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673, 2608, 2857, 2910, 2944, 2957], 'is': [423, 491, 754, 768, 785, 793, 804, 809, 862, 887, 905, 937, 979, 1012, 1053, 1089, 1099, 1111, 1183, 1199, 1451, 2127, 2138, 2146, 2170, 2454], 'abraded': [424], 'particles': [426], 'than': [428, 477, 548, 592, 608, 672, 712, 864, 907, 1126, 1150, 1202, 1610, 1642, 1652, 1722, 1817, 1828, 1863, 1931, 2033, 2057, 2318], 'tissue.': [430], 'These': [431, 716, 1604], 'results': [432, 634, 648], 'have': [433, 601, 832, 1227, 2397], 'important': [434], 'implications': [435, 2548, 2955], 'paleontologists,': [437], 'biotribologists': [438], 'clinicians': [441], 'alike.': [442], 'It': [443, 2169], 'was': [444, 533, 1065, 1339, 1366, 1421, 1443, 1591, 1639, 1720, 1814, 1929, 2030, 2402], 'argued': [445, 573], 'because': [447, 720, 1114], 'crystallites': [449], 'are': [450, 552, 628, 635, 670, 718, 1212, 1220, 1265, 1606, 1627, 1737, 1802, 1946, 2055, 2114, 2314, 2355, 2486, 2630, 3092], 'glued': [451], 'together': [452], 'proteins,': [454], 'tissue': [455], 'removal': [456], 'requires': [457], 'only': [458, 799, 990, 1848, 2051], 'contact': [460, 488, 702, 736, 767, 780, 798, 899, 910, 915, 1080, 1086, 1109, 1144, 1169, 1175, 1188, 1193, 1233, 2155, 2180, 2218, 2703], 'pressure': [461, 778, 900, 1110, 1194, 2156, 2219], 'be': [462, 746, 962, 996, 1154], 'sufficient': [463, 2157], 'break': [465, 2159], 'the': [466, 538, 575, 596, 678, 721, 724, 739, 742, 755, 758, 775, 786, 801, 857, 860, 865, 869, 878, 891, 896, 903, 908, 918, 922, 945, 949, 971, 1009, 1034, 1039, 1043, 1050, 1059, 1063, 1078, 1143, 1174, 1186, 1191, 1197, 1203, 1207, 1225, 1232, 1245, 1257, 1269, 1273, 1294, 1314, 1321, 1358, 1361, 1364, 1373, 1382, 1412, 1417, 1459, 1521, 1537, 1545, 1562, 1594, 1618, 1633, 1636, 1645, 1665, 1706, 1713, 1717, 1766, 1793, 1808, 1811, 1820, 1841, 1844, 1874, 1915, 1922, 1926, 1996, 2000, 2019, 2027, 2066, 2080, 2094, 2125, 2141, 2160, 2167, 2176, 2187, 2192, 2201, 2231, 2236, 2242, 2260, 2263, 2277, 2298, 2326, 2358, 2375, 2380, 2387, 2405, 2418, 2426, 2431, 2438, 2463, 2467, 2470, 2481, 2634, 2644, 2787, 2919, 3006, 3069, 3073, 3076, 3087], 'protein': [467, 2161], 'bonds': [468, 2162], 'holding': [469], 'nanofibres': [471], 'together,': [472], 'so': [473, 1190], 'materials': [475, 563, 2272], '(i.e.': [479], 'aluminium': [480, 576, 665, 699, 1306, 1463, 1492, 1522, 1564, 1619, 1671, 1718, 1729, 2264, 2303, 2333], 'brass)': [482], 'can': [483, 500, 745, 989, 1153, 2062, 2103], 'transmit': [486], 'such': [487], 'pressures.': [489], 'This': [490, 1002, 2137, 3050], 'consistent': [492, 553, 2139], 'with': [493, 514, 554, 639, 823, 874, 925, 1167, 1222, 1289, 1429, 1454, 1474, 1596, 2140, 2183, 2547], 'previous': [494, 556], 'reports': [495], 'microfracture': [497], 'occur': [501], 'without': [502], 'plastic': [503, 893, 2173], 'deformation': [504, 2174], '[3],': [505], 'friction': [508], 'readily': [509], 'leads': [510], 'wear': [512, 566, 969, 2065, 2145, 2193, 2546, 2604, 