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[236, 1098], 'widely': [240], 'an': [242, 628, 1059, 1363, 1497, 1774, 1926, 1959], "individual's": [243], 'self-perception': [244], 'representation': [246], 'male,': [248, 321], 'female': [249, 322, 410, 600, 678, 800, 1046, 1053, 1096, 1110, 1428], 'or': [250, 594, 780, 799, 1253, 1256, 1380, 1445, 1489, 1523, 1696, 1798, 1805, 1825, 2311], 'non-binary': [251, 324, 798], 'their': [253, 731, 1374, 1383, 1519, 1528, 1744, 1930, 1966], 'place': [254], 'society.': [256], 'Historically,': [257], 'health': [259, 699, 1561, 1870], 'sciences': [260], 'have': [261, 597, 1281, 1369, 1649, 1690, 1893], 'kept': [262], 'separated': [266], 'factors.': [271], 'However,': [272, 666, 1531], 'increasing': [275], 'medical': [280, 302, 664], 'arguments': [281], 'question': [283], 'whether': [284], 'true': [288], 'divide': [289, 865], 'two.': [292], 'Personalized': [293], 'prevention': [294], 'treatment': [296], 'large': [299, 2299], 'number': [300, 568, 969], 'conditions': [303], 'critically': [304], 'depends': [305], 'on': [306, 506, 913, 972, 1235, 1376, 1439, 1604, 1622, 1746, 1802, 1944, 2365], 'both': [311, 561, 844, 939, 1075], 'physiological': [313], 'difference': [314], 'sexes': [318, 869], 'how': [320, 1579], 'identities': [325], 'attained': [327], 'maintained.': [329], 'In': [330, 986], 'fact,': [331], 'at': [336, 502, 1130, 1481, 1925], 'interface': [338], 'environmental': [340, 1806], 'hormonal': [342, 1522, 1552], 'genetic': [345, 428, 650, 1501], 'determinants': [348, 980, 1821], 'development,': [351, 408, 1149, 1346], 'most': [352], 'notably': [353], 'brain.': [355, 2166], 'The': [382, 473, 907, 960, 1117, 1434, 2015, 2088], 'Y': [386, 397, 433, 460, 607, 961, 1004, 2257], 'It': [387, 642, 1782], 'commonly': [389], 'known': [390, 1081], 'presence': [393, 805], 'male': [396, 406, 465, 545, 633, 676, 759, 764, 1010, 1094, 1252, 1425], 'chromosome': [398, 434, 444, 608, 630, 916, 930, 962, 1005, 2258], 'triggers': [399], 'cascade': [401], 'events': [403, 1474], 'resulting': [404, 1273], 'determination': [411, 467, 828, 2093], 'occurring': [412, 1475], 'default': [414], '(Wijchers': [415, 1136], 'Festenstein,': [417, 615, 1138], '2011;': [418, 616, 1357, 1465], 'Arnold,': [419, 617], '2012).': [420, 618, 711, 816, 959], 'Less': [421], 'appreciated': [422], 'fact': [425], 'information': [429], 'carried': [430], 'minuscule': [436], 'relative': [437], 'stored': [440], 'X': [443, 640, 915, 929], 'only': [447, 485, 924, 1536], 'single': [449, 944], 'SRY': [450, 593, 625], 'gene,': [451, 779], 'buried': [452], 'condensed': [455], 'dormant': [456], 'region': [457], 'chromosome,': [461, 509], 'drives': [462, 1051], 'whole': [464], 'process': [468], '(Waters': [469, 609], 'et': [470, 610, 709, 814, 904, 957, 1019, 1359, 1467, 1724], 'al,': [471, 611, 710, 815, 905, 958, 1020, 1360, 1468, 1725], '2007).': [472], 'SRY-coded': [474], 'protein,': [475, 519, 713], 'called': [477, 1943], 'testis-determining': [479], 'factor': [480, 523], '(TDF),': [481], 'expressed': [483, 550, 714], 'brief': [487], 'moment': [488], 'during': [489, 551, 1147, 1344, 1476], 'embryo': [490, 1418, 1675, 1715], 'development.': [491, 1056], 'Its': [492], 'function': [493, 977, 1635], 'bend': [496], 'curvature': [498], 'DNA': [501], 'specific': [504, 1278, 1895], 'site': [505], 'separate': [508], 'leading': [510], 'persistently': [513], 'elevated': [514, 1420], 'expression': [515, 935, 983, 2280], 'second': [518], 'SOX9.': [520], 'This': [521, 712], 'transcription': [522], 'responsible': [525], 'converting': [527], 'initially': [528], 