Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2939027394', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ab176d', 'title': 'Processing of prompt gamma-ray timing data for proton range measurements at a clinical beam delivery', 'display_name': 'Processing of prompt gamma-ray timing data for proton range measurements at a clinical beam delivery', 'publication_year': 2019, 'publication_date': '2019-04-09', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2939027394', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ab176d', 'mag': '2939027394', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30965311'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ab176d', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S20241394', 'display_name': 'Physics in Medicine and Biology', 'issn_l': '0031-9155', 'issn': ['0031-9155', '1361-6560'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320083', 'host_organization_name': 'IOP Publishing', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311669', 'https://openalex.org/P4310320083'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Institute of Physics', 'IOP Publishing'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'hybrid', 'oa_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ab176d', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5090039221', 'display_name': 'T. Werner', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210136325', 'display_name': 'OncoRay', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03aysbj82', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210136325']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I78650965', 'display_name': 'TU Dresden', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042aqky30', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I78650965']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2801798921', 'display_name': 'Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01zy2cs03', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1305996414', 'https://openalex.org/I2801798921']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210162051', 'display_name': 'University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04za5zm41', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210162051']}], 'countries': ['DE'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Theresa Werner', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology—OncoRay, Dresden, Germany', 'OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology—OncoRay, Dresden, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210136325', 'https://openalex.org/I2801798921']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210136325', 'https://openalex.org/I78650965', 'https://openalex.org/I2801798921', 'https://openalex.org/I4210162051']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5041111781', 'display_name': 'Jonathan Berthold', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6312-1905'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210136325', 'display_name': 'OncoRay', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03aysbj82', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210136325']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I78650965', 'display_name': 'TU Dresden', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042aqky30', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I78650965']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2801798921', 'display_name': 'Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01zy2cs03', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1305996414', 'https://openalex.org/I2801798921']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210162051', 'display_name': 'University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04za5zm41', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210162051']}], 'countries': ['DE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Jonathan Berthold', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology—OncoRay, Dresden, Germany', 'OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210136325', 'https://openalex.org/I78650965', 'https://openalex.org/I2801798921', 'https://openalex.org/I4210162051']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology—OncoRay, Dresden, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2801798921', 'https://openalex.org/I4210136325']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5009356670', 'display_name': 'F. Hueso-González', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3217-0090'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts General Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/002pd6e78', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'https://openalex.org/I48633490']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I136199984', 'display_name': 'Harvard University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03vek6s52', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I136199984']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Fernando Hueso-González', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'https://openalex.org/I136199984']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5110473601', 'display_name': 'Toni Koegler', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2801798921', 'display_name': 'Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01zy2cs03', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1305996414', 'https://openalex.org/I2801798921']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210136325', 'display_name': 'OncoRay', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03aysbj82', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210136325']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210162051', 'display_name': 'University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04za5zm41', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210162051']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I78650965', 'display_name': 'TU Dresden', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042aqky30', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I78650965']}], 'countries': ['DE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Toni Koegler', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology—OncoRay, Dresden, Germany', 'OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology—OncoRay, Dresden, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2801798921', 'https://openalex.org/I4210136325']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2801798921', 'https://openalex.org/I4210162051', 'https://openalex.org/I4210136325', 'https://openalex.org/I78650965']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5041921351', 'display_name': 'J. Petzoldt', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210095091', 'display_name': 'Ion Beam Applications (Belgium)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00pgy3a44', 'country_code': 'BE', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210095091']}], 'countries': ['BE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Johannes Petzoldt', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Ion Beam Applications SA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Ion Beam Applications