2665], 'debris': [513, 2229], 'microcrack': [515], 'propagation': [516], '[4].Van': [517], '[5],': [521], 'however,': [522], 'suggested': [524], 'in': [525, 542, 637, 682, 695, 738, 814, 829, 932, 1297, 1320, 1452, 1458, 1629, 1716, 1739, 1752, 1804, 1925, 1948, 1961, 1995, 2045, 2083, 2093, 2200, 2241, 2253, 2345, 2357, 2666, 2836, 2856, 2867, 2914, 2949], 'journal': [527], "al.'s": [531, 623, 642, 661, 1106], 'model': [532, 558, 2542], 'overly': [534], 'simplistic,': [535], 'used': [541, 578, 723, 997, 1229, 1319], 'their': [543, 632, 696, 830, 1471], 'study': [544, 697, 1292, 2354], 'were': [545, 583, 1287, 1311, 1379, 1425, 1467, 1486, 1501, 1649, 1824, 1993, 2273], 'actually': [546, 600, 636], 'enamel,': [549, 593, 674, 2270, 2332], 'therefore': [551], 'mechanical': [557, 2700], '[6]': [559], 'suggesting': [560], 'not': [565, 1858, 2050, 2128, 2147], 'tooth': [567, 2269, 2545, 2667], 'crowns.': [568], 'Van': [569, 1103, 2623], 'balls': [577, 669, 1493, 1523, 1539, 1565, 1620, 1672, 1719, 1730, 1769, 1783, 1795, 1846, 1861, 1881, 1928, 1939, 1976, 2029, 2054], 'surfaced': [584], 'thin': [587], 'rough': [588], 'oxide': [589, 743], 'layer': [590, 1638, 1667, 1813, 1876], 'brass': [597, 667, 1465, 1496, 1538, 1768, 1782, 1794, 1845, 1880, 1927, 1938, 1975, 2001, 2028, 2205, 2232, 2266, 2305, 2308, 2335, 2338], 'ball': [598, 2206, 2233, 2339], 'surfaces': [599, 1473], 'hardness': [602, 627, 683, 1211, 1335, 1415, 1418, 1438, 1542, 1559, 1590, 1634, 1663, 1704, 1710, 1763, 1779, 1809, 1842, 1872, 1913, 1919, 1972, 2017, 2023, 2151, 2261, 2300, 2729, 2759], 'values': [603, 717, 1374, 1455, 1560, 1605, 1616, 1727, 1764, 1791, 1936, 2301], 'comparable': [604], 'or': [606, 2134], 'higher': [607, 863, 883, 1201, 1641, 1816], 'due': [610, 1253], 'work': [612, 1855, 2132], 'hardening': [613, 1856, 2133], 'during': [614, 877, 890, 1272], 'manufacture.': [615], 'We': [616, 645], 'here': [617], 'show': [618, 2287], 'calculations': [624, 943], 'sphere': [626], 'erroneous': [629, 719], 'line': [638], 'original': [643, 662, 1299, 1322, 2482, 3088], 'arguments.': [644], 'also': [646, 1113, 1216, 1825], 'present': [647], 'new': [650, 933, 1753, 1962, 2046, 2254, 2346, 2641], 'experiments': [651, 831], 'offer': [653], 'additional': [654], 'empirical': [655], 'confirm': [658, 1007, 1411, 2049], 'assertion': [663], 'yet': [675], 'still': [676], 'tissue.2.': [680], 'Errors': [681], 'estimates': [684, 1209], 'al.Van': [689], 'indicate': [693, 2225], 'spheres,': [700, 2095, 2304, 2306], '‘average': [701], 'pressures': [703], 'typically': [704, 980, 1267], 'rose': [705], 'above': [706], '5': [707, 1531], 'GPa…': [708], 'levels': [710], 'greater': [711], '10': [713, 2561], 'GPa’': [714], '[5].': [715, 761], 'authors': [722, 731, 904, 1198, 2390], 'wrong': [725], 'formula': [726, 789], 'calculate': [728, 999, 1231, 1541], 'them.': [729], 'The': [730, 954, 973, 1235, 1437, 1574, 1709, 1778, 1918, 2022, 2460, 2943, 3066], 'indicated,': [732], '‘the': [733, 764], 'radius': [734, 