Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2801283292', 'doi': None, 'title': 'Technical, Pure Technical and Scale Efficiency: A Non-Parametric Approach of Pakistans Insurance and Takaful Industry', 'display_name': 'Technical, Pure Technical and Scale Efficiency: A Non-Parametric Approach of Pakistans Insurance and Takaful Industry', 'publication_year': 2018, 'publication_date': '2018-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2801283292', 'mag': '2801283292'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.abacademies.org/articles/Technical-Pure-Technical-and-Scale-Efficiency-1528-2635-22-SI-149.pdf', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764672172', 'display_name': 'Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies journal', 'issn_l': '1096-3685', 'issn': ['1096-3685'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315810', 'host_organization_name': 'Allied Academies', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315810', 'https://openalex.org/P4310320466'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Allied Academies', 'OMICS Publishing Group'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': [], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5050853588', 'display_name': 'Che Azlan Taib', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1543-8593'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Che Azlan Taib', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5032790288', 'display_name': 'Muhammad Saleem Ashraf', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5116-3585'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Muhammad Saleem Ashraf', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5058226328', 'display_name': 'Mohd Shahril Ahmad Razimi', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9306-4091'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Mohd. 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'https://openalex.org/W2467968975', 'https://openalex.org/W2185013382', 'https://openalex.org/W2182097118', 'https://openalex.org/W1896878202', 'https://openalex.org/W133363126'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'In': [0], 'this': [1, 220, 709], 'modern': [2], 'era': [3], 'of': [4, 12, 37, 39, 59, 64, 117, 132, 146, 156, 174, 186, 208, 217, 233, 301, 345, 349, 357, 364, 402, 447, 477, 501, 541, 545, 571, 611, 619, 625, 657, 673, 688, 708, 716, 745, 752, 764, 775, 803, 808, 818, 823, 827, 836, 839, 862, 884, 903, 909, 914, 939, 994, 998, 1010, 1017, 1052, 1064, 1067, 1121, 1124, 1140, 1144, 1176, 1185, 1229, 1237, 1249, 1301, 1309, 1323, 1338, 1341, 1380, 1383, 1395, 1402, 1417, 1428], 'advanced': [5], 'technology,': [6], 'financial': [7, 18, 57, 66, 86, 104, 107, 115, 135, 200, 213, 238, 312, 513, 555, 760], 'sector': [8, 19, 533, 556, 641, 701, 718, 761, 1179], 'becomes': [9], 'a': [10, 231, 506, 670, 801, 813, 879, 1065, 1246], 'backbone': [11], 'each': [13], 'and': [14, 123, 137, 150, 199, 211, 226, 247, 256, 260, 268, 274, 287, 296, 307, 330, 362, 373, 390, 421, 436, 496, 518, 523, 568, 592, 597, 616, 648, 654, 664, 704, 724, 739, 749, 787, 796, 830, 842, 850, 854, 860, 870, 896, 905, 918, 930, 936, 952, 964, 967, 969, 975, 980, 1001, 1015, 1034, 1042, 1055, 1058, 1080, 1100, 1106, 1109, 