'equivalent': [529], 'cells,': [530, 750], 'present': [531], 'what': [533], 'will': [534, 1032, 1730], 'become': [535], 'kidney': [537], 'secretory': [538], 'apparatus': [539], '(mesonephros),': [540], 'into': [541, 1385, 1720, 1983], 'cells': [542, 716, 1017], 'gonads.': [546], 'SOX9': [547, 595], 'development': [552, 755, 1237, 1378, 1441, 2162], 'many': [554, 577, 694, 1065], 'parts': [556], 'embryo,': [559], 'males': [562, 941, 1303], 'females,': [564], 'fulfils': [566, 823, 923], 'unrelated': [571], 'determination.': [574], 'There': [575, 1600], 'clinical': [578, 667], 'examples': [579], 'importance': [582, 692], 'sex-determining': [585, 1741], 'axis.': [586], 'Patients': [587], 'loss': [589, 1001], 'either': [591, 2309], 'gene': [596, 626, 689, 703, 783, 912, 948, 2279], 'fully': [599], 'phenotype': [601, 634, 801], 'even': [602, 661, 802, 1963], 'if': [603, 1794], 'they': [604], 'carry': [605], '2007;': [612], 'Wijchers': [613, 2270], 'Conversely,': [619], 'translocation': [622], 'autosomal': [629, 2278], 'exhibit': [631], 'spite': [636, 1640], 'carrying': [638], 'two': [639, 868, 1201], 'chromosomes.': [641, 2283], 'can': [643, 653, 1113, 1158, 1215, 1442, 1705, 1783], 'be': [644, 654, 992, 1159, 1208, 1217, 1300, 1443, 1480, 1706, 1784, 1935, 1970, 2007], 'argued': [645], 'these': [647, 1310, 1652, 1728], 'rare': [649, 2323], 'syndromes': [651, 668, 1401], 'largely': [655], 'ignored': [656], 'general': [659], 'population,': [660, 1011], 'within': [662], 'profession.': [665], 'similar': [670, 937], 'dissociation': [671, 1491], 'versus': [677, 1856], 'phenotypes': [679], 'occur': [680], 'inactivating': [685], 'mutations': [686, 775, 955], 'another': [688, 1108], 'aspects': [696], 'behaviour:': [701], 'coding': [704], 'AR': [707, 778, 822, 860, 877, 911, 922, 934, 982, 989], '(Hughes': [708, 813, 956], 'all': [718, 757, 1239, 1651], 'types': [719], 'functions,': [721], 'senses': [722], 'responds': [724], 'androgens,': [726, 1071, 1104], 'steroid': [727], 'hormones': [728, 820, 1128, 1610, 1880], 'named': [729], '“male-determining”': [732], 'function.': [733], 'Testosterone,': [734], 'its': [736], 'potent': [738], 'form': [739], 'dihydrotestosterone': [740], '(DHT),': [741], 'quintessential': [744], 'androgen': [745, 1421], 'produced': [746, 842], 'specialized': [748], 'testicular': [749], 'instructs': [753], 'secondary': [758, 1052], 'organs': [761], 'phenotypic': [765], 'characteristics,': [766], 'ranging': [767], 'musculoskeletal': [769], 'mass': [770], 'behavioural': [772], 'traits.': [773], 'Inactivating': [774], 'encoding': [784], 'enzyme': [787], 'involved': [788], 'testosterone': [790], '(5α-reductase),': [792], 'individuals': [795], 'XY': [808], 'genotype': [809], 'testosterone-producing': [811], 'testicles': [812], 'dance': [818], 'Importantly,': [821], 'pleiotropic': [824], 'besides': [826, 838], 'activated': [831], 'variety': [834, 1452], 'androgens': [837, 849, 1063, 1333, 1368, 1438, 1646, 1662], 'testosterone,': [839], 'sexes.': [845, 1202], 'Diminishing': [846], 'levels': [847, 1422], 'contribute': [850], 'significantly': [851, 2343], 'age-associated': [853, 1623], 'decline': [854], 'multiple': [856], 'functions.': [857, 926, 1116], 'Changes': [858], 'activity': [861, 1669, 1700], 'disease.': [871], 'malignancies—specifically': [898], 'breast': [899], 'lung': [901], '(Clocchiatti': [903, 1018], '2016).': [906, 1021], 'localization': [908], 'dispels': [918], 'any': [919, 1191], 'notion': [920], 'male-determining': [925], 'random': [928], 'inactivation': [931], 'ensures': [932], 'sexes,': [940], 'copy': [945], 'twice': [950], 