Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2921991806', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2018-02/41/1402', 'title': 'Two-Phase Flow Pressure Drop in PEM Fuel Cell Flow Channels, Model Comparison and Improvement', 'display_name': 'Two-Phase Flow Pressure Drop in PEM Fuel Cell Flow Channels, Model Comparison and Improvement', 'publication_year': 2018, 'publication_date': '2018-07-23', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2921991806', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2018-02/41/1402', 'mag': '2921991806'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2018-02/41/1402', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210168594', 'display_name': 'Meeting abstracts/Meeting abstracts (Electrochemical Society. CD-ROM)', 'issn_l': '1091-8213', 'issn': ['1091-8213', '2151-2035', '2151-2043', '2152-8365'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311669', 'host_organization_name': 'Institute of Physics', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311669'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Institute of Physics'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5042720453', 'display_name': 'Preston R. Stolberg', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I19833938', 'display_name': 'Western New England University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/007cnf143', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19833938']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Preston R. Stolberg', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Western New England University'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Western New England University', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I19833938']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5097759715', 'display_name': 'Nicholas J. Suchocki', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I19833938', 'display_name': 'Western New England University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/007cnf143', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19833938']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Nicholas J. Suchocki', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Western New England University'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Western New England University', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I19833938']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5051253216', 'display_name': 'Mehdi Mortazavi', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2222-8044'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I19833938', 'display_name': 'Western New England University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/007cnf143', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19833938']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Mehdi Mortazavi', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Western New England University'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Western New England University', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I19833938']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5011706741', 'display_name': 'Anthony D. Santamaria', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6410-8510'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I19833938', 'display_name': 'Western New England University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/007cnf143', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19833938']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Anthony D. Santamaria', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Western New England University'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Western New England University', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I19833938']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.193, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 2, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.358511, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 70, 'max': 74}, 'biblio': {'volume': 'MA2018-02', 'issue': '41', 'first_page': '1402', 'last_page': '1402'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10409', 'display_name': 'Fuel Cells and Related Materials', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2208', 'display_name': 'Electrical and Electronic Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10409', 'display_name': 'Fuel Cells and Related Materials', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2208', 'display_name': 'Electrical and Electronic Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10197', 'display_name': 'Membrane Separation Technologies', 'score': 0.9898, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2312', 'display_name': 'Water Science and Technology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12074', 'display_name': 'Membrane-based Ion Separation Techniques', 'score': 0.9761, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2204', 'display_name': 'Biomedical Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-coefficient', 'display_name': 'Flow coefficient', 'score': 0.566931}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C114088122', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1261069', 'display_name': 'Pressure drop', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.86420345}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C132319479', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899619', 'display_name': 'Proton exchange membrane fuel