756, 796, 926, 1010, 1061, 1117, 2704], 'plane': [740], 'surface': [744, 1668, 1877, 2202], 'approximated': [747], 'as': [748, 781, 808, 1073, 1091, 1156, 1317, 1445], '=': [750, 791, 846, 850, 928, 1030, 1075, 1093, 1119, 1158, 1386, 1391, 1396, 1401, 1406], '(Rd)0.5,': [751], 'where': [752, 783, 848], 'R': [753, 927, 1074, 1094, 1118], 'indenter': [759, 861, 977], 'tip’': [760], 'They': [762], 'continued,': [763], 'area': [765, 1145, 1176, 1998], 'πa2,': [769], 'thus': [770], 'giving': [771], 'an': [772, 976, 992, 1020, 2446, 2768, 2808], 'expression': [773], 'calculated': [776, 1090, 1155, 1266], 'average': [777, 898, 1085, 1192], 'F/πdR,': [782], 'F': [784], 'force’': [787], '[5].The': [788], '(Rd)0.5': [792], 'correct': [794], 'when': [800, 856], 'indentation': [802, 834, 875, 880, 952, 1359, 1432, 1477, 1506, 1569, 1576, 1580, 1589, 1676, 1773, 1885, 1986, 2279, 2294, 2299, 2327, 2738], 'process': [803, 988, 1274], 'fully': [805, 892], 'elastic.': [806], 'However,': [807, 855], 'evident': [810], 'from': [811, 1033, 1250, 1282, 1313, 1583, 1599, 1785, 1849], 'figure': [812, 1134, 1630, 1805], '1b': [813], 'al.,': [818, 1072, 1133], 'three': [819, 1491, 1495, 1563, 1670, 1707, 1767, 1879, 1916], 'four': [821], 'indentations': [822, 1424, 1485, 1500, 1714, 1923], 'maximum': [824, 1431, 1476, 1505, 1568, 1575, 1675, 1772, 1884, 1985], 'depths': [825, 835, 1626, 1736, 1801, 1945], '45–50': [827], 'nm': [828, 1121, 1128, 1152], 'residual': [833], '30–35': [837], 'nm.': [838, 1102], 'Hernot': [839, 2684], '[7]': [842], 'demonstrated': [843], 'a2': [845], '2c2dR,': [847], 'c2': [849, 872, 886], '0.5': [851], 'elastic': [853, 2731], 'indentation.': [854, 2708], 'stress': [858, 867], 'under': [859, 1566, 1731, 1770, 1940, 2179, 2217, 2290, 2466, 3072], 'yield': [866], 'indented': [870, 1468], 'material,': [871], 'increases': [873], 'depth': [876, 916, 1081, 1124, 1148, 1170, 1577, 2698], 'elastic–plastic': [879], 'phase.': [881, 894], 'For': [882, 1136], 'indention': [884], 'depths,': [885], 'again': [888, 1815, 2031, 2285], 'constant': [889], 'Therefore,': [895, 1042, 1224], 'estimated': [897], 'reported': [901, 1066, 1195, 1456, 1612], 'larger': [906, 1125, 1149], 'actual': [909, 1187, 1204], 'pressure.': [911, 1234], 'Figure': [912, 1656, 1865, 2195, 2322], '1.': [913], 'Effective': [914], 'within': [917], 'spherical': [919, 964, 2707], 'part': [920], 'Berkovich': [923, 950, 959, 1017, 1141, 1218, 1242, 1251, 1354], 'tip': [924, 960, 978, 1011, 1018, 1064, 1258, 1276, 1365], '150': [929, 1015, 1076, 1120], 'nm.Download': [930], 'figureOpen': [931, 1751, 1960, 2044, 2252, 2344], 'tabDownload': [934, 1754, 1963, 2047, 2255, 2347], 'PowerPointThis': [935], 'error': [936], 'compounded': [938], 'incorrect': [940], 'assumptions': [941], 'regarding': [942], 'given': [944, 965, 1380, 1622, 1797], 'irregular': [946], 'shape': [947, 974, 1362], 'diamond': [951, 1355], 'tip.': [953, 972, 1356], 'pointed': [955], 'end': [956], 'cannot': [961, 995], 'considered': [963], 