SA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210095091']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5044028844', 'display_name': 'K. Roemer', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2801798921', 'display_name': 'Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01zy2cs03', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1305996414', 'https://openalex.org/I2801798921']}], 'countries': ['DE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Katja Roemer', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiation Physics, Dresden, Germany'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiation Physics, Dresden, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2801798921']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5012449355', 'display_name': 'Christian Richter', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4261-4214'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I78650965', 'display_name': 'TU Dresden', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042aqky30', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I78650965']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2801798921', 'display_name': 'Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01zy2cs03', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1305996414', 'https://openalex.org/I2801798921']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210136325', 'display_name': 'OncoRay', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03aysbj82', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210136325']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210162051', 'display_name': 'University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04za5zm41', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210162051']}], 'countries': ['DE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Christian Richter', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology—OncoRay, Dresden, Germany', 'OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I78650965', 'https://openalex.org/I2801798921', 'https://openalex.org/I4210162051', 'https://openalex.org/I4210136325']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology—OncoRay, Dresden, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2801798921', 'https://openalex.org/I4210136325']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5051287852', 'display_name': 'Andreas Rinscheid', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8625-0217'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I196349391', 'display_name': 'Universität Ulm', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/032000t02', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I196349391']}], 'countries': ['DE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Andreas Rinscheid', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I196349391']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5106788446', 'display_name': 'A. Straessner', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2460-6659'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I78650965', 'display_name': 'TU Dresden', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042aqky30', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I78650965']}], 'countries': ['DE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Arno Straessner', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Technical University Dresden, Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, Dresden, Germany'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Technical University Dresden, Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, Dresden, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I78650965']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5032955944', 'display_name': 'W. Enghardt', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I17937529', 'display_name': 'German Cancer Research Center', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04cdgtt98', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1305996414', 'https://openalex.org/I17937529']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I223822909', 'display_name': 'Heidelberg University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/038t36y30', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I223822909']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2801798921', 'display_name': 'Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01zy2cs03', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1305996414', 'https://openalex.org/I2801798921']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I78650965', 'display_name': 'TU Dresden', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042aqky30', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I78650965']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210103542', 'display_name': 'German Cancer Society', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/013z6ae41', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210103542']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4391767962', 'display_name': 'Deutschen Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02pqn3g31', 'country_code': None, 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4391767962']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210136325', 'display_name': 'OncoRay', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03aysbj82', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210136325']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210162051', 'display_name': 'University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04za5zm41', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210162051']}], 'countries': ['DE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Wolfgang Enghardt', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany', 'German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany', 'Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology—OncoRay, Dresden, Germany', 'OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I17937529', 'https://openalex.org/I223822909']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology—OncoRay, Dresden, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2801798921', 'https://openalex.org/I4210136325']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I78650965', 'https://openalex.org/I2801798921', 'https://openalex.org/I4210162051', 'https://openalex.org/I4210136325']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210103542', 'https://openalex.org/I4391767962']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5003370359', 'display_name': 'G. Pausch', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2336-0178'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210136325', 'display_name': 'OncoRay', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03aysbj82', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210136325']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I78650965', 'display_name': 'TU Dresden', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042aqky30', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I78650965']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2801798921', 'display_name': 'Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01zy2cs03', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1305996414', 