cell', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.7500237}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144308804', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232997', 'display_name': 'Two-phase flow', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.67190987}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C143428516', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1794809', 'display_name': 'Flow coefficient', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.566931}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C192562407', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736', 'display_name': 'Materials science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.54623234}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C38349280', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290', 'display_name': 'Flow (mathematics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5406972}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C57879066', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217', 'display_name': 'Mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4808767}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781345722', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5308388', 'display_name': 'Drop (telecommunication)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.47566408}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2987658370', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180253', 'display_name': 'Fuel cells', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.21498483}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C78519656', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333', 'display_name': 'Mechanical engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.16013837}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.13573071}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C42360764', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588', 'display_name': 'Chemical engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.12038243}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2018-02/41/1402', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210168594', 'display_name': 'Meeting abstracts/Meeting abstracts (Electrochemical Society. CD-ROM)', 'issn_l': '1091-8213', 'issn': ['1091-8213', '2151-2035', '2151-2043', '2152-8365'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311669', 'host_organization_name': 'Institute of Physics', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311669'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Institute of Physics'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6', 'score': 0.85, 'display_name': 'Clean water and sanitation'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4384302209', 'https://openalex.org/W3191832563', 'https://openalex.org/W2999305777', 'https://openalex.org/W2979869659', 'https://openalex.org/W2896219250', 'https://openalex.org/W2378915472', 'https://openalex.org/W2349153994', 'https://openalex.org/W2234911797', 'https://openalex.org/W2061213527', 'https://openalex.org/W145309904'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Proton': [0], 'exchange': [1], 'membrane': [2], '(PEM)': [3], 'fuel': [4, 74, 94, 145, 584, 593], 'cell': [5, 75, 95, 585, 594], 'liquid': [6, 39, 647], 'water': [7, 40, 648], 'management': [8], 'remains': [9], 'a': [10, 43, 58, 212, 229, 503, 546, 660, 677], 'topic': [11, 49], 'of': [12, 38, 50, 107, 143, 211, 361, 428, 457, 535, 637, 670, 680, 698, 709, 731, 742], 'research': [13], 'as': [14, 123, 125, 358, 415, 586], 'these': [15, 507], 'technologies': [16], 'continue': [17], 'to': [18, 112, 126, 183, 432, 488, 566, 624, 643], 'penetrate': [19], 'commercial': [20], 'markets.': [21], 'Two-phase': [22], 'flow': [23, 45, 52, 61, 76, 89, 96, 117, 130, 172, 203, 218, 243, 257, 263, 274, 297, 308, 319, 409, 439, 453, 460, 465, 510, 525, 529, 573, 602, 639, 654, 682, 712], 'pressure': [24, 62, 70, 90, 118, 131, 137, 173, 204, 258, 264, 309, 314, 574, 629, 632, 644, 707], 'drop': [25, 63, 71, 132, 138, 174, 265, 633, 645, 708], 'may': [26], 'be': [27, 373, 686], 'considered': [28, 431], 'an': [29, 80, 135, 222, 581], 'in-situ': [30, 85, 570, 673], 'diagnostic': [31], 'tool': [32], 'that': [33, 65, 294, 378], 'can': [34, 66, 372], 'reveal': [35], 'the': [36, 48, 69, 108, 128, 141, 242, 272, 282, 306, 333, 359, 379, 392, 397, 426, 434, 448, 458, 474, 484, 489, 494, 515, 528, 540, 653, 666], 'amount': [37], 'accumulating': [41], 'in': [42, 72, 92, 162, 290, 322, 341, 388, 417, 423, 483, 506, 527, 580, 588, 596, 713, 735], 'reactant': [44], 'channel.': [46, 530], 'While': [47], 'two-phase': [51, 60, 88, 116, 129, 171, 202, 256, 262, 307, 572, 710, 733], 'has': [53, 599], 'been': [54], 'studied': [55, 405], 'extensively,': [56], 'having': [57], 'reliable': [59], 'model': [64, 133, 275, 320, 380, 475, 495, 541, 561, 689], 'accurately': [67], 'predict': [68], 'PEM': [73, 93, 144, 583, 592], 'channels': [77, 97, 655], 'is': [78, 656], 'still': [79], 'issue.': [81], 'In': [82, 350, 564, 641], 'this': [83, 156, 163, 197, 597], 'study,': [84], 'and': [86, 100, 148, 153, 193, 236, 276, 354, 368, 384, 411, 470, 479, 499, 523, 559, 650, 672, 706, 718], 'ex-situ': [87, 149, 199, 255, 567, 671], 'drops': [91, 119, 205, 259, 575], 'are': [98, 111, 165, 269, 279, 325, 356, 576], 'measured': [99, 115, 207, 254, 579], 'compared': [101, 327, 487], 'with': [102, 120, 246, 260, 328, 396, 605, 620, 652, 659], 'existing': [103, 121], 'models.': [104, 266, 461, 492], 'The': [105, 158, 286, 316, 401, 420, 591, 696], 'objectives': [106], 'current': [109], 