'susceptible': [952], 'deleterious': [954], 'not': [965, 1188, 1258, 1535, 2054], 'neutral,': [966], 'genes': [971, 1995], 'it,': [973], 'including': [974, 1287], 'SRY,': [975], 'may': [976, 1255, 1257, 1350, 1479, 1514, 1827], 'positive': [979], 'and/or': [984], 'activity.': [985], 'context,': [988], 'could': [991], 'preferentially': [993], 'affected': [994], 'frequent': [997], 'poorly': [999], 'understood': [1000], 'occurs': [1007], 'ageing': [1013], 'tissues': [1014], 'As': [1022], 'mentioned': [1023], 'above,': [1024, 1242], 'absence': [1026], 'SRY-SOX9': [1029], 'regulatory': [1030], 'axis': [1031], 'formation': [1036], 'ovaries': [1038], 'instead': [1039], 'testicles,': [1041], 'while': [1042, 1105], 'production': [1044], 'hormones,': [1048, 1704, 1997], 'specifically': [1049], 'estrogens,': [1050], 'Estrogens': [1057, 1099], 'play': [1058], 'opposite': [1060, 1432], 'contexts': [1068], 'and,': [1069, 1088], 'like': [1070, 2018], 'secreted': [1073], 'Perhaps': [1079], 'biochemical': [1084], 'functional': [1086], 'interconnection': [1087], 'some': [1090, 1602], 'extent,': [1091], 'interchangeability': [1092], 'metabolically': [1101], 'derived': [1102], 'derivates': [1106], 'hormone,': [1111], 'progesterone,': [1112], 'exert': [1114, 1373], 'androgenic': [1115], 'end': [1118, 2089], 'point': [1119, 1898], 'complex': [1122, 1988], 'interplay': [1123], 'level': [1132], 'modifications': [1135], '2011).': [1139, 1185, 1233, 1308], 'Compared': [1140], 'permanent': [1144], 'established': [1146, 1153, 1978], 'embryonic': [1148, 1345, 1477], 'marks': [1151], 'later': [1154, 1447], 'life': [1156, 1355, 1449, 1478, 1722], 'partially': [1160], 'reversed.': [1161], 'women': [1183, 1857], '(Hines,': [1184, 1232, 1307, 1356, 1464], 'These': [1186], 'associated': [1189, 1283, 1319], 'attitudinal': [1192], 'cognitive': [1194], 'statistical': [1197], 'significance': [1198], 'By': [1203, 2348], 'contrast,': [1204], 'seems': [1206, 1326], 'link': [1210], 'self-representation,': [1213, 1286], 'already': [1216], 'documented': [1218], 'children': [1220, 1395], 'very': [1222, 1792], 'young': [1223], 'age,': [1224], 'using': [1225], 'game': [1226], 'preferences': [1227], 'reliable': [1230], 'parameter': [1231], 'Effects': [1234], 'brain': [1236, 1279, 1377, 1440], 'From': [1238], 'follows': [1244], '“gender”,': [1246], "person's": [1249], 'self-representation': [1250, 1317, 1340, 1393, 1495], 'female,': [1254], 'coincide': [1259], '“sex”,': [1261], 'dimension': [1266], 'characterized': [1267], 'chromosomes,': [1270], 'gonads': [1271], 'features.': [1275], 'Differences': [1276], 'been': [1282, 1370], 'third': [1289], 'interstitial': [1290], 'nucleus': [1291], 'anterior': [1294], 'hypothalamus,': [1295], '(INAH-3),': [1296], 'tends': [1298], 'larger': [1301], 'than': [1304, 1965], 'females': [1306], 'How': [1309], 'connected': [1314], 'orientation': [1321], 'remains': [1322], 'mystery.': [1324], 'What': [1325], 'clear,': [1327], 'however,': [1328], 'endogenous/exogenous': [1335], 'early': [1342, 1435, 1927], 'effects': [1348, 1660, 1717, 1745], 'persist': [1351, 1719], 'throughout': [1352], 'entire': [1354], 'Goldstein': [1358, 1466, 2124], '2019).': [1361, 1469], 'Adding': [1362], 'additional': [1364], 'twist': [1365], 'complexity,': [1367], 'reported': [1371], 'impact': [1375, 1436, 1607, 1644, 2145], 'directly': [1379], 'indirectly,': [1381], 'through': [1382], 'conversion': [1384], 'estrogens.': [1386], 'Irrespective': [1387], 'detailed': [1390], 'mechanisms,': [1391], 'born': [1396], 'mothers': [1398], 'endocrine': [1400], 'led': [1403], 'conclusion—supported': [1406], 