Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2969819767', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201907729', 'title': 'Innovation by Evolution: Bringing New Chemistry to Life (Nobel Lecture)', 'display_name': 'Innovation by Evolution: Bringing New Chemistry to Life (Nobel Lecture)', 'publication_year': 2019, 'publication_date': '2019-08-21', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2969819767', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201907729', 'mag': '2969819767', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31433107'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201907729', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/anie.201907729', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S67393510', 'display_name': 'Angewandte Chemie International Edition', 'issn_l': '1433-7851', 'issn': ['1433-7851', '1521-3773'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'bronze', 'oa_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/anie.201907729', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5043841592', 'display_name': 'Frances H. Arnold', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4027-364X'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I122411786', 'display_name': 'California Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05dxps055', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I122411786']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Frances H. Arnold', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['California Institute of Technology USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'California Institute of Technology USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I122411786']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5043841592'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I122411786'], 'apc_list': {'value': 5250, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 5250, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 5.706, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 316, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999735, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '58', 'issue': '41', 'first_page': '14420', 'last_page': '14426'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10404', 'display_name': 'Enzyme Immobilization Techniques', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10404', 'display_name': 'Enzyme Immobilization Techniques', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10932', 'display_name': 'Metabolic Engineering and Synthetic Biology', 'score': 0.9946, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10476', 'display_name': 'Microalgae as a Source for Biofuels Production', 'score': 0.9589, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2105', 'display_name': 'Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/21', 'display_name': 'Energy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/directed-evolution', 'display_name': 'Directed Evolution', 'score': 0.545112}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/environmentally-friendly', 'display_name': 'Environmentally friendly', 'score': 0.41782928}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C9418097', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q440681', 'display_name': 'Directed evolution', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.6294161}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185592680', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329', 'display_name': 'Chemistry', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.49222246}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C171250308', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468', 'display_name': 'Nanotechnology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4660956}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C171534860', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655870', 'display_name': 'Environmentally friendly', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.41782928}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C183696295', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696', 'display_name': 'Biochemical engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.36592257}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C55587333', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029', 'display_name': 'Engineering ethics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.35098666}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.30431297}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.17291254}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C55493867', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.15951282}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C192562407', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736', 'display_name': 'Materials science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.15789634}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C18903297', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150', 'display_name': 'Ecology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.11341807}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C143065580', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3285695', 'display_name': 'Mutant', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104317684', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187', 'display_name': 'Gene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201907729', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/anie.201907729', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S67393510', 'display_name': 'Angewandte Chemie International Edition', 'issn_l': '1433-7851', 'issn': ['1433-7851', '1521-3773'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31433107', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201907729', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/anie.201907729', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S67393510', 'display_name': 'Angewandte Chemie International Edition', 'issn_l': '1433-7851', 'issn': ['1433-7851', '1521-3773'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Responsible consumption and production', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12', 'score': 0.55}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 35, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W11949986', 'https://openalex.org/W1487768040', 'https://openalex.org/W1973352434', 'https://openalex.org/W1984180361', 'https://openalex.org/W1992613346', 'https://openalex.org/W1994240720', 'https://openalex.org/W2011513747', 'https://openalex.org/W2028113659', 'https://openalex.org/W2031409259', 'https://openalex.org/W2049576685', 'https://openalex.org/W2061378257', 'https://openalex.org/W2062958450', 'https://openalex.org/W2078531329', 'https://openalex.org/W2108020239', 'https://openalex.org/W2124425166', 'https://openalex.org/W2125247340', 'https://openalex.org/W2128312954', 'https://openalex.org/W2165026145', 'https://openalex.org/W2165365513', 'https://openalex.org/W2328005464', 'https://openalex.org/W2537165710', 'https://openalex.org/W2552624942', 'https://openalex.org/W2554528613', 'https://openalex.org/W2767044445', 'https://openalex.org/W2768252314', 