'https://openalex.org/I2801798921']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210162051', 'display_name': 'University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04za5zm41', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210162051']}], 'countries': ['DE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Guntram Pausch', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology—OncoRay, Dresden, Germany', 'OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210136325', 'https://openalex.org/I78650965', 'https://openalex.org/I2801798921', 'https://openalex.org/I4210162051']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology—OncoRay, Dresden, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2801798921', 'https://openalex.org/I4210136325']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 3, 'institutions_distinct_count': 12, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5090039221'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210136325', 'https://openalex.org/I78650965', 'https://openalex.org/I2801798921', 'https://openalex.org/I4210162051'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 6.074, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 54, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999974, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 97, 'max': 98}, 'biblio': {'volume': '64', 'issue': '10', 'first_page': '105023', 'last_page': '105023'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11176', 'display_name': 'Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2740', 'display_name': 'Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11176', 'display_name': 'Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2740', 'display_name': 'Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11216', 'display_name': 'Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies', 'score': 0.9997, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3108', 'display_name': 'Radiation'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10358', 'display_name': 'Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques', 'score': 0.9989, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3108', 'display_name': 'Radiation'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-therapy', 'display_name': 'Particle Therapy', 'score': 0.7322223}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/pencil-beam-scanning', 'display_name': 'Pencil-beam scanning', 'score': 0.6138945}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/pencil', 'display_name': 'Pencil (optics)', 'score': 0.55220485}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779244869', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507667', 'display_name': 'Proton therapy', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.86581117}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54516573', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294', 'display_name': 'Proton', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.74510866}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778418280', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38276304', 'display_name': 'Particle therapy', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.7322223}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2775881188', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162317', 'display_name': 'Pencil-beam scanning', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.6138945}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780944729', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897227', 'display_name': 'Bragg peak', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.60873103}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C168834538', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329', 'display_name': 'Beam (structure)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6082721}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134949993', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2068617', 'display_name': 'Pencil (optics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.55220485}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C204323151', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424', 'display_name': 'Range (aeronautics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5447394}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C192562407', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736', 'display_name': 'Materials science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5321362}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111337013', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2737837', 'display_name': 'Irradiation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.50577474}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2989005', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963', 'display_name': 'Nuclear medicine', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3377959}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C19527891', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908', 'display_name': 'Medical physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.32639033}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185544564', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197', 'display_name': 'Nuclear physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3052413}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C120665830', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620', 'display_name': 'Optics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.29954803}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.26819807}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.14952871}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C159985019', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790', 'display_name': 'Composite material', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D000465', 'descriptor_name': 'Algorithms', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005720', 'descriptor_name': 'Gamma Rays', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D019047', 'descriptor_name': 'Phantoms, Imaging', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D061766', 'descriptor_name': 'Proton Therapy', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000295', 'qualifier_name': 'instrumentation', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D061766', 'descriptor_name': 'Proton Therapy', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011880', 'descriptor_name': 'Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D061766', 'descriptor_name': 'Proton Therapy', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011877', 'descriptor_name': 'Radionuclide Imaging', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011880', 'descriptor_name': 'Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 3, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ab176d', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S20241394', 'display_name': 'Physics in Medicine and Biology', 'issn_l': '0031-9155', 'issn': ['0031-9155', '1361-6560'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320083', 'host_organization_name': 'IOP Publishing', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311669', 