'study': [110, 598], 'compare': [113], 'experimentally': [114, 169, 253], 'models': [122, 159, 187, 298], 'well': [124], 'improve': [127], 'for': [134, 140, 155, 175, 190, 455, 550, 688], 'accurate': [136], 'prediction': [139, 394], 'application': [142], 'cell.': [146], 'In-situ': [147], 'experiments': [150], 'were': [151, 188, 206], 'conducted': [152], 'analyzed': [154], 'purpose.': [157], 'focused': [160], 'on': [161, 168, 238, 271, 281, 701], 'work': [164], 'all': [166], 'based': [167, 270, 280], 'determined': [170], 'channel': [176, 219, 244, 699], 'hydraulic': [177], 'diameters': [178], 'ranging': [179], 'from': [180, 221, 347, 375], '0.15': [181], 'mm': [182, 214, 217, 607, 610, 636], '12': [184], 'mm.': [185], 'These': [186], 'developed': [189], 'various': [191], 'applications': [192], 'fluid/gas': [194], 'combinations.': [195], 'For': [196, 531], 'study’s': [198], 'experiments,': [200], 'liquid-gas': [201, 571], 'over': [208], '20': [209], 'cm': [210], '2': [213, 538, 556], 'x': [215, 467, 471, 608], '1': [216, 250, 292, 346, 377, 606, 609, 750], 'machined': [220, 613], 'aluminum': [223], 'plate.': [224], 'Water': [225], 'was': [226, 403], 'injected': [227], 'through': [228, 614], 'Toray': [230], '(TGP-060)': [231], 'gas': [232], 'diffusion': [233], 'layer': [234], '(GDL)': [235], 'emerged': [237], 'its': [239], 'surface': [240], 'within': [241, 365], 'supplied': [245], 'air': [247, 413, 443, 521, 524, 533, 552], 'flow.': [248], 'Fig.': [249, 291, 323, 342, 376, 389, 418, 512, 589], 'compares': [251], '108': [252], 'nine': [261], 'Figures': [267], 'a-g': [268], 'separated': [273, 296, 318, 459], 'figures': [277], 'h-i': [278], 'homogeneous': [283, 300], 'equilibrium': [284, 301], 'model.': [285], 'general': [287], 'trend': [288], 'observed': [289, 374], 'suggests': [293], 'although': [295], 'outperform': [299], 'models,': [302], 'they': [303], 'mostly': [304], 'under-predict': [305], 'drop,': [310], 'especially': [311], 'at': [312, 406, 436, 450, 518], 'lower': [313], 'drops.': [315], 'seven': [317, 600], 'shown': [321, 338, 387, 416, 422, 587], '1a-g': [324], 'further': [326, 404], 'each': [329, 437, 456, 604], 'other': [330, 490], 'by': [331, 339, 382, 477, 497, 543], 'defining': [332], 'mean': [334], 'absolute': [335], 'error': [336], '(MAE),': [337], 'λ': [340], '1,': [343], '(insert': [344], 'Equation': [345], 'JPG': [348], 'file)': [349], 'addition,': [351], 'ω,': [352], 'θ,': [353], 'ε': [355], 'defined': [357], 'percentage': [360], 'data': [362], 'points': [363], 'predicted': [364], '±10%,': [366], '±30%,': [367], '±50%,': [369], 'respectively.': [370], 'It': [371], 'proposed': [381, 476, 496, 542], 'Mishima': [383, 478, 558], 'Hibiki': [385, 480], '[2],': [386], '1c,': [390], 'reflects': [391], 'best': [393], 'capability': [395], 'lowest': [398, 485], 'MAE': [399, 402, 435, 449, 486, 505, 516], 'value.': [400], 'different': [407, 451, 519], 'mass': [408, 438, 452, 464, 509], 'qualities': [410, 454, 466], 'superficial': [412, 442, 520, 532, 551], 'velocities': [414, 522, 534, 553], '2.': [419], 'numbers': [421], 'parentheses': [424], 'indicate': [425], 'number': [427], 'experiment': [429], 'runs': [430], 'calculate': [433], 'quality': [440], 'or': [441], 'velocity.': [444], 'Fig': [445], '2a': [446], 'shows': [447, 514], 'Other': [462], 'than': [463, 537, 555], '=': [468, 472], '0.87': [469], '0.97,': [473], '[2]': [481, 562], 'resulted': [482], 'six': [491], 'However,': [493, 549], 'Saisorn': [498, 544], 'Wongwises': [500], '[1]': [501], 'showed': [502, 545], 'smaller': [504], 'two': [508, 638], 'qualities.': [511], '2b': [513], 'calculated': [517], 'rates': [526, 683], 'less': [536], 'm/s,': [539, 557], 'superior': [547], 'performance.': [548], 'greater': [554], "Hibiki's": [560], 'outperformed.': [563], 'addition': [565, 642], 'results,': [568], 'experimental': [569], 'also': [577, 657], 'being': [578], 'operating': [582], '3.': [590], 'used': [595], 'parallel': [601], 'channels,': [603], 'cross': [611], 'section,': [612], 'stainless': [615], 'steel': [616], 'bipolar': [617], 'plates': [618], 'backed': [619], 'clear': [621], 'polycarbonate': [622], 'sheets': [623], 'visualize': [625], 'water.': [626], 'Two': [627], 'high-precision': [628], 'transducers': [630], 'measure': [631], 'along': [634], '80': [635], 'channels.': [640], 'measurement,': [646], 'accumulation': [649], 'transport': [651], 'recorded': [658], 'CCD': [661], 'camera': [662], 'mounted': [663], 'directly': [664], 'above': [665], 'cathode.': [667], 'A': [668], 'combination': [669], 'results': [674], 'will': [675, 685], 'cover': [676], 'large': [678], 'range': [679], 'liquid/gas': [681], 'which': [684], 'useful': [687], 'validation.': [690], 'References:': [691], 'S.': [692, 694], 'Saisorn,': [693], 'Wongwises,': [695], 'effects': [697], 'diameter': [700, 737], 'ow': [702, 734], 'pattern,': [703], 'void': [704], 'fraction': [705], 'air-water': [711, 732], 'circular': [714], 'micro-channels,': [715], 'Experimental': [716], 'Thermal': [717], 'Fluid': [719], 'Science': [720], '34': [721], '(4)': [722, 746], '(2010)': [723], '454-462.': [724], 'K.': [725], 'Mishima,': [726], 'T.': [727], 'Hibiki,': [728], 'Some': [729], 'characteristics': [730], 'small': [736], 'vertical': [738], 'tubes,': [739], 'International': [740], 'Journal': [741], 'Multiphase': [743], 'Flow': [744], '22': [745], '(1996)': [747], '703-712.': [748], 'Figure': [749]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2921991806', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 2}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-09T23:19:51.890654', 'created_date': '2019-03-22'}