Title: SETTING EXPECTATIONS FOR THE ECOLOGICAL CONDITION OF STREAMS: THE CONCEPT OF REFERENCE CONDITION
Abstract: Ecological ApplicationsVolume 16, Issue 4 p. 1267-1276 Invited Feature SETTING EXPECTATIONS FOR THE ECOLOGICAL CONDITION OF STREAMS: THE CONCEPT OF REFERENCE CONDITION John L. Stoddard, John L. Stoddard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Western Ecology Division, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, Oregon, USA 5 E-mail: [email protected] for more papers by this authorDavid P. Larsen, David P. Larsen U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Western Ecology Division, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, Oregon, USASearch for more papers by this authorCharles P. Hawkins, Charles P. Hawkins Department of Aquatic, Watershed, & Earth Resources, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USASearch for more papers by this authorRichard K. Johnson, Richard K. Johnson Department of Environmental Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorRichard H. Norris, Richard H. Norris Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author John L. Stoddard, John L. Stoddard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Western Ecology Division, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, Oregon, USA 5 E-mail: [email protected] for more papers by this authorDavid P. Larsen, David P. Larsen U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Western Ecology Division, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, Oregon, USASearch for more papers by this authorCharles P. Hawkins, Charles P. Hawkins Department of Aquatic, Watershed, & Earth Resources, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USASearch for more papers by this authorRichard K. Johnson, Richard K. Johnson Department of Environmental Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorRichard H. Norris, Richard H. Norris Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 August 2006 https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1267:SEFTEC]2.0.CO;2Citations: 723 6 〈http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html〉 7 〈http://www.deh.gov.au/water/rivers/nrhp/〉 Corresponding Editor: E. H. Stanley. For reprints of this Invited Feature, see footnote 1, p. 1249. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract An important component of the biological assessment of stream condition is an evaluation of the direct or indirect effects of human activities or disturbances. The concept of a “reference condition” is increasingly used to describe the standard or benchmark against which current condition is compared. Many individual nations, and the European Union as a whole, have codified the concept of reference condition in legislation aimed at protecting and improving the ecological condition of streams. However, the phrase “reference condition” has many meanings in a variety of contexts. One of the primary purposes of this paper is to bring some consistency to the use of the term. We argue the need for a “reference condition” term that is reserved for referring to the “naturalness” of the biota (structure and function) and that naturalness implies the absence of significant human disturbance or alteration. To avoid the confusion that arises when alternative definitions of reference condition are used, we propose that the original concept of reference condition be preserved in this modified form of the term: “reference condition for biological integrity,” or RC(BI). We further urge that these specific terms be used to refer to the concepts and methods used in individual bioassessments to characterize the expected condition to which current conditions are compared: “minimally disturbed condition” (MDC); “historical condition” (HC); “least disturbed condition” (LDC); and “best attainable condition” (BAC). We argue that each of these concepts can be narrowly defined, and each implies specific methods for estimating expectations. We also describe current methods by which these expectations are estimated including: the reference-site approach (condition at minimally or least-disturbed sites); best professional judgment; interpretation of historical condition; extrapolation of empirical models; and evaluation of ambient distributions. Because different assumptions about what constitutes reference condition will have important effects on the final classification of streams into condition classes, we urge that bioassessments be consistent in describing the definitions and methods used to set expectations. Citing Literature Volume16, Issue4August 2006Pages 1267-1276 RelatedInformation
Publication Year: 2006
Publication Date: 2006-08-01
Language: en
Type: article
Indexed In: ['crossref']
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Cited By Count: 306
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