Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2964601861', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118577', 'title': 'Gadolinium-based contrast agents: From gadolinium complexes to colloidal systems', 'display_name': 'Gadolinium-based contrast agents: From gadolinium complexes to colloidal systems', 'publication_year': 2019, 'publication_date': '2019-07-26', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2964601861', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118577', 'mag': '2964601861', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31356957'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118577', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/am/pii/S0378517319306210', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S131016564', 'display_name': 'International Journal of Pharmaceutics', 'issn_l': '0378-5173', 'issn': ['0378-5173', '1873-3476'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'publisher-specific-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa', 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'bronze', 'oa_url': 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/am/pii/S0378517319306210', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5045537053', 'display_name': 'Marjorie Yon', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6594-7287'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210101257', 'display_name': 'Softmat - Chimie des colloïdes, polymères & assemblages complexes', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0171mae58', 'country_code': 'FR', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1294671590', 'https://openalex.org/I134560555', 'https://openalex.org/I4210101257', 'https://openalex.org/I4210128300']}], 'countries': ['FR'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Marjorie Yon', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['IDeAS - IDeAS - Interfaces Dynamiques et Assemblages Stimulables (Bat. 2R1 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 TOULOUSE CEDEX 4 - France)', 'IMRCP - Interactions moléculaires et réactivité chimique et photochimique (Bat. 2R1 RECHERCHE DE CHIMIE 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 TOULOUSE CEDEX 4 - France)'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'IMRCP - Interactions moléculaires et réactivité chimique et photochimique (Bat. 2R1 RECHERCHE DE CHIMIE 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 TOULOUSE CEDEX 4 - France)', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210101257']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'IDeAS - IDeAS - Interfaces Dynamiques et Assemblages Stimulables (Bat. 2R1 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 TOULOUSE CEDEX 4 - France)', 'institution_ids': []}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5046303332', 'display_name': 'Claire Billotey', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7895-6123'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1284886586', 'display_name': 'Institut Mérieux (France)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/008s67533', 'country_code': 'FR', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1284886586']}], 'countries': ['FR'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Claire Billotey', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['EA3738 - Ciblage thérapeutique en Oncologie (UFR Faculté de Médecin Lyon-Sud-Charles Mérieux BP12\r\n165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet\r\n69921 OULLINS Cedex - France)'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'EA3738 - Ciblage thérapeutique en Oncologie (UFR Faculté de Médecin Lyon-Sud-Charles Mérieux BP12\r\n165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet\r\n69921 OULLINS Cedex - France)', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1284886586']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5061551121', 'display_name': 'Jean‐Daniel Marty', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7631-8865'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210101257', 'display_name': 'Softmat - Chimie des colloïdes, polymères & assemblages complexes', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0171mae58', 'country_code': 'FR', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1294671590', 'https://openalex.org/I134560555', 'https://openalex.org/I4210101257', 'https://openalex.org/I4210128300']}], 'countries': ['FR'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Jean-Daniel Marty', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['IDeAS - IDeAS - Interfaces Dynamiques et Assemblages Stimulables (Bat. 2R1 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 TOULOUSE CEDEX 4 - France)', 'IMRCP - Interactions moléculaires et réactivité chimique et photochimique (Bat. 2R1 RECHERCHE DE CHIMIE 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 TOULOUSE CEDEX 4 - France)'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'IMRCP - Interactions moléculaires et réactivité chimique et photochimique (Bat. 2R1 RECHERCHE DE CHIMIE 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 TOULOUSE CEDEX 4 - France)', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210101257']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'IDeAS - IDeAS - Interfaces Dynamiques et Assemblages Stimulables (Bat. 2R1 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 TOULOUSE CEDEX 4 - France)', 'institution_ids': []}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 4190, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 4190, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.297, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 35, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.38806, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 95, 'max': 96}, 'biblio': {'volume': '569', 'issue': None, 'first_page': '118577', 'last_page': '118577'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11279', 'display_name': 'Lanthanide