'https://openalex.org/W2769903235', 'https://openalex.org/W2793209087', 'https://openalex.org/W2796309353', 'https://openalex.org/W2810761825', 'https://openalex.org/W2896443281', 'https://openalex.org/W3080424710', 'https://openalex.org/W3216866180', 'https://openalex.org/W4239355270', 'https://openalex.org/W4253518467', 'https://openalex.org/W4254038820'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3173132437', 'https://openalex.org/W2383783507', 'https://openalex.org/W2377270209', 'https://openalex.org/W2368072971', 'https://openalex.org/W2352189277', 'https://openalex.org/W2351585432', 'https://openalex.org/W2348242304', 'https://openalex.org/W186863808', 'https://openalex.org/W1577087430', 'https://openalex.org/W1536832819'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Angewandte': [0], 'Chemie': [1], 'International': [2], 'EditionVolume': [3], '58,': [4], 'Issue': [5], '41': [6], 'p.': [7], '14420-14426': [8], 'ReviewFree': [9], 'Access': [10], 'Innovation': [11], 'by': [12, 41, 64, 232, 261, 349, 596, 746, 830, 871, 892, 901, 936, 955, 1067, 1190, 1223, 1311, 1479, 1527, 1903, 1914, 2058, 2464, 2521, 2563, 2589, 2949, 2983, 3068, 3095, 3146, 3202, 3435, 3495, 3650, 4074, 4115, 4248], 'Evolution:': [13], 'Bringing': [14, 3782], 'New': [15, 1749, 3783], 'Chemistry': [16], 'to': [17, 89, 97, 119, 142, 173, 419, 436, 440, 453, 464, 488, 522, 552, 620, 659, 678, 692, 709, 717, 721, 879, 897, 916, 933, 988, 1076, 1086, 1195, 1291, 1313, 1411, 1500, 1506, 1578, 1583, 1592, 1601, 1651, 1661, 1705, 1790, 1792, 1849, 1855, 1867, 1887, 1899, 1967, 1983, 2019, 2047, 2099, 2132, 2165, 2355, 2368, 2387, 2400, 2451, 2479, 2486, 2507, 2535, 2548, 2568, 2573, 2593, 2605, 2665, 2672, 2740, 2822, 2841, 2860, 2889, 2892, 2965, 2990, 3002, 3045, 3053, 3097, 3100, 3112, 3151, 3168, 3211, 3281, 3298, 3361, 3389, 3396, 3447, 3458, 3467, 3471, 3499, 3522, 3536, 3540, 3566, 3586, 3604, 3646, 3668, 3679, 3685, 3760, 3764, 3772, 3785, 3811, 3887, 3978, 4050, 4134, 4183, 4276, 4339, 4379, 4409, 4411, 4522], 'Life': [18], '(Nobel': [19], 'Lecture)†': [20], 'Prof.': [21, 27, 44, 50], 'Frances': [22, 28, 45, 51], 'H.': [23, 29, 46, 52], 'Arnold,': [24, 47], 'Corresponding': [25, 48], 'Author': [26, 49], 'Arnold': [30, 53, 196], '[email protected]': [31, 54], 'orcid.org/0000-0002-4027-364X': [32, 55], 'California': [33, 56, 4454], 'Institute': [34, 57, 2065], 'of': [35, 58, 113, 123, 136, 147, 167, 186, 205, 237, 247, 253, 267, 273, 284, 291, 401, 413, 431, 461, 576, 585, 600, 635, 641, 648, 665, 671, 680, 713, 740, 749, 765, 781, 846, 864, 866, 868, 914, 925, 931, 951, 959, 966, 975, 1004, 1015, 1022, 1036, 1115, 1120, 1133, 1139, 1144, 1150, 1183, 1187, 1256, 1275, 1350, 1354, 1370, 1409, 1436, 1474, 1503, 1543, 1554, 1667, 1770, 1775, 1822, 1875, 1890, 1907, 1921, 1931, 1955, 2008, 2159, 2177, 2252, 2265, 2320, 2418, 2473, 2516, 2530, 2627, 2644, 2731, 2768, 2792, 2826, 2871, 2916, 2920, 2922, 2937, 2955, 2970, 2980, 2993, 3077, 3205, 3247, 3276, 3295, 3399, 3438, 3454, 3482, 3515, 3550, 3595, 3611, 3624, 3654, 3695, 3705, 3845, 3896, 4070, 4086, 4131, 4162, 4185, 4237, 4246, 4257, 4286, 4309, 4347, 4371, 4440, 4462, 4487, 4498], 'Technology,': [36, 59], 'USASearch': [37, 60], 'for': [38, 61, 87, 207, 245, 387, 555, 566, 624, 689, 703, 794, 1047, 1296, 1367, 1426, 1456, 1508, 1516, 1719, 1780, 1807, 1926, 2084, 2212, 2305, 2365, 2499, 2518, 2578, 2669, 2701, 2729, 2749, 3183, 3274, 3364, 3441, 3778, 4092, 4110, 4142, 4210, 4224], 'more': [39, 62, 380, 479, 514, 2044, 3414, 3862, 4151, 4359], 'papers': [40, 63], 'this': [42, 65, 91, 148, 312, 532, 559, 719, 903, 1045, 1090, 1963, 2024, 2820, 2837, 3184, 3408, 3455, 4010, 4059], 'author': [43, 66], 'First': [67, 2346], 'published:': [68], '21': [69], 'August': [70], '2019': [71], 'https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201907729Citations:': [72], '137': [73], '†': [74], 'Copyright': [75], '©': [76], 'The': [77, 164, 365, 583, 669, 984, 2234, 2686, 2906, 2940, 3658, 3847, 4012, 4156, 4266], 'Nobel': [78, 84, 193], 'Foundation': [79], '2018.': [80], 'We': [81, 1309, 1470, 1491, 1865, 1893, 1989, 2373, 2445, 2972, 3143, 3286, 3403, 3751, 3892], 'thank': [82], 'the': [83, 129, 139, 203, 219, 223, 234, 258, 262, 270, 279, 285, 292, 320, 347, 362, 369, 393, 429, 471, 622, 633, 642, 646, 666, 711, 738, 753, 756, 763, 844, 851, 862, 907, 921, 964, 967, 972, 1013, 1034, 1037, 1118, 1137, 1166, 1169, 1180, 1224, 1241, 1300, 1322, 1395, 1400, 1407, 1461, 1488, 1603, 1637, 1752, 1768, 1786, 1842, 1869, 1910, 1932, 1953, 1979, 1984, 1999, 2034, 2062, 2106, 2121, 2210, 2213, 2232, 2241, 2249, 2261, 2341, 2370, 2471, 2528, 2667, 2699, 2727, 2801, 2808, 2842, 2850, 2868, 2877, 2913, 2935, 2978, 3004, 3082, 3242, 3245, 3277, 3282, 3315, 3325, 3334, 3349, 3359, 3417, 3513, 3570, 3577, 3584, 3592, 3596, 3599, 3619, 3633, 3662, 3669, 3680, 3687, 3706, 3709, 3792, 3819, 3825, 3836, 3916, 3986, 4028, 4042, 4053, 4062, 4068, 4071, 4080, 4106, 4116, 4137, 4193, 4203, 4211, 4229, 4238, 4258, 4284, 4287, 4296, 4302, 4307, 4313, 4317, 4322, 4333, 4340, 4345, 4348, 4357, 4366, 4381, 4385, 4393, 4414, 4428, 4447, 4478, 4485, 4496], 'Foundation,': [85], 'Stockholm,': [86], 'permission': [88], 'print': [90], 'lecture.': [92], 'AboutSectionsPDF': [93], 'ToolsRequest': [94], 'permissionExport': [95], 'citationAdd': [96], 'favoritesTrack': [98], 'citation': [99], 'ShareShare': [100], 'Give': [101], 'accessShare': [102, 105], 'full': [103], 'text': [104], 'full-text': [106, 121, 145], 'accessPlease': [107], 'review': [108, 3472], 'our': [109, 508, 1552, 2114, 2765, 4093, 4523], 'Terms': [110, 133], 'and': [111, 115, 127, 134, 153, 188, 214, 231, 264, 281, 295, 306, 356, 390, 403, 445, 467, 476, 490, 498, 503, 506, 572, 592, 602, 608, 695, 700, 707, 790, 838, 873, 939, 996, 1011, 1155, 1171, 1220, 1286, 1314, 1324, 1337, 1374, 1394, 1415, 1428, 1446, 1529, 1540, 1572, 1611, 1671, 1743, 1778, 1824, 1862, 1897, 1924, 1935, 2087, 2116, 2139, 2148, 2185, 2199, 2230, 2238, 2257, 2276, 2284, 2289, 2303, 2309, 2316, 2347, 2483, 2545, 2608, 2684, 2725, 2903, 2918, 2952, 2987, 3007, 3021, 3060, 3073, 3135, 3171, 3231, 3244, 3287, 3357, 3380, 3404, 3444, 3462, 3518, 3546, 3665, 3672, 3717, 3729, 3733, 3758, 3843, 3860, 3873, 3913, 3944, 3960, 3997, 4038, 4057, 4125, 4140, 4165, 4187, 4335, 4354, 4368, 4388, 4400, 4508, 4529], 'Conditions': [112, 135], 'Use': [114], 'check': [116], 'box': [117], 'below': [118, 141], 'share': [120, 143], 'version': [122, 146], 'article.I': [124], 'have': [125, 277, 458, 1070, 1660, 1704, 1868, 2817, 3290, 4465, 4473], 'read': [126], 'accept': [128, 2166], 'Wiley': [130], 'Online': [131], 'Library': [132, 764], 'UseShareable': [137], 'LinkUse': [138], 'link': [140], 'a': [144, 159, 212, 228, 340, 398, 546, 588, 625, 696, 704, 734, 743, 771, 801, 807, 858, 926, 948, 1001, 1030, 1050, 1071, 1106, 1140, 1209, 1212, 1231, 1245, 1268, 1364, 1451, 1535, 1562, 1620, 1643, 1683, 1690, 1723, 1740, 1757, 1761, 1793, 1815, 1835, 1851, 1876, 1957, 1968, 2016, 2030, 2055, 2081, 2093, 2218, 2223, 2227, 2362, 2397, 2496, 2569, 2614, 2675, 2719, 2732, 2737, 2753, 2762, 2776, 2967, 3038, 3189, 3232, 3270, 3293, 3352, 3390, 3436, 3452, 3503, 3538, 3588, 3651, 3655, 3676, 3692, 3702, 3734, 3788, 3897, 3907, 3928, 3933, 3949, 4015, 4036, 4039, 4076, 4111, 4167, 4216, 4310, 4351, 4369, 4459], 