for Flagship Surgical, AO Spine, Innovative Surgical Design, and Association of Collaborative Spine Research. Dr Vaccaro has received royalty payments from Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Aesculap, Thieme, Jaypee, Elsevier, and Taylor Francis/Hodder and Stoughton. He has stock/stock option ownership interests in Replication Medica, Globus, Paradigm Spine, Stout Medical, Progressive Spinal Technologies, Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties, Spine Medica, Computational Biodynamics, Spinology, In Vivo, Flagship Surgical, Cytonics, Bonovo Orthopaedics, Electrocore, Gamma Spine, Location Based Intelligence, FlowPharma, R.S.I., Rothman Institute and Related Properties, Innovative Surgical Design, and Avaz Surgical. He has also served as deputy editor/editor of Spine. In addition, Dr Vaccaro has also provided expert testimony. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.', 'Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210090807', 'https://openalex.org/I2799360765']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Dr Schroeder has received funds to travel from AO Spine and Medtronic. Dr Vaccaro has consulted or has done independent contracting for DePuy, Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Stout Medical, Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint Global, Medacorp, Innovative Surgical Design, Orthobullets, Ellipse, and Vertex. He has also served on the scientific advisory board/board of directors/committees for Flagship Surgical, AO Spine, Innovative Surgical Design, and Association of Collaborative Spine Research. Dr Vaccaro has received royalty payments from Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Aesculap, Thieme, Jaypee, Elsevier, and Taylor Francis/Hodder and Stoughton. He has stock/stock option ownership interests in Replication Medica, Globus, Paradigm Spine, Stout Medical, Progressive Spinal Technologies, Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties, Spine Medica, Computational Biodynamics, Spinology, In Vivo, Flagship Surgical, Cytonics, Bonovo Orthopaedics, Electrocore, Gamma Spine, Location Based Intelligence, FlowPharma, R.S.I., Rothman Institute and Related Properties, Innovative Surgical Design, and Avaz Surgical. He has also served as deputy editor/editor of Spine. In addition, Dr Vaccaro has also provided expert testimony. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I51579864', 'https://openalex.org/I2949033070']}]}], 'countries_distinct_count': 2, 'institutions_distinct_count': 4, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 25.089, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 268, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999821, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '33', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '120', 'last_page': '122'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10136', 'display_name': 'Regularization and Variable Selection Methods', 'score': 0.9984, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2613', 'display_name': 'Statistics and Probability'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/26', 'display_name': 'Mathematics'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10136', 'display_name': 'Regularization and Variable Selection Methods', 'score': 0.9984, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2613', 'display_name': 'Statistics and Probability'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/26', 'display_name': 'Mathematics'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10845', 'display_name': 'Methods for Causal Inference in Observational Studies', 'score': 0.9974, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2613', 'display_name': 'Statistics and Probability'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/26', 'display_name': 'Mathematics'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10804', 'display_name': 'Health Economics and Quality of Life Assessment', 'score': 0.9899, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/propensity-score', 'display_name': 'Propensity Score', 'score': 0.591815}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/matching-methods', 'display_name': 'Matching Methods', 'score': 0.567461}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/preference-based-measures', 'display_name': 'Preference-based Measures', 'score': 0.522169}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance-estimation', 'display_name': 'Covariance Estimation', 'score': 0.511845}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/bias-correction', 'display_name': 'Bias Correction', 'score': 0.503347}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-probability-weighting', 'display_name': 'Inverse probability weighting', 'score': 0.42921022}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17923572', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7250160', 'display_name': 'Propensity score matching', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.92400604}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C119043178', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320723', 'display_name': 'Covariate', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8053667}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C23131810', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574', 'display_name': 'Observational study', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6346563}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C77350462', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472', 'display_name': 'Confounding', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.61640084}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C165064840', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061', 'display_name': 'Matching (statistics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.56435597}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C68312169', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216685', 'display_name': 'Orthopedic surgery', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.52647924}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.47692224}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C40423286', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284172', 'display_name': 'Selection bias', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.47411138}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779915747', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17058619', 'display_name': 'Inverse probability weighting', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.42921022}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105795698', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483', 