'https://openalex.org/P4310320083'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Institute of Physics', 'IOP Publishing'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:289-oparu-46332-8', 'pdf_url': 'http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:289-oparu-46332-8', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400353', 'display_name': 'OPen Access Repositorium der Universität Ulm (OPARU) (Ulm University)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I196349391', 'host_organization_name': 'Universität Ulm', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I196349391'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Universität Ulm'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30965311', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ab176d', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S20241394', 'display_name': 'Physics in Medicine and Biology', 'issn_l': '0031-9155', 'issn': ['0031-9155', '1361-6560'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320083', 'host_organization_name': 'IOP Publishing', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311669', 'https://openalex.org/P4310320083'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Institute of Physics', 'IOP Publishing'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Affordable and clean energy', 'score': 0.69, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 40, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1965629911', 'https://openalex.org/W1970881941', 'https://openalex.org/W1989301920', 'https://openalex.org/W1999189079', 'https://openalex.org/W2003502129', 'https://openalex.org/W2010478558', 'https://openalex.org/W2016883329', 'https://openalex.org/W2025559368', 'https://openalex.org/W2039699511', 'https://openalex.org/W2042385184', 'https://openalex.org/W2046628078', 'https://openalex.org/W2047178357', 'https://openalex.org/W2049991989', 'https://openalex.org/W2050238462', 'https://openalex.org/W2077747692', 'https://openalex.org/W2135269192', 'https://openalex.org/W2137351302', 'https://openalex.org/W2138533127', 'https://openalex.org/W2149479064', 'https://openalex.org/W2153962442', 'https://openalex.org/W2167056404', 'https://openalex.org/W2169074175', 'https://openalex.org/W2225804793', 'https://openalex.org/W2239640164', 'https://openalex.org/W2257349442', 'https://openalex.org/W2276617782', 'https://openalex.org/W2291317308', 'https://openalex.org/W2340267508', 'https://openalex.org/W2342876185', 'https://openalex.org/W2421924030', 'https://openalex.org/W2468799214', 'https://openalex.org/W2505184106', 'https://openalex.org/W2547032597', 'https://openalex.org/W2605394619', 'https://openalex.org/W2610283735', 'https://openalex.org/W2766176355', 'https://openalex.org/W2790470968', 'https://openalex.org/W2889878894', 'https://openalex.org/W3174157546', 'https://openalex.org/W820935328'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4229964699', 'https://openalex.org/W4221069775', 'https://openalex.org/W4210327382', 'https://openalex.org/W3025954478', 'https://openalex.org/W2909854683', 'https://openalex.org/W2760450654', 'https://openalex.org/W2087245778', 'https://openalex.org/W2064635070', 'https://openalex.org/W1991643475', 'https://openalex.org/W1515726259'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'In': [0], 'proton': [1, 58, 75, 207], 'therapy,': [2], 'patients': [3], 'benefit': [4], 'from': [5, 101, 132, 218], 'the': [6, 10, 13, 18, 26, 29, 33, 37, 51, 55, 71, 74, 81, 86, 93, 96, 115, 135, 171, 175, 206, 212, 219, 227, 238, 242, 252, 255, 267, 272, 296], 'precise': [7], 'deposition': [8], 'of': [9, 20, 28, 57, 73, 95, 106, 137, 156, 163, 174, 196, 205, 229, 237, 251, 254], 'dose': [11], 'in': [12, 32, 77, 118, 125, 170, 295], 'tumor': [14], 'volume': [15], 'due': [16, 210], 'to': [17, 187, 198, 211, 241, 262], 'interaction': [19], 'charged': [21], 'particles': [22], 'with': [23, 192], 'matter.': [24], 'Currently,': [25], 'determination': [27], 'beam': [30, 161, 182, 208, 245], 'range': [31, 76, 94, 203, 263], "patient's": [34], 'body': [35], 'during': [36, 80, 226], 'treatment': [38, 133, 172], 'is': [39, 85, 99, 142], 'not': [40], 'a': [41, 188, 230, 248, 275], 'clinical': [42, 140, 160], 'standard.': [43], 'This': [44], 'lack': [45], 'causes': [46], 'broad': [47], 'safety': [48], 'margins': [49], 'around': [50], 'tumor,': [52], 'which': [53, 111, 279], 'limits': [54], 'potential': [56], 'therapy.': [59], 'To': [60], 'overcome': [61], 'this': [62, 122], 'obstacle,': [63], 'different': [64, 268], 'methods': [65, 284], 'are': [66, 112], 'under': [67], 'investigation': [68], 'aiming': [69], 'at': [70], 'verification': [72], 'real': [78], 'time': [79], 'irradiation.': [82], 'One': [83], 'approach': [84], 'prompt': [87], 'gamma-ray': [88], 'timing': [89], '(PGT)': [90], 'method,': [91], 'where': [92], 'primary': [97], 'protons': [98], 'derived': [100], 'time-resolved': [102], 'profiles': [103], '(PGT': [104], 'spectra)': [105], 'promptly': [107], 'emitted': [108], 'gamma': [109], 'rays,': [110], 'produced': [113, 265], 'along': [114], 'particle': [116], 'track': [117], 'tissue.': [119], 'After': [120], 'verifying': [121], 'novel': [123], 'technique': [124], 'an': [126, 235], 'experimental': [127], 'environment': [128], 'but': [129], 'far': [130], 'away': [131], 'conditions,': [134], 'translation': [136], 'PGT': [138, 221, 239, 256, 282], 'into': [139], 'practice': [141], 'intended.': [143], 'Therefore,': [144], 'new': [145], 'hardware': [146], 'was': [147, 185], 'extensively': [148], 'tested': [149], 'and': [150, 159, 191, 259, 285], 'characterized': [151], 'using': [152], 'short': [153], 'irradiation': [154], 'times': [155], '70': [157], 'ms': [158], 'currents': [162], '2': [164], 'nA.': [165], 'Experiments': [166], 'were': [167], 'carried': [168], 'out': [169], 'room': [173], 'University': [176], 'Proton': [177], 'Therapy': [178], 'Dresden.': [179], 'A': [180], 'pencil': [181, 244], 'scanning': [183], 'plan': [184], 'delivered': [186], 'target': [189], 'without': [190], 'cylindrical': [193], 'air': [194, 269], 'cavities': [195], 'down': [197], '5': [199], 'mm': [200], 'thickness.': [201], 'The': [202], 'shifts': [204, 264], 'induced': [209], 'material': [213], 'variation': [214, 253], 'could': [215], 'be': [216], 'identified': [217], 'corresponding': [220, 261], 'spectra,': [222], 'comprising': [223], 'events': [224], 'collected': [225], 'delivery': [228], 'whole': [231], 'energy': [232], 'layer.': [233], 'Additionally,': [234], 'assignment': [236], 'data': [240], 'individual': [243], 'spots': [246], 'allowed': [247], 'spot-wise': [249], 'analysis': [250, 283], 'distribution': [257], 'mean': [258], 'width,': [260], 'by': [266], 'cavities.': [270], 'Furthermore,': [271], 'paper': [273], 'presents': [274], 'comprehensive': [276], 'software': [277], 'framework': [278], 'standardizes': [280], 'future': [281], 'correction': [286], 'algorithms': [287], 'for': [288], 'technical': [289], 'limitations': [290], 'that': [291], 'have': [292], 'been': [293], 'encountered': [294], 'presented': [297], 'experiments.': [298]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2939027394', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 12}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-24T22:43:31.431934', 'created_date': '2019-04-25'}