'article': [149], 'with': [150, 177, 222, 297, 531, 832, 1012, 1460, 1566, 2023, 2410, 2691, 3227, 3543, 3574, 3630, 3715, 3994, 4181, 4404, 4457], 'your': [151], 'friends': [152], 'colleagues.': [154], 'Learn': [155], 'more.Copy': [156], 'URL': [157], 'Share': [158], 'linkShare': [160], 'onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked': [161], 'InRedditWechat': [162], 'Abstract': [163], 'directed': [165, 208, 1205, 1282, 1439, 1452, 2253, 2294, 2343, 2465, 2590, 2624, 3025, 3052, 3166, 3266, 3445, 3617, 4133], 'evolution': [166, 396, 630, 877, 1075, 1100, 1192, 1207, 1283, 1410, 1441, 1453, 1819, 2086, 2216, 2254, 2295, 2344, 2466, 2529, 2591, 2625, 2730, 2804, 2998, 3026, 3167, 3267, 3446, 4249], 'enzymes': [168, 439, 463, 485, 554, 1473, 1505, 1515, 1718, 2147, 2161, 2304, 2339, 2352, 2501, 2558, 2679, 2827, 2911, 2959, 3252, 3426, 3620, 3690, 3725, 3798], 'is': [169, 346, 367, 560, 587, 987, 1065, 1218, 1221, 1230, 1248, 1307, 1317, 1734, 1805, 2527, 2649, 2689, 2757, 2810, 3327, 3457, 3502, 3510, 3557, 3818, 3932, 3942, 3946, 3972, 4018, 4048, 4195, 4228, 4250, 4442], 'now': [170, 2096, 2494, 3015, 3807, 3914, 4148], 'routinely': [171], 'used': [172, 487, 1492, 1894, 3001, 3094], 'develop': [174, 1584, 2226], 'new': [175, 524, 881, 994, 1213, 1567, 1720, 1741, 1794, 1816, 1836, 2025, 2297, 2356, 2402, 2531, 2551, 2587, 2639, 2659, 2676, 2720, 2733, 2754, 2777, 2994, 3114, 3258, 3724, 3776, 4157, 4172, 4206, 4280, 4415], 'catalysts': [176, 323, 355, 473, 3138, 3741, 4109], 'various': [178, 3889], 'applications,': [179, 1518], 'such': [180, 1146, 1642, 2579, 2716, 3173, 4511], 'as': [181, 645, 820, 1250, 1423, 1941, 1947, 2717, 3318, 3320, 3328, 3330, 3375, 4103, 4105, 4512], 'in': [182, 289, 357, 361, 392, 428, 737, 755, 785, 920, 969, 1049, 1054, 1060, 1089, 1240, 1271, 1299, 1321, 1333, 1380, 1420, 1476, 1487, 1545, 1557, 1561, 1613, 1646, 1656, 1686, 1695, 1729, 1798, 1814, 1829, 1841, 1872, 1928, 1943, 1952, 1960, 2005, 2015, 2066, 2110, 2193, 2201, 2240, 2255, 2290, 2325, 2391, 2431, 2437, 2584, 2602, 2781, 2800, 2833, 2927, 2931, 3080, 3104, 3108, 3122, 3126, 3193, 3199, 3213, 3236, 3269, 3308, 3321, 3507, 3512, 3598, 3632, 3637, 3683, 3708, 3745, 3815, 3824, 3835, 3849, 3911, 3915, 4014, 4032, 4136, 4215, 4273, 4321, 4344, 4384, 4392, 4446, 4468, 4477, 4484, 4506], 'environmentally': [183], 'friendly': [184], 'production': [185, 1563, 3275], 'chemicals': [187], 'renewable': [189, 307], 'fuels.': [190], 'In': [191, 534, 758, 1130, 2286, 3377, 3869, 4065, 4283], 'her': [192, 3874], 'lecture,': [194], 'F.': [195], 'describes': [197, 770], 'how': [198, 521, 545, 619, 730, 1993, 2160, 2381, 2554, 2621, 2785, 3464, 3804, 4058, 4278, 4413], 'lessons': [199, 2334], 'from': [200, 303, 318, 415, 611, 778, 843, 850, 857, 883, 905, 1168, 1348, 1434, 1636, 1760, 2340, 2470, 2867, 3023, 3351, 3902, 3906, 3989, 4027, 4175, 4292, 4451], 'nature': [201, 4089], 'inspired': [202, 260], 'development': [204], 'methods': [206, 2235], 'evolution.': [209, 893, 1772, 1977], 'I': [210, 255, 287, 434, 715, 826, 853, 895, 1028, 1193, 1227, 1279, 1458, 2050, 2095, 2102, 2118, 2533, 2617, 2856, 3087, 3475, 3801], 'am': [211, 256, 288, 827], 'chemist': [213, 230], 'engineer': [215, 236, 437], 'who': [216, 2279, 4004], 'looks': [217], 'upon': [218], 'living': [220, 268, 394, 3740, 4217], 'world': [221, 430, 968, 2688, 2908, 3514, 4240], 'deepest': [224], 'admiration.': [225], 'Nature,': [226, 1027, 2393], 'herself': [227], 'brilliant': [229], 'far': [233, 2469, 4450], 'best': [235, 4107], 'all': [238, 375, 411, 567, 649, 752, 774, 795, 1304], 'time,': [239, 3336, 3419, 4231], 'invented': [240, 2562], 'life': [241, 326, 376, 586, 2549], 'that': [242, 324, 330, 373, 408, 651, 725, 888, 946, 992, 1021, 1032, 1069, 1127, 1200, 1264, 1281, 1344, 1377, 1403, 1483, 1588, 1641, 1763, 1831, 1882, 1939, 1981, 2032, 2039, 2112, 2351, 2427, 2448, 2502, 2541, 2559, 2735, 2828, 2864, 2883, 2960, 2974, 3218, 3251, 3313, 3340, 3383, 3485, 3768, 3796, 3877, 4200, 4226, 4233, 4251, 4301, 4329, 4362, 4424, 4430], 'has': [243, 335, 653, 2881, 3032, 3260, 4166], 'flourished': [244], 'billions': [246, 865], 'years': [248, 384, 456, 867, 1143, 2815, 3422], 'under': [249, 1860], 'an': [250, 406, 597, 662, 779, 1023, 1057, 1937, 2021, 2366, 2595, 2646, 2886, 3090, 3385, 3500, 3531, 3541, 3647, 4084, 4146, 4255, 4274, 4326], 'astonishing': [251], 'range': [252, 272, 2969, 4370, 4461], 'conditions.': [254, 1864], 'among': [257], 'many': [259, 478, 679, 747, 1132, 1277, 2189, 2281, 2291, 2382, 2582, 3261, 3861], 'beauty': [263], 'remarkable': [265, 3754], 'capabilities': [266, 2695], 'systems,': [269], 'breathtaking': [271], 'chemical': [274, 2694, 3370, 3439], 'transformations': [275], 'they': [276, 1424, 1548, 2703], 'invented,': [278], 'complexity': [280, 414], 'myriad': [282], 'roles': [283], 'products.': [286, 3781], 'awe': [290], 'exquisite': [293, 2603], 'specificity': [294], 'efficiency': [296], 'which': [298, 350, 1061, 2702, 3700, 3850], 'Nature': [299, 351, 652, 2655, 2847], 'assembles': [300], 'these': [301, 353, 656, 884, 976, 1151, 1915, 2910, 3373, 3696, 3723, 3739, 3779, 4432], 'products': [302, 863, 1138, 3484, 3863, 4164], 'simple,': [304], 'abundant,': [305], 'starting': [308, 379, 1638, 2224], 'materials.': [309, 970], 'Where': [310], 'does': [311, 731, 2503, 2656, 3572, 4420], 'chemistry': [313, 332, 1582, 2588, 2982, 3127, 3744, 3795, 4236], 'come': [314, 4026, 4253, 4264], 'from?': [315], 'It': [316, 2358, 3509], 'derives': [317], 'enzymes,': [319, 1457, 2302], 'DNA-encoded': [321], 'protein': [322, 417, 472, 527, 643, 736, 813, 953, 990, 1063, 1206, 1429, 1440, 1606, 1675, 1758, 2085, 4060, 4096, 4268, 4324, 4394], 'make': [325, 441, 917, 1196, 2893, 3547, 3605, 3691, 3765, 3812, 3841, 3888, 4515], 'possible,': [327], 'molecular': [328, 1335, 2091], 'machines': [329], 'perform': [331, 1856, 2861, 3742], 'no': [333, 4330], 'human': [334, 432, 449, 556, 1305, 1517, 2140, 2750, 3516], 'matched': [336], 'or': [337, 855, 1009, 1498, 1523, 1618, 1632, 1689, 2170, 2406, 2441, 2490, 2512, 2630, 2671, 2897, 3057, 3106, 3415, 3628, 3965, 4261], 'mastered.': [338], 'Evolution,': [339], 'Grand': [341], 'Diversity-Generating': [342], 'Machine': [343], 'Equally': [344], 'awe-inspiring': [345], 'process': [348, 366, 426, 2031, 2498, 2767], 'created': [352, 374, 2948, 4350, 4467], 'enzyme': [354, 550, 1725, 1802, 1870, 1938, 1964, 2022, 2367, 2575, 2640, 2734, 2788, 2845, 3273, 3571, 3585, 3601, 3659, 4147, 4158, 4194, 4290, 4387], 'fact': [358], 'everything': [359], 'else': [360], 'biological': [363, 1731, 2539, 2687, 2907, 3013, 3837, 3970, 4239, 4479], 'world.': [364, 3838, 4480], 'evolution,': [368, 906, 2917, 3618], 'grand': [370], 'diversity-generating': [371, 2914], 'machine': [372, 2915], 'on': [377, 1000, 1211, 1244, 1267, 1332, 1390, 1619, 1996, 2120, 2146, 2819, 2849], 'earth,': [378], 'than': [381, 751, 1007, 1020, 2439, 3470, 3559, 4122, 4153], 'three': [382, 3397, 4129, 4303], 'billion': [383, 1142], 'ago.': [385], 'Responsible': [386], 'adaptation,': [388], 'optimization,': [389], 'innovation': [391, 2809], 'world,': [395, 698, 2262], 'executes': [397], 'simple': [399, 3329], 'algorithm': [400, 407], 'diversification': [402], 'natural': [404, 874, 1121, 1724, 1771, 2953, 4491], 'selection,': [405], 'works': [409, 1714, 1745], 