Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2948733661', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.7858', 'title': "The Development of China's Monetary System.", 'display_name': "The Development of China's Monetary System.", 'publication_year': 1942, 'publication_date': '1942-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2948733661', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.7858', 'mag': '2948733661'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.7858', 'pdf_url': 'https://repository.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8857&context=gradschool_disstheses', 'source': None, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'dissertation', 'type_crossref': 'dissertation', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'bronze', 'oa_url': 'https://repository.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8857&context=gradschool_disstheses', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5064009859', 'display_name': 'Cheng-se Tseo', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I134386540', 'display_name': 'Louisiana State University Agricultural Center', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01b8rza40', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I134386540']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Cheng-se Tseo', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I134386540']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5064009859'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I134386540'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': None, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 0, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.0, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 0, 'max': 67}, 'biblio': {'volume': None, 'issue': None, 'first_page': None, 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10893', 'display_name': 'Chinese history and philosophy', 'score': 0.4354, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10893', 'display_name': 'Chinese history and philosophy', 'score': 0.4354, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/bullion', 'display_name': 'Bullion', 'score': 0.6888279}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/monetary-system', 'display_name': 'Monetary system', 'score': 0.6727314}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-tender', 'display_name': 'Legal tender', 'score': 0.45905623}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C196757783', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557709', 'display_name': 'Bullion', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6888279}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C189848572', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1773266', 'display_name': 'Monetary system', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6727314}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C191935318', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148', 'display_name': 'China', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6300341}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C141121606', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8142', 'display_name': 'Currency', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.57039374}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C195244886', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493', 'display_name': 'Ancient history', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.50607365}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778137410', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820', 'display_name': 'Government (linguistics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.47017828}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C6303427', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398', 'display_name': 'Economic history', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4668646}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777206034', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643989', 'display_name': 'Legal tender', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.45905623}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C95457728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309', 'display_name': 'History', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.44591996}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C136264566', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810', 'display_name': 'Economy', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3390687}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142362112', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735', 'display_name': 'Art', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.3323214}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54750564', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26643', 'display_name': 'Commerce', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3250268}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.23841113}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126285488', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178476', 'display_name': 'Monetary policy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.20529309}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C166957645', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498', 'display_name': 'Archaeology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.13665798}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.12485981}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C165556158', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83937', 'display_name': 'Keynesian economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.113794744}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C556758197', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018', 'display_name': 'Monetary economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.10349041}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41895202', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162', 'display_name': 'Linguistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.7858', 'pdf_url': 'https://repository.