Luminescence in Biomedical Applications', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2505', 'display_name': 'Materials Chemistry'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/25', 'display_name': 'Materials Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11279', 'display_name': 'Lanthanide Luminescence in Biomedical Applications', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2505', 'display_name': 'Materials Chemistry'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/25', 'display_name': 'Materials Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11885', 'display_name': 'Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Oncology', 'score': 0.9932, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2741', 'display_name': 'Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10097', 'display_name': 'Upconversion Nanoparticles', 'score': 0.9908, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2505', 'display_name': 'Materials Chemistry'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/25', 'display_name': 'Materials Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/mri-contrast-agents', 'display_name': 'MRI Contrast Agents', 'score': 0.503624}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C557651011', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1832', 'display_name': 'Gadolinium', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.9869206}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776502983', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182', 'display_name': 'Contrast (vision)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.590734}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C180577832', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127920', 'display_name': 'Covalent bond', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5751022}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185154212', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410454', 'display_name': 'Liposome', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.49245843}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185592680', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329', 'display_name': 'Chemistry', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.48722568}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C155672457', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61231', 'display_name': 'Nanoparticle', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.45693392}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C192562407', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736', 'display_name': 'Materials science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.31809032}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C171250308', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468', 'display_name': 'Nanotechnology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.2848427}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C178790620', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351', 'display_name': 'Organic chemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.124412864}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C55493867', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.12109041}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.11280593}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D003287', 'descriptor_name': 'Contrast Media', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000737', 'qualifier_name': 'chemistry', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005682', 'descriptor_name': 'Gadolinium', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000737', 'qualifier_name': 'chemistry', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003102', 'descriptor_name': 'Colloids', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003287', 'descriptor_name': 'Contrast Media', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003287', 'descriptor_name': 'Contrast Media', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000008', 'qualifier_name': 'administration & dosage', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005682', 'descriptor_name': 'Gadolinium', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005682', 'descriptor_name': 'Gadolinium', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000008', 'qualifier_name': 'administration & dosage', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D053758', 'descriptor_name': 'Nanoparticles', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D053758', 'descriptor_name': 'Nanoparticles', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000008', 'qualifier_name': 'administration & dosage', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D053758', 'descriptor_name': 'Nanoparticles', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000737', 'qualifier_name': 'chemistry', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011108', 'descriptor_name': 'Polymers', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011108', 'descriptor_name': 'Polymers', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000737', 'qualifier_name': 'chemistry', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011108', 'descriptor_name': 'Polymers', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000008', 'qualifier_name': 'administration & dosage', 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 4, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118577', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/am/pii/S0378517319306210', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S131016564', 'display_name': 'International Journal of Pharmaceutics', 'issn_l': '0378-5173', 'issn': ['0378-5173', '1873-3476'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'publisher-specific-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa', 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://hal.science/hal-02318476', 'pdf_url': 'https://hal.science/hal-02318476/document', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306402512', 'display_name': 'HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1294671590', 'host_organization_name': 'Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1294671590'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by-nc', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://hal.science/hal-02318476/file/S0378517319306210.