'at': [410, 1272, 2054, 2061, 2172, 2706, 2761, 3413, 3748, 4176, 4396, 4436], 'levels': [412, 1114], 'single': [416, 626, 802, 949, 1072, 3548, 3622, 3693, 4160], 'molecules': [418, 2891, 3062], 'whole': [420, 2550, 2824, 3309], 'ecosystems.': [421], 'No': [422], 'comparably': [423], 'powerful': [424], 'design': [425, 553, 2458], 'exists': [427], 'engineering.': [433], 'wanted': [435, 716, 2131], "Nature's": [438], 'ones': [442, 882], 'tailored': [443], 'to,': [444], 'uniquely': [446], 'suited': [447], 'for,': [448], 'purposes.': [450, 1203], 'For': [451, 1074, 2581, 2613, 2813, 3035, 3264, 3731, 3787], 'close': [452], 'five': [454], 'thousand': [455, 1605], 'we': [457, 519, 539, 564, 579, 605, 615, 685, 817, 1235, 1484, 1512, 1519, 1576, 1598, 1608, 1624, 1658, 1702, 2028, 2236, 2336, 2349, 2378, 2455, 2477, 2816, 2839, 2975, 3154, 3163, 3216, 3337, 3465, 3805, 4221, 4425, 4519], 'made': [459, 4356], 'use': [460, 2098, 2961, 3165, 3761, 4118], 'microbial': [462, 1521], 'brew': [465], 'beer': [466], 'leaven': [468], 'bread.': [469], 'Once': [470, 4191], 'were': [474, 482, 889, 1471, 1513, 1599, 1987, 2197, 2206, 2243, 2946], 'identified': [475], 'isolated,': [477], 'diverse': [480], 'applications': [481, 3777], 'devised.': [483, 654], 'Today,': [484, 2876], 'are': [486, 661, 788, 836, 861, 912, 929, 979, 1136, 1153, 2323, 2467, 2484, 2542, 2704, 2925, 3124, 3563, 3769, 3833, 3852, 3867, 3893, 4503], 'diagnose': [489], 'treat': [491], 'disease,': [492, 690], 'reduce': [493], 'farm': [494], 'waste,': [495], 'enhance': [496], 'textiles': [497], 'other': [499, 2858, 3300], 'materials,': [500], 'synthesize': [501, 3299, 3567], 'industrial': [502, 2256], 'pharmaceutical': [504, 3301], 'chemicals,': [505], 'empower': [507], 'laundry': [509], 'detergents.': [510], 'But': [511, 655, 729, 1189, 2027, 2553], 'so': [512, 940, 944, 1573, 3250, 4199, 4234, 4361], 'much': [513, 805, 2011, 2043, 2317, 2449, 2904, 4235], 'could': [515, 1284, 1345, 1382, 1485, 1609, 1625, 1990, 2162, 2435, 2618, 2976, 3155, 4426], 'be': [516, 841, 1161, 1383, 1649, 2163, 2385, 2452, 2747, 2798, 3000, 3051, 3523, 3958, 4270], 'achieved': [517], 'if': [518, 1104, 2038, 3037], 'understood': [520], 'build': [523], 'ones.': [525, 2412], 'Early': [526], 'engineers': [528], 'struggled': [529], 'mightily': [530], 'goal.': [533], 'those': [535, 723, 1125, 1435, 1532, 1629, 1669, 1707, 2192, 2264, 2321], 'days': [536], '(the': [537], '1980s),': [538], 'did': [540, 1951, 2335], 'not': [541, 617, 1096, 1418, 1550, 1973, 1991, 2068, 2375, 2504, 2619, 2657, 3505, 3961, 4263, 4421, 4449], 'know': [542, 618, 4005, 4223], 'enough': [543], 'about': [544, 1239, 1738, 2338, 3434], 'DNA': [547, 1347, 2307], 'sequence': [548, 575, 924, 961, 1064, 1647, 1830], 'encodes': [549], 'function': [551, 1556, 1804, 1871, 2171, 3971], 'applications.': [557, 3263], 'Unfortunately,': [558], 'still': [561], 'true:': [562], 'today': [563, 2476, 2526], 'can': [565, 606, 839, 1123, 1160, 1784, 1826, 2353, 2415, 2456, 2555, 2713, 2745, 2772, 2805, 2884, 3027, 3040, 3049, 3806, 3880, 3956, 4269], 'practical': [568, 3262], 'purposes': [569], 'read,': [570], 'write,': [571], 'edit': [573], 'any': [574, 1062, 2707], 'DNA,': [577], 'but': [578, 614, 1158, 3176, 3197, 3569, 4470], 'cannot': [580, 799, 2566, 4222], 'compose': [581], 'it.': [582], 'code': [584], 'symphony,': [589], 'guiding': [590], 'intricate': [591], 'beautiful': [593, 1051], 'parts': [594], 'performed': [595, 870, 1919, 1940, 3345], 'untold': [598], 'number': [599], 'players': [601], 'instruments.': [603], 'Maybe': [604], 'cut': [607], 'paste': [609], 'pieces': [610], "nature's": [612], 'compositions,': [613], 'do': [616, 1095, 1417, 1425, 1549, 3221, 3674], 'write': [621], 'bars': [623], 'enzymic': [627], 'passage.': [628], 'However,': [629, 1258], 'does.': [631], 'Exploring': [632], 'Universe': [634], 'Possible': [636], 'Proteins': [637, 1298], 'Some': [638, 2319], 'researchers': [639], 'think': [640], 'universe': [644, 670, 720], 'set': [647, 744], 'proteins': [650, 724, 831, 1084, 1109, 1135, 1174, 1199, 1265, 1381, 2692, 3153, 3220, 3297, 3879], 'proteins,': [657, 673, 742, 1099, 1198], 'relevant': [658], 'biology,': [660, 3123], 'infinitesimal': [663], 'fraction': [664], 'possible': [667, 672, 741, 775, 812, 3125], 'proteins.': [668, 910], 'my': [674, 847, 899, 1202, 1327, 1845, 2622, 3078, 4452], 'universe,': [675], 'contains': [676, 3854], 'solutions': [677, 691, 4252, 4259], "humanity's": [681], 'greatest': [682], 'needs:': [683], 'there': [684, 1080], 'will': [686, 726, 1101, 3476, 3774, 3799, 3802], 'find': [687, 722, 1124, 1285, 2222, 2574, 3487, 4009], 'cures': [688], 'energy': [693], 'crises': [694], 'warming': [697], 'food': [699, 2721], 'clean': [701], 'water': [702, 3746], 'growing': [705, 3331], 'population,': [706], 'ways': [708, 915, 932], 'arrest': [710], 'miseries': [712], 'aging.': [714], 'explore': [718], 'serve': [727, 1201], 'humanity.': [728], 'one': [732, 918, 1016, 1087, 1421, 1546, 1631, 2556, 2629, 3479], 'discover': [733, 989, 1827, 3156], 'useful': [735, 1365, 2150, 2389, 2748], 'infinitude': [739], 'larger': [745], 'orders': [748], 'magnitude': [750], 'particles': [754], 'universe?': [757], 'his': [759, 791, 2071, 2089], 'fascinating': [760, 3780], 'short': [761], 'story,': [762], 'Babel,': [766], 'Jorge': [767], 'Luis': [768], 'Borges': [769], 'collection': [772], 'comprising': [773], 'books': [776], 'assembled': [777], 'alphabet': [780], 'letters.1': [782], 'Most': [783], 'texts': [784], 'Borges’': [786, 823], 'library': [787], 'gibberish,': [789], 'despairing': [792], 'librarians,': [793, 824], 'their': [796, 2481, 2509, 2793, 2923, 3743, 3753, 3829], 'lifelong': [797], 'efforts,': [798], 'locate': [800], 'meaningful': [803, 833, 1108], 'sentence,': [804], 'less': [806, 1736, 2012, 2438, 3416], 'complete': [808], 'story.': [809], 'Similarly,': [810, 4501], 'most': [811, 1093, 1889, 3821, 4493], 'sequences': [814, 887, 978, 991, 1094, 1126, 1184, 1253, 1630, 2576, 2924], 'encode': [815, 1097], 'nothing': [816, 4091], 'would': [818, 962, 1442, 1648, 1659, 1703, 2041, 2384, 2636, 2999], 'recognize': [819], 'meaningful.': [821], 'Unlike': [822], 'however,': [825, 1783, 2422, 4423], 'entirely': [828, 2145, 2638], 'surrounded': [829, 1066], 'stories.': [834], 'They': [835], 'everywhere': [837], 'literally': [840], 'scraped': [842], 'bottom': [845], 'shoe,': [848], 'captured': [849], 'air': [852], 'breathe,': [854], 'extracted': [856], 'database.': [859], 'These': [860, 2710, 3119, 3552], 'work': [869, 1102, 1769, 2176], 'mutation': [872, 1251, 1679, 1777, 1823], 'selection.': [875], 'And': [876, 971], 'continues': [878], 'create': [880, 2557, 2637, 2823, 3808], 'rare': [885, 1670, 3511], 'functional': [886, 909, 1083, 1098, 1177, 2600], 'themselves': [890], 'discovered': [891, 3217, 3339, 3876], 'Thus': [894, 1204, 1438, 1575], 'decided': [896], 'start': [898], 'exploration': [900], 'using': [902, 1191, 2912, 2984, 3063, 3525], 'gift': [904], 'existing': [908, 2681], 'There': [911, 928], 'thousands': [913, 1539, 2921, 4184], 'change': [919, 1156, 1645, 1751], 'amino': [922, 3936], 'acid': [923, 4328], 'protein.': [927, 1639], 'millions': [930, 1542], 'modify': [934], 'it': [935, 1733, 1970, 2774, 3048, 3573, 3667, 3675, 3931, 3945, 3955, 3975, 4047, 4126, 4227, 4363], 'two': [937, 1633, 