'parallel': [1408], 'studies': [1409], 'experimental': [1411], 'animal': [1412], 'systems—that': [1413], 'exposure': [1414, 1874], 'developing': [1417, 1673, 1714], 'leads': [1423], 'self-identification': [1426, 1429], 'case.': [1433], 'modified': [1444], 'reinforced': [1446], 'endogenous': [1454, 1702, 1878], 'exogenous': [1456, 1876], 'factors,': [1457], 'but': [1458, 1776], 'hard': [1461], 'revert': [1463], 'An': [1470], 'irreversible': [1471], 'set': [1472], 'basis': [1483], 'dysphoria,': [1486, 1583], 'partial': [1488], 'complete': [1490], 'individual': [1498], 'his/her': [1500], 'gonadal': [1503], '(Wanta': [1505, 1596], 'Unger,': [1507, 1598], '2017).': [1508, 1599, 1726], 'Those': [1509], 'who': [1510, 1739, 1753], 'identify': [1511], 'therefore': [1515], 'choose': [1516], 'affirm': [1518], 'surgical': [1524, 1550], 'intervention': [1525], 'alter': [1527], 'sex.': [1530], 'important': [1534, 1655], 'identity': [1539], 'clinics': [1540], 'assist': [1542], 'psychological': [1544, 1758], 'transition,': [1547], 'along': [1548], 'changes': [1553], 'characteristics.': [1556], 'Addressing': [1557, 1727], 'sex-': [1558], 'gender-related': [1560, 1757], 'alleviate': [1581], 'studied': [1595], 'data': [1603], 'long-term': [1606, 1869], 'cross-sex': [1609], 'patients,': [1613], 'though': [1614], 'further': [1615], 'exploration': [1616], 'required.': [1618], 'Similarly,': [1619], 'consequences': [1621], 'incidence': [1624], 'progression': [1626], 'types,': [1630, 1861], 'immune/inflammatory': [1631], 'diseases': [1632], 'cardiovascular': [1634], 'severely': [1637], 'under-studied,': [1638], 'major': [1643, 2138], 'estrogens': [1648], 'contexts.': [1653], 'Also': [1654], 'substances': [1665, 1681], 'hormone': [1668], 'exposed.': [1677], 'Endocrine': [1678], 'disruptors,': [1679], 'chemical': [1680], 'ubiquitous': [1684], 'environment': [1687], 'ability': [1692], 'block,': [1694], 'induce': [1695], 'interfere': [1697], 'easily': [1707], 'transferred': [1708], 'mother': [1711], 'adult': [1721], '(Messerlian': [1723], 'challenges': [1729, 1901], 'require': [1731], 'communication': [1733], 'collaboration': [1735], 'among': [1736], 'molecular': [1737, 1788], 'biologists': [1738, 1789], 'study': [1740, 1816], 'molecules': [1742], 'physiology': [1748], 'behaviour': [1750], 'specialists': [1752], 'familiar': [1755], 'issues.': [1761, 1948], 'research,': [1763], 'generally': [1765], 'recognized': [1766], 'attractive': [1768], 'principle,': [1769], 'such': [1773, 1900], 'endeavour,': [1775], 'scant': [1779], 'support': [1780], 'mechanisms.': [1781], 'fairly': [1785], 'stated': [1786], 'geneticists': [1791], 'rarely': [1793], 'ever': [1795], 'read': [1796], 'journals': [1797], 'attend': [1799], 'meetings': [1800], 'focused': [1801, 1924], 'psychological,': [1803], 'vice': [1809], 'versa.': [1810], 'Epidemiology,': [1811], 'classically': [1812], 'defined': [1813], '“the': [1815], 'distribution': [1819], 'states': [1824], 'events”,': [1826], 'hold': [1828], 'bridging': [1832], 'gap.': [1834], 'I': [1835, 1847, 1888], 'am': [1836], 'basic': [1838], 'molecular/cell': [1839], 'biologist,': [1840], 'epidemiologists': [1845], 'learnt': [1848], 'substantially': [1851], 'susceptibility': [1853], 'unmet': [1864], 'need': [1865], 'investigate': [1867], 'risks': [1871], 'prolonged': [1873], 'related': [1882], 'compounds.': [1883], 'Moreover,': [1884], 'teacher,': [1887], 'feel': [1890], 'we': [1892, 2234], 'responsibility': [1896], 'out': [1899], 'questions': [1903], 'raise': [1906], 'awareness': [1907], 'next': [1910], 'generation': [1911], 'scientists.': [1913], 