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'https://hal.science/hal-02318476/file/S0378517319306210.pdf', 'source': None, 'license': 'cc-by-nc', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31356957', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118577', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/am/pii/S0378517319306210', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S131016564', 'display_name': 'International Journal of Pharmaceutics', 'issn_l': '0378-5173', 'issn': ['0378-5173', '1873-3476'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'publisher-specific-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa', 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [{'funder': 'https://openalex.org/F4320324215', 'funder_display_name': 'Conseil National de la Recherche Scientifique', 'award_id': None}], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 67, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1753357870', 'https://openalex.org/W1973652916', 'https://openalex.org/W1980470550', 'https://openalex.org/W1985834217', 'https://openalex.org/W1990641613', 'https://openalex.org/W1991689498', 'https://openalex.org/W1992052862', 'https://openalex.org/W1993470842', 'https://openalex.org/W2006866605', 'https://openalex.org/W2010901846', 'https://openalex.org/W2011988078', 'https://openalex.org/W2012331414', 'https://openalex.org/W2021356656', 'https://openalex.org/W2024854192', 'https://openalex.org/W2032847444', 'https://openalex.org/W2035192326', 'https://openalex.org/W2035407013', 'https://openalex.org/W2035855761', 'https://openalex.org/W2038348101', 'https://openalex.org/W2040209721', 'https://openalex.org/W2040298946', 'https://openalex.org/W2041373276', 'https://openalex.org/W2042864268', 'https://openalex.org/W2049134111', 'https://openalex.org/W2054241949', 'https://openalex.org/W2055876104', 'https://openalex.org/W2057940622', 'https://openalex.org/W2059365529', 'https://openalex.org/W2059864970', 'https://openalex.org/W2060381305', 'https://openalex.org/W2063526371', 'https://openalex.org/W2064240780', 'https://openalex.org/W2082556174', 'https://openalex.org/W2091817807', 'https://openalex.org/W2095023475', 'https://openalex.org/W2096293149', 'https://openalex.org/W2109768646', 'https://openalex.org/W2114809471', 'https://openalex.org/W2125409822', 'https://openalex.org/W2133570968', 'https://openalex.org/W2135925321', 'https://openalex.org/W2140036864', 'https://openalex.org/W2143298424', 'https://openalex.org/W2145780996', 'https://openalex.org/W2155961553', 'https://openalex.org/W2158718961', 'https://openalex.org/W2162664631', 'https://openalex.org/W2227339127', 'https://openalex.org/W2256484672', 'https://openalex.org/W2299254898', 'https://openalex.org/W2319483218', 'https://openalex.org/W2326215609', 'https://openalex.org/W2333701480', 'https://openalex.org/W2399815776', 'https://openalex.org/W2438784245', 'https://openalex.org/W2529319630', 'https://openalex.org/W2556341208', 'https://openalex.org/W2563741711', 'https://openalex.org/W2567560500', 'https://openalex.org/W2586518869', 'https://openalex.org/W2597508082', 'https://openalex.org/W2753228546', 'https://openalex.org/W2775249831', 'https://openalex.org/W2794994756', 'https://openalex.org/W2884798364', 'https://openalex.org/W2889658797', 'https://openalex.org/W2898732322'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4388304552', 'https://openalex.org/W4385543984', 'https://openalex.org/W4301391107', 'https://openalex.org/W325338912', 'https://openalex.org/W2751885695', 'https://openalex.org/W2329528187', 'https://openalex.org/W2084629575', 'https://openalex.org/W2038849775', 'https://openalex.org/W2018639796', 'https://openalex.org/W2015279385'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Nowadays,': [0], 'most': [1], 'of': [2, 13, 40, 49, 63, 82, 99, 106, 113], 'the': [3, 11, 61, 97], 'clinically': [4, 64], 'used': [5, 65], 'contrast': [6, 25, 50, 74], 'agents': [7, 26, 51, 75], 'are': [8], 'based': [9, 24, 72, 95], 'on': [10, 73, 96], 'use': [12], 'gadolinium': [14, 23, 33, 83, 100], 'molecular': [15, 84], 'complexes': [16, 85], 'like': [17], 'Dotarem®,': [18], 'Magnevist®….': [19], 'Nevertheless,': [20], 'developing': [21], 'new': [22], 'with': [27, 86], 'enhanced': [28], 'relaxivity': [29], 'properties': [30, 59], 'while': [31], 'avoiding': [32], 'release': [34], 'in': [35], 'human': [36], 'tissue': [37], 'is': [38, 71, 94, 117], 'still': [39], 'paramount': [41], 'importance.': [42], 'We': [43], 'describe': [44], 'here': [45], 'two': [46, 115], 'promising': [47], 'families': [48, 116], 'which': [52], 'meets': [53], 'these': [54, 114], 'criteria': [55], 'and': [56, 109], 'compared': [57], 'their': [58, 122], 'to': [60], 'ones': [62], 'Gd': [66], 'complexes.': [67], 'The': [68, 91, 111], 'first': [69], 'one': [70], 'obtained': [76], 'by': [77], 'covalent': [78], 'or': [79, 89], 'non-covalent': [80], 'interactions': [81], 'polymers,': [87], 'nanoparticles': [88], 'liposomes.': [90], 'second': [92], 'family': [93], 'formation': [98], 'particles': [101], '(Gd2O3,': [102], 'GdPO4,': [103], 'NaGdF4,': [104], 'GdF3…)': [105], 'controlled': [107], 'morphology': [108], 'composition.': [110], 'performance': [112], 'described': [118], 'as': [119, 121], 'well': [120], 'development': [123], 'perspective.': [124]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2964601861', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 7}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-17T20:39:22.120363', 'created_date': '2019-08-13'}