2631, 3496, 3643, 4043], 'changes,': [938, 1701], 'on—the': [941], 'numbers': [942], 'grow': [943], 'rapidly': [945, 1966], 'making': [947, 1514, 3483], 'copy': [950], 'each': [952], 'altered': [954, 3240], 'only': [956, 1626, 1653, 1672, 1682, 2361, 2424], '1': [957], '%': [958, 1945, 3999, 4189], 'its': [960, 1276, 1730, 1808, 1857, 1891, 1948, 1976, 2287, 2741, 3925, 3939, 3963, 3969, 4098, 4163, 4279, 4390], 'require': [963, 1443, 2042, 2505], 'weight': [965], 'vast': [973, 1181], 'majority': [974], 'modified': [977, 2292], 'neither': [980], 'usable': [981], 'nor': [982], 'useful.': [983], 'challenge': [985, 1046, 1969], 'therefore': [986], 'provide': [993, 2726, 4041], 'benefits': [995, 1708], 'deliver': [997], 'novel': [998, 1558, 2282], 'improvements': [999, 1655], 'thrifty': [1002], 'scale': [1003], 'weeks,': [1005], 'rather': [1006, 1019, 3469, 4121], 'millennia': [1008], 'eons,': [1010], 'help': [1014, 4497], 'graduate': [1017], 'student': [1018], 'army.': [1024], 'To': [1025, 1449, 1594, 1698, 1839, 2835, 3070, 4514], 'outperform': [1026], 'needed': [1029, 1789, 2386], 'strategy': [1031, 1454, 1713, 2083, 2626], 'sidesteps': [1033], 'despair': [1035], 'Babel': [1038], 'librarians.': [1039], 'John': [1040], 'Maynard': [1041, 1261], 'Smith': [1042], 'helped': [1043, 1404], 'answer': [1044, 4085], 'me': [1048, 1405, 2525, 2594], 'paper': [1052, 2075], 'published': [1053], '1970.2': [1055], 'Consider': [1056], 'ordered': [1058], 'space': [1059, 1182], 'neighbors': [1068], 'mutation.': [1073], 'work,': [1077], 'he': [1078, 2108, 2130], 'reasoned,': [1079], 'must': [1081, 3660], 'exist': [1082], 'adjacent': [1085], 'another': [1088], 'space.': [1091], 'Although': [1092, 3968], 'even': [1103, 1541, 2037, 2407, 2442, 2760, 3957, 4377], 'just': [1105, 3478], 'few': [1107, 1141, 1604, 1691, 2157, 2363, 3735], 'lie': [1110], 'nearby.': [1111], 'Given': [1112, 1640], 'low': [1113, 1905, 2763, 3756], 'random': [1116, 1368, 1776, 1895, 1922], 'mutation,': [1117], 'filter': [1119], 'selection': [1122, 1164, 1226, 2954], 'retain': [1128], 'function.': [1129, 1188, 2392, 2432], 'fact,': [1131, 2585, 4066], "today's": [1134], 'mostly': [1145, 1185], 'gradual': [1147], 'change.': [1148], 'Many': [1149], 'mutations': [1152, 1379, 1634, 1788, 1980, 1994, 2205, 2364, 2409, 2426, 2462, 2633, 2771, 3239, 4132, 4305, 4429], 'neutral': [1154, 2405], 'little,': [1157], 'others': [1159, 1375], 'deleterious.': [1162], 'Natural': [1163], 'picks': [1165], 'wheat': [1167], 'chaff': [1170], 'guides': [1172], 'mutating': [1173], 'along': [1175], 'continuously': [1176], 'paths': [1178, 1289, 2414], 'through': [1179, 1538, 1767, 1820, 3642, 3927], 'devoid': [1186], 'want': [1194], 'better': [1197], 'becomes': [1208, 2723], 'search': [1210, 1537, 1627, 2082], 'fitness': [1214, 1217, 1392, 1430, 1753, 1837, 2738], 'landscape,': [1215, 1754], 'where': [1216, 2117, 2195, 3030, 4052], 'performance': [1219, 1986], 'defined': [1222], 'artificial': [1225], 'impose.': [1228], 'This': [1229, 1712, 3011, 3257, 3920, 4095], 'landscape': [1232, 1247, 1269], 'whose': [1233, 1803, 2693, 2944, 3554, 3864], 'structure': [1234, 3941, 4082, 4299, 4308], 'knew': [1236], 'very': [1237, 3488], 'little': [1238, 3899], '1980s.': [1242], 'Evolution': [1243, 2515], 'rugged': [1246], 'difficult,': [1249], 'propels': [1252], 'into': [1254, 2674, 2775, 3791, 3884, 3992, 4490], 'crevasses': [1255], 'non-function.': [1257], 'latching': [1259], 'onto': [1260, 3924], "Smith's": [1262], 'argument': [1263], 'evolve': [1266, 2133], 'smooth': [1270], 'least': [1273, 4177], 'some': [1274, 3341, 4533], 'dimensions,': [1278], 'reasoned': [1280, 2973], 'follow': [1287], 'continuous': [1288], 'leading': [1290], 'higher': [1292, 4143], 'fitness.3': [1293], 'A': [1294, 1677, 2156, 4243, 4342], 'Process': [1295], 'Evolving': [1297], 'Laboratory': [1301], 'Science,': [1302], 'like': [1303, 1495], 'endeavors,': [1306], 'evolutionary.': [1308], 'progress': [1310], 'adding': [1312, 1904], 'recombining': [1315], 'what': [1316, 1466, 1590, 1596, 2101], 'present.': [1318, 2812], 'Important': [1319], 'developments': [1320, 2322], '1980s': [1323, 1844], '1990s': [1325, 2242], 'influenced': [1326], 'thinking.': [1328], 'Manfred': [1329, 2268], 'Eigen': [1330], 'speculated': [1331], 'vitro': [1334], 'evolution,4': [1336], 'Gerry': [1338], 'Joyce': [1339], 'was': [1340, 1764, 2076, 2128, 2144, 3186, 3519, 4316, 4376], 'selecting': [1341], 'RNA': [1342], '“enzymes”’': [1343], 'cleave': [1346], 'pools': [1349], 'billions,': [1351], 'perhaps': [1352, 3047, 3145, 4209], 'trillions,': [1353], 'mutated': [1355], 'sequences.5': [1356], 'Error-prone': [1357], 'PCR': [1358], '(polymerase': [1359], 'chain': [1360], 'reaction)5,': [1361], '6': [1362], 'became': [1363, 4325], 'tool': [1366], 'mutagenesis': [1369, 1896, 1923], 'genes.': [1371], 'Jim': [1372], 'Wells7': [1373], 'demonstrated': [1376, 2239, 2784], 'beneficial': [1378, 1787, 1911, 2207, 2411, 2632, 2770], 'accumulated.': [1384], 'Stuart': [1385, 2059], 'Kauffman': [1386, 2060], 'quantified': [1387], 'evolutionary': [1388], 'trajectories': [1389], 'model': [1391], 'landscapes,8': [1393], 'philosopher': [1396], 'Daniel': [1397], 'Dennett': [1398], 'supplied': [1399, 3714], 'conceptual': [1401], 'framework': [1402], 'convey': [1406], 'power': [1408], 'others.9': [1412], 'Protein': [1413, 3917], 'genotypes': [1414], 'phenotypes': [1416], 'coexist': [1419], 'molecule,': [1422], 'RNA,': [1427], 'landscapes': [1431], 'differ': [1432], 'fundamentally': [1433], 'RNA.': [1437], 'different': [1444, 4179], 'strategies': [1445, 3065], 'experimental': [1447], 'tools.': [1448], 'devise': [1450], 'suitable': [1455, 3233], 'started': [1459, 1848, 2109, 2379], 'fundamental': [1462], 'rule:': [1463], '“You': [1464], 'get': [1465], 'you': [1467, 3851], 'screen': [1468], 'for.”': [1469], 'generating': [1472, 3348], 'interest': [1475, 2200, 4441], 'recombinant': [1477], 'microorganisms': [1478], 'inserting': [1480], 'genetic': [1481], 'material': [1482], 'mutate': [1486], 'test': [1489, 1507], 'tube.': [1490], 'common': [1493], 'microbes': [1494], 'Escherichia': [1496, 3310], 'coli': [1497, 3311, 3721], 'yeast': [1499], 'produce': [1501], '“libraries”': [1502], 'mutant': [1504], 'desired': [1509], 'functions.': [1510], 'Since': [1511, 3451], 'rejected': [1520], 'growth': [1522], 'survival': [1524, 2670], 'selections': [1525], 'favored': [1526], 'microbiologists': [1528], 'geneticists.': [1530], 'While': [1531, 1722], 'approaches': [1533], 'enable': [1534], 'straightforward': [1536], 'variants': [1544, 1607], 'experiment,': [1547], 'meet': [1551], 'criteria': [1553], 'affording': [1555], 'environments,': [1559], 'over-expression': [1560], 'host,': [1564], 'compatibility': [1565], 'substrates,': [1568, 3046], 'specific': [1569, 2894, 4499], 'product': [1570, 3248], 'formation,': [1571], 'on.': [1574], 'turned': [1577, 4521], 'good': [1579, 2459, 4168], 'old-fashioned': [1580], 'analytical': [1581], 'reproducible,': [1585], 'reliable': [1586, 2219], 'screens': [1587], 'reported': [1589, 3382, 3521], 'mattered': [1591], 'us.': [1593], 'measure': [1595], 'mattered,': [1597], 'limited': [1600], 'monitoring': [1602], 'express': [1610, 3314], 'array': [1612], 'readily': [1614], 'available': [1615], '96-well': [1616], 'plates': [1617], 'petri': [1621], 'dish.': [1622], 