'manufacturing': [966], 'tolerances': [967], 'calibrated': [981, 1367], 'fused': [983, 1370], 'quartz': [984, 1371], 'samples,': [985], 'but': [986, 2059], 'produce': [991], 'area-depth': [993], 'curve—it': [994], 'curvature': [1000, 1060], 'radius.': [1001], 'makes': [1003], 'it': [1004], 'impossible': [1005], '(as': [1013], 'reported)': [1014], 'nm.The': [1016], 'included': [1021], 'angle': [1022, 1028, 1044], '142.3°': [1024], 'half': [1027], '65.27°,': [1031], 'measured': [1032, 1444, 1715, 1924], 'axis': [1035, 1047], 'one': [1037, 2212], 'pyramid': [1040, 1051], 'flats.': [1041], 'relative': [1048], 'ridge': [1052], '77.03°': [1054], '(figure': [1055, 1839, 2109, 2282], '1).': [1056], 'Even': [1057, 1832], 'if': [1058], 'correctly': [1067], 'nm,': [1077, 1173, 1587], 'valid': [1079], 'd': [1082, 1092], 'calculating': [1084], 'pressure,': [1087], 'which': [1088, 1450, 2476, 3082], '×': [1095, 1160, 1162, 1164, 1388, 1393, 1398, 1403, 1408], '[1': [1096], '−': [1097], 'sin(77.03°)]': [1098], 'approximately': [1100], '3.8': [1101, 1127, 1151], 'estimate': [1107, 1177], 'invalid': [1112], 'they': [1115, 2061], 'use': [1116], 'at': [1122, 1146, 1256, 1503, 1621, 1673, 1796, 1882, 1983, 2186, 2457], '(see': [1129, 1278], '1c).': [1135], 'pristine,': [1138], 'perfectly': [1139], 'tooled': [1140], 'tip,': [1142], 'A': [1157, 2831, 2995], '[d': [1159], 'tan(77.03°)]2': [1161], '1.5': [1163], 'cos(30°).': [1165], 'Hence,': [1166], '50': [1172, 1509], 'about': [1184], 'one-third': [1185], 'area,': [1189], '3x': [1200], 'value': [1205], 'resulting': [1208], 'grossly': [1213], 'inaccurate.We': [1214], 'note': [1215], 'tips': [1219], 'blunted': [1221], 'use.': [1223], 'formulaA=24.5hc2+C1hc+C2hc1/2+C3hc1/4+C4hc1/8+C5hc1/16should': [1226], 'been': [1228], 'lead': [1236], 'term': [1237], '24.5hc2': [1238], 'describes': [1239], 'perfect': [1241], 'indenter,': [1243], 'whereas': [1244], 'other': [1246], 'terms': [1247, 2468, 3074], 'describe': [1248], 'deviations': [1249], 'geometry': [1252], 'blunting': [1255], '[8].': [1259], 'Values': [1260], 'C1': [1262, 1376, 1385], 'through': [1263, 1377], 'C5': [1264, 1378, 1405], 'nanoindentor': [1270], 'system': [1271, 1383], 'calibration': [1277], 'below).3.': [1279], 'Experimental/empirical': [1280], 'verificationResults': [1281], '[2]': [1286, 1748, 1957, 2041, 2249], 'verified': [1288], 'further': [1290, 2070], 'using': [1293, 1352, 1368, 2075, 2733], 'methods': [1295], 'described': [1296, 2082], 'paper.': [1300], 'Brass': [1301], '(1.8': [1302], 'mm': [1303, 1308], 'diameter)': [1304, 1309], '(3.0': [1307], 'obtained': [1312], 'same': [1315, 2077, 2278], 'manufacturer': [1316], 'those': [1318, 1611, 1653, 1829], 'studies': [1323], 'both': [1325, 1544, 1648, 1823], 'Indentation': [1334], 'these': [1337, 1781, 1860, 2076, 2271], 'determined': [1340, 1592], 'nanoindentation': [1343, 1554, 1758], 'tester': [1344], '(T750,': [1345], 'Hysitron': [1346], 'Inc.,': [1347], 'Eden': [1348], 'Prairie,': [1349], 'MN,': [1350], 