1111, 1118, 1127, 1134, 1148, 1152, 1170, 1189, 1196, 1205, 1242, 1252, 1277, 1281, 1291, 1313, 1325, 1330, 1358, 1374, 1386, 1404, 1412], 'every': [15], 'economy.': [16], 'The': [17, 56, 347], 'is': [20, 33, 318, 325, 341, 353, 381, 440, 450, 462, 650, 762, 1156, 1162, 1221], 'playing': [21], 'its': [22, 54, 327, 333, 383, 425, 612], 'significant': [23], 'role': [24], 'in': [25, 102, 143, 283, 369, 371, 376, 385, 393, 419, 479, 486, 494, 509, 530, 548, 603, 633, 644, 646, 747, 770, 782, 1046, 1180, 1202, 1213, 1225, 1390, 1408], 'mitigating': [26], 'the': [27, 31, 34, 40, 44, 50, 62, 65, 77, 82, 96, 103, 114, 129, 133, 144, 147, 157, 169, 194, 197, 206, 209, 299, 302, 343, 354, 360, 399, 416, 445, 457, 475, 489, 510, 512, 531, 551, 559, 569, 607, 626, 655, 658, 683, 700, 714, 736, 759, 765, 771, 779, 794, 806, 809, 821, 824, 834, 837, 844, 847, 873, 885, 888, 901, 912, 920, 926, 934, 944, 954, 982, 992, 995, 999, 1008, 1011, 1037, 1044, 1047, 1050, 1062, 1071, 1077, 1089, 1093, 1115, 1122, 1138, 1141, 1174, 1177, 1183, 1191, 1203, 1207, 1214, 1230, 1235, 1238, 1298, 1307, 1321, 1335, 1342, 1346, 1378, 1393, 1400, 1415, 1426, 1429], 'risk': [28, 32, 351], 'factors': [29], 'but': [30, 359, 488], 'main': [35], 'ingredient': [36], 'most': [38, 155, 173, 766], 'business': [41, 384, 529], 'ventures.': [42], 'On': [43], 'other': [45, 97, 394, 623, 1002], 'hand': [46], 'stock': [47], 'market': [48, 67, 1284], 'provides': [49], 'investment': [51], 'opportunities': [52], 'to': [53, 74, 127, 204, 298, 412, 415, 442, 526, 558, 681, 712, 741, 868, 882, 916, 959, 988, 1187, 1233, 1256, 1369], 'investors.': [55], 'chaos': [58], '2007-2008': [60], 'changed': [61], 'worldview': [63], '(Harrington,': [68], '2009).': [69], 'Thus,': [70], 'experts': [71, 201], 'are': [72, 100, 125, 161, 166, 177, 202, 240, 293, 314, 602, 667, 711, 800, 876, 1085, 1199, 1365], 'compelled': [73], 'think': [75], 'about': [76], 'alternative': [78, 90], 'system': [79, 91], 'rather': [80], 'than': [81, 95, 280, 387, 456, 925, 1088, 1287, 1425], 'conventional': [83, 171, 212, 281, 458, 1403], 'one.': [84], 'Islamic': [85, 106, 134, 158, 187, 210, 237, 311, 322, 337, 403, 468, 546, 582, 748, 1311, 1405], 'system,': [87], 'considered': [88], 'as': [89, 409, 639], 'got': [92], 'more': [93, 241, 278, 294, 386, 923, 1086, 1285], 'attention': [94], 'alternatives': [98], 'which': [99, 165, 454, 461], 'available': [101], 'market.': [105, 772], 'institutions': [108, 239, 282, 313], 'have': [109, 139, 630, 784], 'shown': [110, 140], 'their': [111, 141, 175, 528], 'resilience': [112], 'during': [113], 'distress': [116], '2007-2008.': [118], 'Financial': [119, 159, 469], 'gurus,': [120], 'experts,': [121], 'academicians': [122, 198], 'policymakers': [124], 'keen': [126], 'analyse': [128], 'different': [130, 148, 224, 228, 791, 848], 'dimensions': [131], 'systems': [136], 'they': [138, 1209, 1216], 'interest': [142], 'development': [145], 'products': [149, 164, 176], 'innovations': [151], '(Chapra,': [152, 192], '2011).': [153, 397], 'Currently': [154], 'Institutions': [160], 'launching': [162], 'new': [163, 608], 'compatible': [167, 583], 'with': [168, 431, 694, 878, 985], 'prevailing': [170], 'system;': [172], 'asset-based': [178], 'or': [179], 'Sharī’ah': [180], 'compliant.': [181], 'Almost': [182], '20%': [183], 'annual': [184], 'growth': [185, 300, 446, 938], 'finance': [188], 'has': [189, 424, 642], 'been': [190, 631, 785], 'observed': [191, 227, 277, 290, 320], '2008).