'Therefore': [1623], 'deeply': [1628], 'away': [1635], 'small': [1644, 1654], 'expected': [1650], 'generate': [1652, 3661, 3686], 'function,': [1657], 'deploy': [1662], 'reproducible': [1663], 'screening': [1664, 1779, 1825, 1898, 1925, 4141], 'assays': [1665], 'capable': [1666], 'finding': [1668], 'slightly': [1673], 'improved': [1674, 1781, 1985], 'progeny.': [1676], 'desirable': [1678], 'might': [1680, 3164], 'yield': [1681, 2428], 'two-fold': [1684], 'increase': [1685, 1959], 'catalytic': [1687, 2513, 2682, 2755, 4416], 'activity': [1688, 1901, 1927, 2004, 2756, 3243, 3412, 4144, 4417], 'degrees’': [1692], 'step': [1693], 'up': [1694], 'melting': [1696, 3950], 'temperature.': [1697, 3750], 'achieve': [1699], 'significant': [1700], 'multiply': [1706], 'over': [1709, 4079, 4312], 'successive': [1710], 'generations.': [1711, 2444], 'well': [1715, 1728, 1942, 2697, 3191, 3319], 'when': [1716, 2377, 2718, 2807, 3128, 3225], 're-optimizing': [1717], 'tasks.': [1721], 'generally': [1726, 1811], 'performs': [1727, 1812], 'job,': [1732], 'often': [1735, 1755, 2097, 2359, 2468], 'enthusiastic': [1737], 'doing': [1739], 'job': [1742, 1810], 'initially': [1744], 'poorly': [1746, 1813], '(Figure': [1747, 2874, 3117, 3367, 3614], '1).': [1748], 'demands': [1750], 'knocking': [1756], 'down': [1759], 'position': [1762, 2599], 'painstakingly': [1765], 'acquired': [1766], 'Sequential': [1773], 'rounds': [1774, 1821], 'performance,': [1782, 1833], 'accumulate': [1785], 'climb': [1791], 'peak.': [1795, 1838], 'Figure': [1796, 2929, 3635], '1Open': [1797], 'figure': [1799, 2932, 3638], 'viewerPowerPoint': [1800, 2933, 3639], 'An': [1801, 3180], 'optimized': [1806], 'native': [1809], 'role.': [1817], 'Directed': [1818, 2215, 2803, 2997], 'changes': [1828, 2390, 2430], 'improve': [1832, 3172, 3448], 'climbing': [1834], 'illustrate,': [1840], 'late': [1843], 'research': [1846, 3371, 3473], 'group': [1847], 're-engineer': [1850], 'protease,': [1852], 'subtilisin': [1853, 1885], 'E,': [1854], 'hydrolytic': [1858], 'reaction': [1859, 2610, 3259, 3442, 4101, 4113], 'unusual': [1861], 'non-natural': [1863, 2168], 'chose': [1866], 'high': [1873, 2006, 2173, 4397], 'concentrations': [1874, 1906, 1930, 2007], 'polar': [1877], 'organic': [1878, 1933, 2009, 2890, 3214], 'solvent': [1879, 1934], '(dimethylformamide,': [1880], 'DMF)': [1881], 'causes': [1883], 'wild-type': [1884, 1949, 4323], 'E': [1886], 'lose': [1888, 3962], 'activity.': [1892], 'recover': [1900], 'lost': [1902], 'DMF,': [1908, 1956], 'combining': [1909, 2404], 'mutations.10': [1912], 'Emboldened': [1913], 'results,': [1916, 3474], 'Keqin': [1917], 'Chen': [1918, 3528, 3581], 'iterations': [1920], 'increasing': [1929], 'evolved': [1936, 2164, 2866, 3316, 3530, 4267, 4386], '60': [1944], 'DMF': [1946], 'parent': [1950], 'absence': [1954], '256-fold': [1958], 'activity.11': [1961], 'Strikingly,': [1962], 'adapted': [1965], 'presumably': [1971, 2865, 2947], 'had': [1972, 2029, 2374], 'encountered': [1974], 'during': [1975], 'Furthermore,': [1978, 3238], 'led': [1982, 3395], 'unexpected.': [1988], 'explain': [1992, 2100, 2480, 2836, 3463, 4412], 'located': [1995], 'loops': [1997], 'surrounding': [1998], "enzyme's": [2000, 3084], 'active': [2001, 2641, 2647, 2660, 3602, 3711, 4072, 4138, 4152], 'site': [2002, 2472, 2648, 3603, 4073, 4139], 'enhanced': [2003], 'solvent,': [2010], 'plan': [2013], 'them': [2014, 2488], 'rational': [2017], 'approach': [2018, 3185], 'engineering': [2020, 2046, 4247], 'capability.': [2026], 'gave': [2033], 'right': [2035], 'result,': [2036], 'result': [2040], 'reverse': [2045], 'understand': [2048, 2508], 'fully.': [2049], 'met': [2051], 'Pim': [2052, 2078], 'Stemmer': [2053], 'workshop': [2056], 'organized': [2057], 'Santa': [2063], 'Fe': [2064], '1995,': [2067], 'long': [2069, 2615, 3093], 'after': [2070, 2394, 3140], 'landmark': [2072], '“DNA': [2073], 'shuffling”': [2074], 'published.12': [2077], 'introduced': [2079, 2280], 'sex—recombination—as': [2080], 'called': [2088], 'method': [2090], 'breeding,': [2092], 'description': [2094], 'do.': [2103], 'At': [2104, 3333], 'Maxygen,': [2105], 'company': [2107], '1997': [2111], 'licensed': [2113], 'technologies,': [2115], 'served': [2119], 'founding': [2122], 'Science': [2123], 'Advisory': [2124], 'Board,': [2125], "Pim's": [2126], 'vision': [2127], 'grand:': [2129], 'viruses,': [2134], 'metabolic': [2135], 'pathways,': [2136], 'plant': [2137], 'traits,': [2138], 'therapeutics.': [2141], 'My': [2142], 'focus': [2143], 'getting': [2149], 'results': [2151, 2154], 'quickly.': [2152], 'Those': [2153, 2413, 4003], 'ensued.': [2155], 'examples': [2158], 'challenging,': [2167], 'substrates13': [2169], 'temperatures,14,': [2174], '15': [2175, 4149], 'intrepid': [2178], 'lab': [2179, 3079], 'members': [2180, 2882, 2945, 3076], 'Jeffrey': [2181], 'Moore,': [2182], 'Huimin': [2183], 'Zhao,': [2184], 'Lori': [2186], 'Giver': [2187], 'convinced': [2188], 'researchers,': [2190], 'especially': [2191, 2263], 'industry': [2194], 'deadlines': [2196], 'tight': [2198], 'understanding': [2202, 4256], 'why': [2203], 'individual': [2204, 3254], 'lagged': [2208], 'behind': [2209], 'need': [2211], 'enzyme.': [2214, 2778], 'offered': [2217], 'optimization': [2220], 'algorithm:': [2221], 'enzyme,': [2225, 3005, 3317], 'moderate-throughput': [2228], 'assay,': [2229], 'turn': [2231, 2840], 'crank.': [2233], 'developed': [2237], 'adopted': [2244], 'rapidly.': [2245], 'That': [2246, 4419], 'decade': [2247], 'saw': [2248], 'explosive': [2250], 'rise': [2251], 'academic': [2258], 'laboratories': [2259, 3840], 'around': [2260], 'Andy': [2266], 'Ellington,': [2267], 'Reetz,': [2269], 'Uwe': [2270], 'Bornscheuer,': [2271], 'George': [2272], 'Georgiou,': [2273], 'Romas': [2274], 'Kazlauskas,': [2275], 'Don': [2277], 'Hilvert,': [2278], 'concepts': [2283, 3461], 'improvements.': [2285], 'original': [2288], 'forms,': [2293, 4056], 'produces': [2296], 'gene': [2298, 2950, 4204], 'editing': [2299], 'tools,': [2300], 'therapeutic': [2301], 'diagnostics,': [2306], 'sequencing': [2308], 'synthesis,': [2310], 'imaging,': [2311], 'agriculture,': [2312], 'textiles,': [2313], 'cleaning': [2314], 'aids,': [2315], 'more.': [2318, 2905], 'detailed': [2324], 'excellent': [2326], 'reviews': [2327], '(e.g.,': [2328], 'refs.': [2329], '16,': [2330], '17).': [2331], 'What': [2332, 2523, 4315], 'important': [2333], 'learn': [2337], 'early': [2342, 3181, 3203], 'experiments?': [2345], 'foremost,': [2348], 'learned': [2350, 2447], 'adapt': [2354], 'challenges.': [2357], 'takes': [2360, 2396], 'acquire': [2369], 'targeted': [2371], 'trait.': [2372], 'known': [2376, 2786, 3192, 3506], 'out': [2380, 3170, 3727, 4338], 'generations': [2383, 4130], 'obtain': [2388, 3773], 'all,': [2395], 'circuitous': [2398], 'route': [2399], 'achieving': [2401], 'properties,': [2403], 'negative': [2408], 'involve': [2416], 'hundreds': [2417, 2919, 4182], 'changes.': [2419], 'Our': [2420], 'approach,': [2421], 'collected': [2423], 'adaptive': [2425], 'steep': [2429], 'Useful': [2433], 'traits': [2434], 'emerge': [2436], 'ten,': [2440], 'five,': [2443], 'also': [2446, 2746, 3050, 3338, 3582, 3976, 4355], 'remains': [2450, 4241], 'done': [2453], 'before': [2454], 'reliably': [2457, 2489], 'enzymes.': [2460, 2532, 4500], 'Beneficial': [2461], 'found': [2463, 4476, 4505], 'catalysis.': [2474], 