'USA)': [1351], 'Before': [1357], 'tests,': [1360], 'sample,': [1372], 'as:': [1384], '1.9217': [1387], '104,': [1389], 'C2': [1390], '−1.0432': [1392], '106,': [1394], 'C3': [1395], '−2.1670': [1397, 1402], '107,': [1399, 1404], 'C4': [1400], '1.3398': [1407], '107.': [1409], 'To': [1410], 'accuracy': [1413], 'measurements,': [1416], 'tested.': [1422], 'Thirty': [1423], 'made': [1426, 1487, 1502], 'force': [1433, 1478, 1507, 1570, 1677, 1774, 1886, 1987], '250': [1435, 1480, 1511, 1527, 1572, 1679, 1776, 1888, 1989], 'µN.': [1436, 1481, 1573, 1680, 1777, 1889, 1990], 'our': [1440], 'sample': [1442, 1685, 1692, 1699, 1894, 1901, 1908, 2007, 2013], '4.82': [1446], '±': [1447], '0.15': [1448], 'GPa,': [1449], 'accordance': [1453], 'previously': [1457], 'literature': [1460], '[9].': [1461], 'Both': [1462], 'orthogonal': [1469], 'outer': [1472, 1546, 1637, 1666, 1812, 1875], 'Ten': [1482], 'sets': [1483], 'each': [1489, 1579, 2025], 'balls.': [1497], 'In': [1498], 'addition,': [1499], 'µN,': [1510, 1512, 1514, 1526, 1528], '500': [1513], '1': [1515, 1686, 1895], 'mN': [1516, 1519, 1532, 1535], '8': [1518, 1534], '100': [1525], '2': [1529, 1693, 1902], 'mN,': [1530], 'inner': [1548, 1646, 1821], 'layers': [1549], 'each.Figure': [1551], '2a–d': [1552], 'shows': [1553, 1757], 'force–displacement': [1555, 1660, 1689, 1696, 1759, 1869, 1898, 1905, 1968, 2004, 2010], 'curves': [1556, 1661, 1683, 1690, 1697, 1760, 1870, 1892, 1899, 1906, 1969, 2005, 2011, 2328], 'corresponding': [1558, 1703, 1762, 1912, 1971, 2016], 'curve': [1581], 'ranged': [1582, 1784, 1847], '27': [1584], '80': [1586], 'instrument': [1595], 'range': [1598], '0.67': [1600], '2.7': [1602], 'GPa.': [1603, 1789, 2222], 'all': [1607, 1712, 1921, 2274, 2315], 'much': [1608, 1650, 1826, 2316], 'lower': [1609, 1651, 1721, 1827, 1930, 2032], 'enamel.': [1614, 1655, 1831, 1864, 2321, 2609], 'Hardness': [1615, 1726, 1790, 1935], 'normal': [1623, 1733, 1798, 1942], 'loads': [1624, 1734, 1799, 1943], 'illustrated': [1628, 1738, 1803, 1947], '2e,f.': [1631], 'Although': [1632, 1807], 'indeed': [1640], 'layer,': [1647, 1822], '2.': [1657], 'Detection': [1658, 1867, 1966], '(a)': [1681, 1890, 1991], 'Force–displacement': [1682, 1891], '(S1);': [1687, 1896], '(b)': [1688, 1897, 2003], '(S2);': [1694, 1903], '(c)': [1695, 1904, 2009], '3': [1700, 1909], '(S3);': [1701, 1910], '(d)': [1702, 1911, 2015], 'samples.': [1708, 1917, 2021], '(blue': [1724, 1933, 2035], 'line).': [1725, 1934, 2036], 'different': [1732, 1941], '(e)': [1740, 1949], '(f),': [1742, 1951], 'respectively.': [1743, 1952], 'See': [1744, 1953, 2037, 2245], 'methods.Download': [1750, 1959, 2043, 2251], 'PowerPointFigure': [1755, 1964], '3a–d': [1756], '2.23': [1786], '3.79': [1788], '3e,f.': [1806], 'after': [1833, 1977, 2116, 2207, 2310, 2340], '60': [1834, 1978, 2208, 2311, 2341], 'scratch': [1835, 1997, 2071, 2120, 2312], 'cycles': [1836, 1979, 2209, 2313, 2342], 'against': [1837, 1981], '4),': [1840], '2.61': [1850], '4.08': [1852], 'GPa—suggesting': [1853], 