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8857&context=gradschool_disstheses', 'source': None, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.7858', 'pdf_url': 'https://repository.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8857&context=gradschool_disstheses', 'source': None, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 10, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1511603395', 'https://openalex.org/W1521044275', 'https://openalex.org/W1544936177', 'https://openalex.org/W1570245781', 'https://openalex.org/W2034281782', 'https://openalex.org/W3150336546', 'https://openalex.org/W596103592', 'https://openalex.org/W645535270', 'https://openalex.org/W648351372', 'https://openalex.org/W67197368'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4319442675', 'https://openalex.org/W4312796997', 'https://openalex.org/W4230616055', 'https://openalex.org/W3013172898', 'https://openalex.org/W2995412567', 'https://openalex.org/W2811395077', 'https://openalex.org/W2780180092', 'https://openalex.org/W2620798511', 'https://openalex.org/W2590989955', 'https://openalex.org/W2476276630'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Iv': [0], 'ABSTMGT': [1], 'This': [2], 'study': [3], 'Is': [4], 'designed': [5], 'to': [6, 23, 39, 149, 280, 298, 335, 382, 515, 543, 578, 605, 734, 743, 761, 781], 'present': [7], 'a': [8, 108, 239, 386, 404, 606], 'complete': [9], 'picture': [10], 'of': [11, 15, 44, 52, 110, 138, 175, 208, 225, 234, 242, 318, 324, 342, 351, 388, 393, 397, 436, 455, 476, 532, 552, 559, 592, 621, 638, 645, 652, 658, 664, 680, 685, 694, 699, 720, 737, 764], 'the': [12, 33, 42, 83, 89, 99, 102, 111, 119, 156, 185, 206, 232, 235, 258, 287, 316, 325, 347, 352, 394, 425, 434, 453, 490, 516, 530, 545, 549, 557, 563, 567, 569, 581, 586, 594, 599, 618, 632, 635, 639, 642, 650, 655, 662, 669, 677, 686, 690, 697, 715, 718, 728, 738, 744, 748, 762, 765, 769, 774, 777], 'de': [13], 'velopment': [14], "China's": [16, 504, 522, 540], 'monetary': [17, 416, 518], 'system': [18, 137, 417, 495], 'from': [19, 36, 88, 253, 529, 575, 617], 'about': [20, 37], '1122': [21], '.8*C*': [22], '1957': [24], 'A*': [25, 229], 'D*': [26, 356], 'However,': [27], 'th©': [28, 49, 53, 58, 96, 136, 163, 173, 209, 223, 627, 787], 'main': [29], 'emphasis': [30], 'is': [31, 107], 'on': [32, 293, 329], 'recent': [34], 'development': [35], '1851': [38, 419], '1S37•': [40], 'Therefore,': [41], 'background': [43], 'th®': [45], 'country': [46], 'around': [47, 182, 427, 509], '1898,': [48, 56], 'important': [50, 59, 683], 'creation': [51], 'Government': [54, 688, 746], 'after': [55, 257, 418], 'and': [57, 66, 98, 128, 155, 245, 255, 361, 379, 390, 446, 463, 482, 485, 506, 526, 534, 548, 555, 566, 573, 602, 625, 661, 710, 726], 'proposals': [60], 'for': [61, 75, 141, 177, 222, 676], 'currency': [62, 406, 494, 546, 740], 'reform,': [63], 'between': [64, 562], '1895': [65], '1928': [67], 'are': [68], 'traced': [69], 'in': [70, 82, 93, 101, 118, 290, 340, 371, 412, 499, 608], 'much': [71], 'greater': [72], 'detail': [73], 'than': [74], 'earlier': [76], 'periods*': [77], 'The': [78, 167, 277, 305, 432, 448, 465, 536], 'materials': [79], 'used': [80, 124, 200, 332, 370, 384], 'are,': [81], 'main,': [84], 'col': [85], 'lee': [86], 'ted': [87], 'govern': [90], 'mental': [91], 'documents': [92], 'this': [94], 'country,': [95], 'periodicals,': [97], 'books': [100], 'English': [103], 'language,': [104], 'sine©': [105], 'ther®': [106], 'lack': [109], 'original': [112], 'Shines©': [113], 'materials*': [114], 'Generally': [115], 'speaking,': [116], 'China,': [117], 'early': [120, 204, 374], 'period,': [121], 'had': [122, 249, 496, 511], 'once': [123], 'cowries,': [125], 'pearls,': [126], 'gems,': [127], 'other': [129], 'articles': [130], 'as': [131, 203, 205, 219, 266, 373, 375, 385, 391, 403], 'money,': [132, 309], 'but': [133], 'she': [134], 'maintained': [135], 'copper': [139, 165, 169, 191, 274], 'coins': [140, 170, 275], 'several': [142, 294], 'thousand': [143], 'years*': [144], 'Th©': [145, 457], 'Chow': [146], 'dynasty': [147, 158, 211, 331, 354, 629, 634], '(1122': [148], '220': [150], 'B*': [151, 160, 322, 377], 'C*)': [152], 'first': [153, 306], 'coined': [154], 'Tan': [157], '(A*': [159, 321, 355], '618-917)': [161], 'improved': [162], 'round': [164], 'cash*': [166], 'Tang': [168, 326], 're': [171, 729], 'mained': [172], 'standard': [174], 'coinage': [176], 'many': [178], 'succeeding': [179], 'centuries': [180], 'until': [181, 227], '1900,': [183], 'when': [184], 'm': [186, 190, 312, 337], 'o': [187, 442], 'd': [188], 'e': [189], 'cents': [192], 'took': [193], 'their': [194, 282, 301], 'place*': [195], 'Even': [196], 'though': [197], 'silver': [198, 215, 243, 247, 261, 284], 'was': [199, 216, 369, 450, 487, 524, 556, 647, 674, 696, 702, 730], 'a®': [201], 'money': [202, 267, 334], 'days': [207], 