'Even': [2475], 'struggle': [2478], 'effects,': [2482], 'unable': [2485], 'predict': [2487, 4427], 'easily.': [2491], 'Nevertheless,': [2492], 'practitioners': [2493], 'enjoy': [2495], 'dependable': [2497], 'improving': [2500], 'us': [2506, 3029, 4408], 'structures,': [2510], 'folding,': [2511], 'mechanisms.': [2514], 'Enzymes': [2517, 2598], 'Reactions': [2519], 'Invented': [2520], 'Chemists': [2522], 'fascinates': [2524], 'wish': [2534], 'go': [2536, 2567], 'beyond': [2537, 2698], 'optimizing': [2538], 'functions': [2540, 2700, 2744, 2870], 'already': [2543, 2650, 2758, 2811], 'known,': [2544, 3943], 'instead': [2546, 4336], 'bring': [2547], 'chemistries.': [2552], 'catalyze': [2560, 2829, 2966, 3881, 3979], 'reactions': [2561, 2830, 2863, 3111, 3431], 'chemists?': [2564], 'One': [2565], 'biochemical': [2570], 'data': [2571], 'base': [2572], 'annotated': [2577], 'transformations.': [2580], 'years,': [2583], 'creating': [2586], 'seemed': [2592], 'insurmountable': [2596], 'challenge.': [2597], 'groups': [2601], 'arrangements': [2604], 'bind': [2606], 'substrates': [2607, 3707], 'stabilize': [2609], 'transition': [2611, 3136, 3194], 'states.': [2612], 'time': [2616, 3678, 4213], 'see': [2620], 'conservative': [2623, 2766], 'accumulating': [2628, 2769], 'per': [2634], 'generation': [2635], 'sites.': [2642], 'Unless,': [2643], 'course,': [2645, 4220], 'largely': [2651], 'there…': [2652], 'When': [2653, 3713], 'innovating,': [2654], 'invent': [2658], 'sites': [2661], 'de': [2662], 'novo.': [2663], 'Rather,': [2664], 'support': [2666], 'fight': [2668], 'move': [2673], 'niche,': [2677], 'emerging': [2678], 'exploit': [2680], 'mechanisms': [2683], 'machineries.18': [2685], 'replete': [2690], 'extend': [2696], 'selected': [2705], 'given': [2708, 4232], 'time.': [2709], '“promiscuous”': [2711], 'activities': [2712], 'become': [2714], 'advantageous,': [2715], 'source': [2722], 'available,': [2724], 'basis': [2728], 'gives': [2736], 'advantage': [2739], 'host.19': [2742], 'Promiscuous': [2743], 'applications.20': [2751], 'If': [2752, 3161], 'present,': [2759], 'level,': [2764], 'mold': [2773, 3003], 'Dan': [2779], 'Tawfik,': [2780], 'particular,': [2782], 'compellingly': [2783], 'promiscuous': [2787, 2869, 2956, 3157, 3409], 'activities,': [2789], 'sometimes': [2790], 'relics': [2791], 'own': [2794], 'ancestral': [2795, 2872], 'origins,': [2796], 'may': [2797, 4008, 4260, 4262], 'evolvable': [2799], 'laboratory.21': [2802], 'innovate': [2806], 'several': [2814], 'capitalized': [2818], 'realization': [2821], 'families': [2825], 'previously': [2831], 'unknown': [2832, 3121, 3198, 3814], 'biology.22': [2834], 'process,': [2838], 'cytochrome': [2843, 2878, 2941, 3393, 3534, 3656, 3900, 3921, 4016, 4294, 4525], 'P450': [2844, 2879, 2938, 2942, 2981, 3039, 3083, 3344, 3394, 3535], 'family.': [2846], 'draws': [2848], 'P450′s': [2851], 'highly': [2852, 3271, 3490, 3564, 3625, 3697], 'reactive': [2853, 2962, 2995, 3042, 3055, 3085, 3663, 4054, 4382], 'iron-oxo': [2854], 'Compound': [2855, 3086], '(and': [2857], 'intermediates)': [2859], 'varied': [2862], 'P450s': [2873], '2).': [2875, 3118], 'family': [2880], 'transfer': [2885, 3041, 3054, 3098, 3210, 3411, 3430, 3537, 3587, 3666], 'oxygen': [2887, 2963, 3043], 'atom': [2888], 'hydroxylated': [2895], 'compounds': [2896, 4174, 4464], 'epoxides,': [2898], 'oxidize': [2899], 'heteroatoms,': [2900], 'nitrate': [2901], 'aromatics,': [2902], 'shaped': [2909], 'stored': [2926], 'databases.': [2928], '2Open': [2930], 'Expanding': [2934], 'scope': [2936, 2979], 'chemistry.': [2939], 'family,': [2943], 'duplication': [2951], 'functions,': [2957], 'comprises': [2958], 'intermediates': [2964], 'wide': [2968, 4460], 'reactions.': [2971], 'expand': [2977], 'synthetic': [2985, 3131, 3353], 'carbene': [2986, 3133, 3149, 3209, 3229, 3497, 3539, 3644, 3664, 3718, 3882, 3987, 4055, 4367, 4383], 'nitrene': [2988, 3346, 3355, 3360, 3387, 3410, 3429], 'precursors': [2989, 3134, 3150, 3230], 'drive': [2991], 'formation': [2992, 3249], 'intermediates.': [2996], 'controlling': [3006], 'enhancing': [3008], 'new-to-nature': [3009], 'activities.': [3010], 'magnificent': [3012], 'diversity': [3014], 'drives': [3016], 'laboratory': [3017], 'innovations.': [3018], 'With': [3019, 3948], 'insights': [3020], 'inspiration': [3022], 'chemistry,': [3024, 3347, 3517], 'take': [3028], 'biology': [3031], 'never': [3033, 3520, 4474], 'gone.': [3034], 'instance,': [3036], 'species': [3044, 3059], 'nitrogen': [3056, 4024], 'carbon': [3058], 'assemble': [3061], 'efficient': [3064, 3272], 'hitherto': [3066], 'unused': [3067], 'biology.': [3069, 3200, 3508, 3816], 'Pedro': [3071], 'Coelho': [3072], 'Eric': [3074], 'Brustad,': [3075], '2012,': [3081], 'intermediate': [3088, 3682], 'resembled': [3089], 'iron': [3091, 3763, 4013, 4334], 'carbenoid,': [3092], 'chemists': [3096, 3486], 'carbenes': [3099], 'carbon–carbon': [3101], 'double': [3102, 3593], 'bonds': [3103, 3116, 3363, 3813, 3832, 3866, 3886, 4472, 4517], 'alkenes,': [3105], 'participate': [3107], 'X−H': [3109], 'insertion': [3110, 3883, 4289], 'form': [3113, 4205, 4486], 'heteroatom-carbon': [3115], 'reactions,': [3120], 'humans': [3129], 'supply': [3130], 'diazo': [3132, 3228], 'metal': [3137, 3195, 3966], 'modeled': [3139], 'heme': [3141, 3152, 3206, 3296, 3878, 3926], 'cofactors.': [3142], 'thought': [3144], 'offering': [3147], 'man-made': [3148], '“carbene': [3158], 'transferase”': [3159], 'activities.23': [3160], 'so,': [3162], 'draw': [3169], 'biologically': [3174], 'irrelevant': [3175], 'synthetically': [3177], 'interesting': [3178], 'capabilities.': [3179], 'achievement': [3182], 'alkene': [3187, 3234, 3305], 'cyclopropanation,': [3188], 'transformation': [3190, 3504], 'catalysis': [3196], 'Inspired': [3201], 'reports': [3204], 'mimics': [3207], 'catalyzing': [3208, 3427], 'alkenes': [3212], 'solvents,': [3215], 'iron-heme': [3219], 'indeed': [3222], 'promote': [3223], 'cyclopropanation': [3224, 3306], 'provided': [3226], 'substrate,': [3235], 'water.': [3237], 'both': [3241, 4365], 'selectivity': [3246, 3545], 'produced': [3253, 4431], 'cyclopropane': [3255], 'stereoisomers.23': [3256], 'example,': [3265], 'resulted': [3268], 'chiral': [3278], 'cis-cyclopropane': [3279], 'precursor': [3280, 3356, 3388], 'antidepressant': [3283], 'medication': [3284], 'levomilnacipran.24': [3285], 'Rudi': [3288, 3405], 'Fasan': [3289, 3406], 'since': [3291], 'engineered': [3292, 3342], 'variety': [3294], 'precursors.25,': [3302], '26': [3303], 'Because': [3304], 'proceeds': [3307], 'cells': [3312], 'cell': [3322], 'lysate,': [3323], 'preparing': [3324], 'catalyst': [3326], 'bacteria.': [3332], 'same': [3335, 3418], 'cytochromes': [3343, 4006], 'iron-nitrenoid': [3350], 'azide': [3354], 'directing': [3358], 'C−H': [3362, 3365, 3401], 'amination': [3366], '2).27': [3368], 'Earlier': [3369], 'stimulated': [3372], 'experiments': [3374], 'well.': [3376], '1985,': [3378], 'Gellman': [3379], 'co-workers': [3381], 'supplying': [3384], 'iminoiodane': [3386], 'rabbit': [3391], 'liver': [3392], 'turnovers': [3398, 3631, 3996, 4186], 'intramolecular': [3400], 'amination.28': [3402], 're-discovered': [3407], 'almost': [3420, 4102], 'thirty': [3421], 'later.27,': [3423], '29': [3424], 'More': [3425], 'abiological': [3428], 'followed,': [3432], 'brought': [3433], 'combination': [3437], 