'students': [1919], 'researchers': [1921], 'stay': [1923], 'stage': [1928], 'career': [1931], 'order': [1933], 'effective': [1936], 'move': [1938], 'forward,': [1939], 'scientists': [1940], 'increasingly': [1942], 'tackle': [1946], 'Young': [1949], 'researchers’': [1950], 'drive': [1951], 'enthusiasm': [1953], 'explore': [1955], 'unknown': [1957], 'invaluable': [1960], 'treasure;': [1961], 'they,': [1962], 'senior': [1967], 'colleagues,': [1968], 'should': [1969], 'encouraged': [1971], 'leave': [1973], 'comfort': [1975], 'zone': [1976], 'fields': [1980], 'venture': [1982], 'new': [1984, 2211], 'territory.': [1985], 'Disentangling': [1986], 'relationship': [1989], 'self-perceptions,': [1998], 'disease': [1999, 2325], 'risk': [2000], 'attitudes': [2003], 'expectations': [2005], 'would': [2006, 2017], 'worthy': [2009], 'challenge': [2010], 'take': [2012], 'on.': [2013], 'Acknowledgements': [2014], 'thank': [2020], 'Drs.': [2021], 'Berna': [2022], 'Ozdemir': [2023], 'Alison': [2025], 'May': [2026, 2386], 'Berner': [2027], 'critical': [2029], 'reading': [2030], 'manuscript.': [2033], 'Related': [2034], 'work': [2036], 'his': [2038], 'laboratory': [2039], 'supported': [2041], 'grants': [2043], 'National': [2046, 2064], 'Institutes': [2047], 'Health': [2049, 2239], '(R01AR039190;': [2050], 'R01AR064786;': [2051], 'content': [2053], 'necessarily': [2055], 'representing': [2056, 2318], 'official': [2058], 'views': [2059], 'NIH),': [2061], 'Swiss': [2063], 'Science': [2065], 'Foundation': [2066], '(310030B_176404,': [2067], '“Genomic': [2068], 'instability': [2069], 'evolution': [2071, 2254], 'stromal': [2074], 'cells”)': [2075], 'European': [2078], 'Research': [2079], 'Council': [2080], '(26075083)': [2081], 'GPD.': [2083], 'References': [2084], 'Arnold': [2085], 'AP': [2086], '(2012)': [2087, 2187], 'gonad-centric': [2091], 'mammals.': [2095], 'Trends': [2096, 2284], 'Genet': [2097, 2285], '28:': [2098], '55–61CrossrefCASPubMedWeb': [2099], 'Science®Google': [2101, 2122, 2156, 2173, 2195, 2220, 2268, 2289], 'Scholar': [2102, 2123, 2157, 2174, 2196, 2221, 2242, 2269, 2290], 'Clocchiatti': [2103], 'A,': [2104], 'Cora': [2105], 'E,': [2106], 'Zhang': [2107], 'Y,': [2108], 'GP': [2110], '(2016)': [2111], 'Sexual': [2112], 'dimorphism': [2113], 'cancer.': [2115], 'Nat': [2116, 2214], 'Rev': [2117, 2168, 2215], 'Cancer': [2118], '16:': [2119], '330–339CrossrefCASPubMedWeb': [2120], 'JM,': [2125], 'Hale': [2126], 'T,': [2127], 'Foster': [2128], 'SL,': [2129], 'Tobet': [2130], 'SA,': [2131], 'Handa': [2132], 'RJ': [2133, 2273], '(2019)': [2134], 'depression': [2139], 'comorbidity': [2141], 'cardiometabolic': [2143], 'disorders:': [2144], 'prenatal': [2147], 'stress': [2148], 'immune': [2150], 'exposures.': [2151], 'Neuropsychopharmacology': [2152], '44:': [2153], '59–70CrossrefPubMedWeb': [2154], 'Hines': [2158], 'M': [2159], '(2011)': [2160, 2274], 'Annu': [2167], 'Neurosci': [2169], '34:': [2170], '69–88CrossrefCASPubMedWeb': [2171], 'Hughes': [2175], 'IA,': [2176], 'Davies': [2177], 'JD,': [2178], 'Bunch': [2179], 'TI,': [2180], 'Pasterski': [2181], 'V,': [2182], 'Mastroyannopoulou': [2183], 'K,': [2184], 'MacDougall': [2185], 'J': [2186], 'insensitivity': [2189], 'syndrome.': [2190], 'Lancet': [2191], '380:': [2192], '1419–1428CrossrefCASPubMedWeb': [2193], 'Messerlian': [2197], 'C,': [2198], 'Martinez': [2199], 'RM,': [2200], 'Hauser': [2201], 'R,': [2202], 'Baccarelli': [2203], 'AA': [2204], '(2017)': [2205, 2226], '‘Omics’': [2206], 'endocrine-disrupting': [2208], 'chemicals': [2209], '–': 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