'display_name': 'Statistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.42560688}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C183115368', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577', 'display_name': 'Weighting', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.41459098}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.37975144}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C141071460', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821', 'display_name': 'Surgery', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.19128302}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.17371821}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126838900', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604', 'display_name': 'Radiology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1097/bsd.0000000000000932', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764663100', 'display_name': 'Clinical Spine Surgery A Spine Publication', 'issn_l': '2380-0186', 'issn': ['2380-0186', '2380-0194'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315671', 'host_organization_name': 'Lippincott Williams & Wilkins', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315671', 'https://openalex.org/P4310318547'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Lippincott Williams & Wilkins', 'Wolters Kluwer'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 49, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1530523730', 'https://openalex.org/W1565878316', 'https://openalex.org/W1589329753', 'https://openalex.org/W1928999099', 'https://openalex.org/W1966132804', 'https://openalex.org/W1967271316', 'https://openalex.org/W1973578595', 'https://openalex.org/W1978199682', 'https://openalex.org/W198473399', 'https://openalex.org/W1985924033', 'https://openalex.org/W1990079944', 'https://openalex.org/W1992773668', 'https://openalex.org/W1992998258', 'https://openalex.org/W1994452995', 'https://openalex.org/W1997442424', 'https://openalex.org/W2014940670', 'https://openalex.org/W2022960507', 'https://openalex.org/W2024736199', 'https://openalex.org/W2031893494', 'https://openalex.org/W2061529926', 'https://openalex.org/W2066735350', 'https://openalex.org/W2080061756', 'https://openalex.org/W2081038894', 'https://openalex.org/W2084689628', 'https://openalex.org/W2091020207', 'https://openalex.org/W2093753001', 'https://openalex.org/W2124758339', 'https://openalex.org/W2138227290', 'https://openalex.org/W2150291618', 'https://openalex.org/W2151367131', 'https://openalex.org/W2162275384', 'https://openalex.org/W2165930248', 'https://openalex.org/W2171442673', 'https://openalex.org/W2255540956', 'https://openalex.org/W2394809278', 'https://openalex.org/W2735469710', 'https://openalex.org/W2895077504', 'https://openalex.org/W3022413197', 'https://openalex.org/W3121262715', 'https://openalex.org/W3121554938', 'https://openalex.org/W3122542817', 'https://openalex.org/W3122873724', 'https://openalex.org/W3123582712', 'https://openalex.org/W3123974754', 'https://openalex.org/W3125357717', 'https://openalex.org/W3125727931', 'https://openalex.org/W3141121023', 'https://openalex.org/W3151816160', 'https://openalex.org/W425335027'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4311626472', 'https://openalex.org/W3209240733', 'https://openalex.org/W3126830542', 'https://openalex.org/W3093260814', 'https://openalex.org/W2575790444', 'https://openalex.org/W2464681697', 'https://openalex.org/W2434094746', 'https://openalex.org/W2077977962', 'https://openalex.org/W2058324359', 'https://openalex.org/W1641372354'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Propensity': [0], 'score': [1, 149], 'matching': [2, 47], '(PSM)': [3], 'is': [4, 29, 105, 117, 127], 'a': [5, 56, 72], 'commonly': [6], 'used': [7, 152], 'statistical': [8], 'method': [9, 189], 'in': [10, 114, 120, 129, 174, 194], 'orthopedic': [11, 102, 176, 196], 'surgery': [12], 'research': [13], 'that': [14, 65, 130], 'accomplishes': [15], 'the': [16, 25, 42, 86, 96, 133, 147, 168, 175, 183, 195], 'removal': [17, 134], 'of': [18, 27, 44, 89, 95, 135, 160, 170, 187], 'confounding': [19], 'bias': [20], 'from': [21, 101, 180], 'observational': [22], 'cohorts': [23], 'where': [24], 'benefit': [26, 179], 'randomization': [28], 'not': [30], 'possible.': [31], 'An': [32, 99], 'alternative': [33], 'to': [34, 40, 107, 145], 'multiple': [35], 'regression': [36], 'analysis,': [37], 'PSM': [38, 110, 116], 'attempts': [39], 'reduce': [41], 'effects': [43], 'confounders': [45], 'by': [46, 76], 'already': [48], 'treated': [49], 'subjects': [50, 53], 'with': [51], 'control': [52, 74, 79, 83], 'who': [54], 'exhibit': [55], 'similar': [57], 'propensity': [58, 148], 'for': [59, 92, 153], 'treatment': [60, 67, 161], 'based': [61], 'on': [62, 140], 'preexisting': [63], 'covariates': [64], 'influence': [66], 'selection.': [68], 'It,': [69], 'therefore,': [70], 'establishes': [71], 'new': [73, 82], 'group': [75, 84], 'discarding': [77], 'outlier': [78], 'subjects.': [80], 'This': [81], 'reduces': [85], 'unwanted': [87], 'influences': [88], 'covariates,': [90], 'allowing': [91], 'proper': [93], 'measurement': [94], 'intended': [97], 'variable.': [98], 'example': [100], 'spine': [103], 'literature': [104], 'discussed': [106], 'illustrate': [108], 'how': [109], 'may': [111], 'be': [112, 151], 'applied': [113], 'practice.': [115], 'uniquely': [118], 'valuable': [119], 'its': [121, 191], 'utility': [122], 'and': [123, 137, 157, 185], 'simplicity,': [124], 'but': [125, 163], 'it': [126, 131], 'limited': [128], 'requires': [132], 'data': [136], 'works': [138], 'primarily': [139], 'binary': [141], 'treatments.': [142], 'In': [143], 'addition': [144], 'matching,': [146], 'can': [150], 'stratification,': [154], 'covariate': [155], 'adjustments,': [156], 'inverse': [158], 'probability': [159], 'weighting,': [162], 'these': [164], 'topics': [165], 'are': [166], 'outside': [167], 'scope': [169], 'this': [171, 188], 'paper.': [172], 'Personnel': [173], 'field': [177], 'would': [178], 'learning': [181], 'about': [182], 'function': [184], 'application': [186], 'given': [190], 'common': [192], 'use': [193], 'literature.': [197]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3000453819', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 50}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 52}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 41}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 18}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 2}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-13T00:15:53.655501', 'created_date': '2020-01-23'}