'insight': [3440], 'discovery': [3443], 'nascent': [3449], 'activities.30': [3450], 'goal': [3453], 'lecture': [3456], 'introduce': [3459], 'foundational': [3460], 'came': [3466], 'them,': [3468, 3842], 'mention': [3477], 'recent': [3480], 'example': [3481], 'challenging:': [3489], 'strained': [3491, 3626, 3698, 3766], 'rings.': [3492], 'Producing': [3493], 'bicyclobutanes': [3494, 3606, 3629], 'transfers': [3498, 3645], 'alkyne': [3501, 3542, 3670], 'catalyzed': [3524, 3649], 'iron.': [3526, 4314], 'Kai': [3527, 3580], 'first': [3529, 4212, 4230], 'engineered,': [3532], 'serine-ligated': [3533, 3652], 'perfect': [3544], 'stereoisomers': [3549, 3623], 'cyclopropenes.': [3551], 'carbocycles,': [3553], 'ring': [3555, 3612], 'strain': [3556, 3613], 'greater': [3558], '50': [3560], 'kcal': [3561, 3609], 'mol−1,': [3562], 'challenging': [3565], 'stereoselectively,': [3568], 'ease.': [3575], 'Using': [3576], 'appropriate': [3578], 'alkyne,': [3579, 3648], 'coaxed': [3583], 'second': [3589, 3677, 3820], 'carbene,': [3590], 'cyclopropanating': [3591], 'bond': [3594], 'cyclopropene': [3597, 3681], 'protected': [3600], 'having': [3607], '>60': [3608], 'mol−1': [3610], '3).': [3615], 'Following': [3616], 'delivered': [3621], 'cyclopropenes': [3627, 3728], 'thousands.31': [3634], '3Open': [3636], 'Enzyme-catalyzed': [3640], 'bicyclobutanation': [3641], 'variant': [3653], 'P450.31': [3657], 'substrate': [3671, 4169], 'then': [3673], 'order': [3684], 'bicyclobutane.': [3688], 'Evolved': [3689], 'stereoisomer': [3694], 'rings,': [3699], 'indicates': [3701], 'well-defined': [3703], 'orientation': [3704, 4391], 'newly-evolved': [3710], 'site.': [3712], 'alkynes': [3716], 'precursors,': [3719], 'E.': [3720], 'expressing': [3722, 4202], 'churn': [3726], 'bicyclobutanes.': [3730], 'sugar': [3732], 'growth-promoting': [3736], 'trace': [3737], 'elements,': [3738], '(buffer),': [3747], 'room': [3749, 3848], 'hope': [3752], 'selectivities,': [3755], 'cost,': [3757], 'ability': [3759], 'Earth-abundant': [3762], 'rings': [3767], 'otherwise': [3770], 'difficult': [3771], 'open': [3775], 'Bonds': [3784], 'Biology': [3786, 4481], 'final': [3789], 'glimpse': [3790], 'exciting': [3793], 'future': [3794], 'laboratory-evolved': [3797], 'enable,': [3800], 'describe': [3803], 'biocatalytic': [3809], 'machinery': [3810], 'Silicon': [3817], 'abundant': [3822], 'element': [3823, 4439], "Earth's": [3826], 'crust.': [3827], 'Despite': [3828], 'ubiquity,': [3830], 'carbon-silicon': [3831], 'non-existent': [3834], 'Yet': [3839, 4088], 'lots': [3844], 'them.': [3846], 'reading': [3853], 'caulks,': [3855], 'sealants,': [3856], 'earphones,': [3857], 'hair': [3858], 'gels,': [3859], 'carbon–silicon': [3865], 'human-made.': [3868], '2016,': [3870], 'Jennifer': [3871, 4527], 'Kan': [3872, 4528], 'team': [3875], 'Si−H': [3885, 3980, 4288], 'organosilicon': [3890, 4173], 'products.32': [3891], 'particularly': [3894], 'fond': [3895], 'marvelous': [3898], 'c': [3901, 3922, 3984, 4007, 4017, 4035], 'Rhodothermus': [3903], 'marinus,': [3904], 'isolated': [3905], 'hot': [3908], 'saltwater': [3909], 'pool': [3910], 'Iceland': [3912], 'Data': [3918], 'Bank.': [3919], 'holds': [3923], 'covalent': [3929], 'attachment;': [3930], 'manageable': [3934], '124': [3935], 'acids': [3937], 'long,': [3938], 'three-dimensional': [3940], 'hyper-stable.': [3947], 'temperature': [3951], 'above': [3952], '100': [3953], '°C,': [3954], 'boiled': [3959], 'fold': [3964], 'cofactor.': [3967], 'electron': [3973], 'transfer,': [3974], 'happens': [3977], 'insertion:': [3981], 'Rma': [3982, 4033, 4293], 'cyt': [3983, 4034], 'inserts': [3985], 'derived': [3988, 4291], 'methyl': [3990], 'ethyldiazoacetate': [3991], 'dimethylphenylsilane': [3993], '40': [3995], '97': [3998], 'enantiomeric': [4000], 'excess': [4001], '(ee).': [4002], 'puzzling.': [4011], 'coordinatively': [4019], 'saturated,': [4020], 'i.e.,': [4021], 'four': [4022], 'equatorial': [4023], 'ligands': [4025], 'porphyrin': [4029], 'ring,': [4030], 'while': [4031], 'methionine': [4037, 4318], 'histidine': [4040], 'axial': [4044, 4319], 'ligands.': [4045], 'Hence': [4046], 'reasonable': [4049], 'ask': [4051], 'binds': [4061], 'silane': [4063, 4372], 'substrate.': [4064], 'measuring': [4067], 'volume': [4069], 'rolling': [4075], 'computer': [4077], 'ball': [4078], 'crystal': [4081, 4298, 4395], 'delivers': [4083], 'zero.': [4087], 'cares': [4090], 'calculations.': [4094], 'catalyzes': [4097], 'Si−C': [4099], 'bond-forming': [4100], 'effectively': [4104], 'human-invented': [4108, 4154], 'similar': [4112], '(which,': [4114], 'way,': [4117], 'precious': [4119], 'metals': [4120], 'readily-available': [4123], 'iron),': [4124], 'evolves.': [4127], 'Just': [4128], 'residues': [4135], 'generated': [4145], 'times': [4150], 'catalysts.': [4155], 'makes': [4159], 'enantiomers': [4161], 'scope,': [4170], 'producing': [4171], '20': [4178], 'silanes': [4180], '>99': [4188], 'ee.32': [4190], 'again,': [4192], 'fully': [4196], 'genetically': [4197], 'encoded,': [4198], 'bacteria': [4201], 'silicon–carbon': [4207], 'bonds,': [4208], 'ever': [4214], 'system.': [4218], 'Of': [4219], 'sure': [4225], 'unexplored.': [4242], 'wonderful': [4244], 'feature': [4245], 'first;': [4254], 'later.': [4265], 'studied': [4271], 'biochemically': [4272], 'effort': [4275], 'discern': [4277], 'features': [4281], 'emerged.': [4282], 'case': [4285], 'c,': [4295], 'X-ray': [4297], 'showed': [4300], 'activity-enhancing': [4304], 'changed': [4306], 'loop': [4311, 4349, 4358], 'ligand': [4320], 'aspartic': [4327], 'longer': [4331], 'ligated': [4332], 'pointed': [4337], 'solvent.': [4341], 'flip': [4343], 'configuration': [4346], 'binding': [4352], 'pocket': [4353], 'dynamic': [4360], 'accommodates': [4364], 'substrates.': [4373], 'Rusty': [4374], 'Lewis': [4375], 'able': [4378], 'trap': [4380], 'observe': [4389], 'resolution.': [4398], 'Structural': [4399], 'spectroscopic': [4401], 'studies': [4402], 'combined': [4403], 'computational': [4405], 'models': [4406], 'allowed': [4407], 'begin': [4410], 'arose.33': [4418], 'mean,': [4422], 'effects.': [4433], 'Why': [4434], 'stop': [4435], 'silicon?': [4437], 'Another': [4438], 'boron,': [4443], 'richly': [4444], 'represented': [4445], 'deserts': [4448], 'southern': [4453], 'home.': [4455], 'As': [4456], 'silicon,': [4458], 'organoboron': [4463], 'been': [4466, 4475], 'laboratories,': [4469], 'carbon-boron': [4471], 'uses': [4482], 'boron': [4483], 'borates': [4488], 'incorporated': [4489], 'products,': [4492], 'likely': [4494], 'without': [4495], 'silicates': [4502], 'widely': [4504], 'plants': [4507], 'marine': [4509], 'animals': [4510], 'diatoms.': [4513], 'carbon–boron': [4516], 'biologically,': [4518], 'again': [4520], 'favorite': [4524], 'c.': [4526], 'Xiongyi': [4530], 'Huang': [4531], 'uncovered': [4532], 'activ': [4534]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2969819767', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 38}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 54}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 66}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 82}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 64}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 6}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-14T15:02:44.127790', 'created_date': '2019-08-29'}