'Ssia': [210], '(2205-1818': [212], 'B.': [213], 'C*;,': [214], 'not': [217], 'recognized': [218], 'legal': [220], 'tender': [221], 'payment': [224], 'taxes': [226], '1055': [228], 'D,': [230], 'by': [231, 271, 461, 473, 489, 580, 593, 611, 668, 705, 786], 'government': [233, 523], 'Sung': [236], 'dynasty*': [237, 327], 'After': [238], 'considerable': [240], 'amount': [241, 551], 'bullion': [244], 'foreign': [246, 362, 458], 'dollars': [248, 285, 459], 'flowed': [250], 'into': [251, 263, 421], '^hina': [252], 'Europe': [254, 576], 'Mexico': [256], 'nineteenth': [259], 'century,': [260], 'cam®': [262], 'general': [264], 'us®': [265], 'v': [268], 'vl': [269], 'sid®': [270], 'side': [272], 'with}': [273], '*': [276, 399], 'Chinese': [278, 307, 709], 'started': [279], 'coin': [281, 402], 'o*sa': [283], 'at': [286, 501, 755], 'Canton': [288], 'Mint': [289], '1889*': [291], 'later': [292], 'provincial': [295, 467, 749], 'mints': [296], 'began': [297, 577], 'tuna': [299], 'out': [300], 'owi': [302], 'local': [303, 541], 'dollars*': [304], 'paper': [308, 333], 'governmental': [310, 771], 'notes,': [311], 's': [313, 415], 'issued': [314, 364], 'under': [315], 'reign': [317], 'Emperor': [319], 'Hien-tsun': [320], '8G6-82Xj': [323], 'Later': [328], 'each': [330, 713, 751], 'finance': [336], 'r': [338, 443], 'or': [339, 768], 'times': [341], 'extreme': [343], 'financial': [344, 537], 'difficulty*': [345, 423], 'Luring': [346], 'last': [348], 'few': [349], 'decades': [350], 'Tslng': [353], '1644*1911)': [357], 'native': [358], 'batiks,': [359], 'firms,': [360], 'banks': [363], 'notes': [365], 'freely*': [366], 'Bnminted': [367], 'gold': [368, 401], 'china': [372], '1818': [376], 'C*': [378], 'gradually': [380], 'came': [381], 'be': [383], 'storage': [387], 'value': [389], 'one': [392, 693, 708, 711], 'minor': [395], 'mediums': [396], 'exchange': [398], 'But': [400], 'national': [405], 'has': [407], 'never': [408], 'yet': [409], 'been': [410, 497], 'adopted': [411], 'China*': [413, 414, 622], 'ran': [420], 'serious': [422], 'In': [424, 631], 'years': [426], '1898': [428, 510], 'it': [429], 'became': [430], 'worse*': [431], 'taels,': [433], 'unit': [435], 'silver,': [437], 'were': [438, 689, 724, 747, 759, 784], 'counted': [439], 'differently,': [440], 'depending': [441], 'places,': [444], 'business,': [445], 'tradition*': [447], 'seme': [449], 'true': [451], 'regarding': [452], '"purity"': [454], 'silver*': [456], 'circulated': [460, 472], 'weight': [462, 474], 'discount*': [464], 'Chines©': [466], 'dollar,': [468], 'with': [469, 649, 714, 752], 'different': [470], 'appearance,': [471], 'Instead': [475], 'face': [477], 'value*': [478], 'Copper': [479], 'cash,': [480], 'worn': [481], 'new,': [483], 'genuine': [484], 'counterfeit,': [486], 'accepted': [488], 'people*': [491], 'An': [492], 'un-uniform': [493], 'existing': [498], 'China': [500, 609], 'that': [502], 'time*': [503], 'political': [505], 'social': [507], 'condition': [508], 'added': [512], 'more': [513], 'confusion': [514], 'complicated': [517], 'situation*': [519], 'For': [520], 'instance,': [521], 'inefficient': [525], 'decentralized,': [527], 'both': [528], 'standpoint': [531], 'organisation': [533], 'personnel*': [535], 'difficulty': [538], 'forced': [539], 'governments': [542], 'abuse': [544], 'policy,': [547], 'huge': [550], 'menta1': [553], 'affairs*': [554, 654], 'channel': [558], 'communioat': [560], 'ion': [561], 'offi': [564], 'cials': [565], 'Tillages.During': [568], 'Ming': [570], 'dynasty,': [571], 'adventurers': [572], 'merchants': [574], 'com®': [579], 'new': [582], 'sea': [583], 'route': [584], '(through': [585], 'Indian': [587], 'sea)': [588], 'recently': [589], 'discovered,': [590], 'instead': [591], 'former': [595], 'overland': [596], 'routes': [597], '(across': [598], 'Himara': [600], 'Mountains': [601], 'Tibet)•': [603], 'Owing': [604], 'rebellion': [607], 'caused': [610], 'internal': [612], 'dissension*': [613], 'M&nchus*': [614], 'who': [615], 'earns': [616], 'northeastern': [619], 'provinces': [620], 'captured': [623], 'Peking': [624], 'established': [626], 'Tsing': [628, 633], '(1644*1911)*': [630], 'Inner': [636], 'Cabinet': [637], 'Central': [640, 687], 'Government*': [641], 'old': [643], 'Council': [644], 'State*': [646], 'charged': [648], 'discussion': [651], 'state': [653], 'promul': [656], 'gation': [657], 'imperial': [659, 739, 770], 'orders*': [660], 'conduct': [663], 'great': [665], 'ceremonials': [666], 'attended': [667], 'Emperor.The': [670, 766], 'Military': [671], 'Counoil': [672], 'primarily': [673], 'created': [675], 'dis': [678], 'cussion': [679], 'military': [681], 'affairs.The': [682], 'departments': [684, 772], 'six': [691], 'boards*': [692], 'which': [695, 776], 'Board': [698, 719], 'Revenue.Each': [700], 'board': [701], 'presided': [703], 'ever': [704], 'two': [706], 'presidents*': [707], 'Hanohu*': [712], 'same': [716], 'authority.Zn': [717], 'Revenue': [721], '(Hu-Pu)': [722], 'there': [723], 'seven!bureaus': [725], 'committees.However*': [727], 'no': [731], 'special': [732], 'office': [733], 'take': [735], 'care': [736], 'policy*': [741], 'Subordinate': [742], 'Imperial': [745], 'governmente*': [750], '&': [753], 'governor': [754], 'its': [756], 'head.The': [757], 'governors': [758, 778, 783], 'subject': [760], 'will': [763], 'heads': [767], 'made': [773], 'laws': [775], 'wore': [779], 'bound': [780], 'obey.The': [782], 'appointed': [785]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2948733661', 'counts_by_year': [], 'updated_date': '2024-12-16T04:29:07.633758', 'created_date': '2019-06-14'}