'does': [1857], 'make': [1859], '3.': [1866], '4.': [1965], 'two': [1974, 2020], 'scratching': [1980, 2216], 'Indentations': [1992], 'located': [1994], 'balls;': [2002], '1;': [2008], '2;': [2014], 'PowerPointTo': [2048], 'tissue,': [2067], 'we': [2068], 'conducted': [2069], 'tests': [2072], 'following': [2079], 'method': [2081], '[2].': [2087], 'Experiments': [2088], 'revealed': [2089], 'chips': [2090, 2113, 2198], 'clearly': [2091, 2122, 2286], 'embedded': [2092, 2199], 'demonstrating': [2096], 'beyond': [2097], 'doubt': [2098], '5).': [2110], 'Indeed,': [2111], 'detected': [2115], 'even': [2117, 2289], 'single': [2119], 'cycle,': [2121], 'indicating': [2123], 'effect': [2126], 'result': [2130], 'fatigue': [2135], 'wear.': [2136], 'notion': [2142], 'predicated': [2148], 'abrasive': [2150, 2869], 'but,': [2152], 'rather,': [2153], 'hold': [2164], 'nanoparticles': [2165], 'surface.': [2168], 'possible': [2171], 'load,': [2181, 2870], 'along': [2182], 'metal': [2184], 'fragments': [2185], 'sliding': [2188], 'interface,': [2189], 'contributed': [2190], 'observed.': [2194], '5.': [2196], 'Enamel': [2197], '(a–c)': [2210], 'cycle': [2213], '(d–f)': [2214], '1.61': [2221], 'SEM': [2223], 'images': [2224], 'locations': [2226], 'confirmed': [2234], 'Ca': [2237], 'P': [2239, 2805], 'peaks': [2240], 'EDX': [2243], 'spectrum.': [2244], 'PowerPointFinally,': [2256], 'compare': [2258], 'directly': [2259], 'balls,': [2265, 2267], 'exposed': [2275], 'loading': [2280], 'conditions': [2281], '6).': [2283], 'Results': [2284], 'very': [2292], 'low': [2293], 'load': [2295, 2734], '(250': [2296], 'µN),': [2297], 'smaller': [2317], '6.': [2323], 'Comparisons': [2324], 'hardnesses': [2330], 'ball,': [2334, 2336], 'drag.Download': [2343], 'PowerPointData': [2348], 'accessibilityAll': [2349], 'data': [2350], 'gathered': [2351], 'text,': [2359], 'figures': [2360], 'electronic': [2362], 'supplementary': [2363, 2452], "materials.Authors'": [2364], 'contributionsJ.X.,': [2365], 'Z.Z.,': [2366], 'L.Q.': [2367, 2383], 'P.S.U.': [2369, 2385], 'conceived': [2370], 'of,': [2371], 'designed': [2372], 'coordinated': [2374], 'study;': [2376], 'J.X.': [2377], 'carried': [2378], 'out': [2379], 'experiments;': [2381], 'J.X.,': [2382], 'wrote': [2386], 'manuscript.': [2388], 'All': [2389], 'gave': [2391], 'final': [2392], 'approval': [2393], 'publication.Competing': [2395], 'interestsWe': [2396], 'no': [2398], 'competing': [2399], 'interests.FundingThis': [2400], 'project': [2401], 'supported': [2403], 'National': [2406, 2920], 'Science': [2407, 2424, 3049], 'Foundation': [2408], '(grant': [2411], 'nos': [2412], '51535010,': [2413], '51527901': [2414], '51805226).AcknowledgementsWe': [2416], 'thank': [2417], 'editors': [2419], 'Royal': [2421, 2464, 3020, 3070], 'opportunity': [2427], 'comment': [2429, 3013], 'paper': [2436], 'reviewers': [2439], 'helpful': [2441], 'constructive': [2443], 'comments': [2444, 2788], 'earlier': [2447], 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