\r\n\r\nIn': [193], 'current': [195], 'literature,': [196], 'trying': [203], 'compare': [205], 'performance': [207, 1416], 'institutions.': [214], 'A': [215, 773, 816], 'number': [216, 232, 774, 802, 817], 'studies': [218, 234, 656, 777, 804], 'discussed': [219], 'behaviour': [221, 1139], 'by': [222, 685, 719, 732, 947, 1069], 'using': [223, 727, 1036, 1070, 1294], 'methodologies': [225], 'findings.': [229], 'Quite': [230], 'found': [235, 252, 310, 843, 871, 919, 953, 981, 1043, 1081, 1129, 1153, 1190, 1282], 'that': [236, 291, 321, 444, 872, 1082, 1154, 1362, 1414], 'efficient,': [242, 1201], 'for': [243, 253, 264, 271, 553, 636, 669, 675, 758, 778, 846, 911, 1092, 1296, 1345, 1410], 'example,': [244], 'Azhar': [245], 'Rosly': [246], 'Afandi': [248], 'Abu': [249], 'Bakar': [250], '(2003)': [251], 'Malaysia,': [254, 284, 1253], '(El-Gamal': [255], 'Inanoglu': [257, 261], '(2004);': [258], 'El‐Gamal': [259], '(2005))': [262], 'estimated': [263, 820, 833, 857, 900, 933, 1334], 'Turkey,': [265], 'El': [266], 'Moussawi': [267], 'Obeid': [269], '(2011)': [270, 1060], 'GCC,': [272], 'Sufian': [273], 'Chong': [275], '(2008)': [276], 'efficient': [279, 924, 1087, 1159, 1164, 1286, 1367], 'Ul': [285], 'Haque': [286], 'Mirakhor': [288], '(1986)': [289], 'these': [292, 519, 753], 'stable': [295], 'contributing': [297], 'economy': [303], 'whereas': [304, 1160, 1212], 'Beck,': [305], 'Demirguc-Kunt': [306], 'Levine': [308], '(2010)': [309, 1293], 'comparatively': [315], 'cost': [316, 1299, 1336], 'effective.\r\n\r\nIt': [317], 'well': [319], 'banking': [323], 'industry': [324, 339, 423, 449, 460, 491, 590, 653, 811, 826, 891, 942, 978, 1103], 'passed': [326], 'infancy': [328], 'stage': [329], 'moving': [331], 'towards': [332], 'maturity,': [334], 'however,': [335], 'still': [336], 'insurance': [338, 358, 413, 459, 482, 490, 532, 780, 810, 825, 864, 890, 907, 941, 977, 996, 1012, 1102, 1142, 1178, 1324, 1343, 1384, 1406], '(Takaful)': [340], 'passing': [342], 'phase': [344], 'infancy.': [346], 'concept': [348, 363], 'cooperative': [350], 'sharing': [352], 'oldest': [355], 'form': [356], 'term': [361], 'takaful': [365, 380, 408, 448, 584, 589, 596, 600, 1220, 1239, 1261, 1304, 1326, 1363, 1418], 'were': [366, 484, 1217, 1264], 'first': [367], 'introduced': [368], 'Sudan': [370], '1979': [372], 'later': [374], 'on': [375, 562, 577, 1049, 1098], 'Saudi': [377, 405, 1269, 1356], 'Arabia.': [378], 'Now': [379], 'operating': [382, 877, 984, 1389], '22': [388], 'countries': [389, 1020, 1068, 1251, 1312], 'getting': [391], 'popularity': [392], 'regions': [395], '(Qureshi,': [396], 'Majma-al-Fiqh,': [398], 'Grand': [400], 'Council': [401, 544], 'Scholars,': [404], 'Arabia,': [406, 1270], 'approved': [407], 'an': [410, 581, 651], 'alternate': [411], 'according': [414, 557], 'shari’ah': [417, 560, 613], 'ruling': [418], '1985': [420], 'Takaful': [422, 640], 'global': [426], 'volume': [427], 'US': [428, 863, 1000, 1035], '$25': [429], 'billion': [430], 'only': [432, 463], '305': [433], 'takaful-retakaful': [434], 'operators': [435, 1262], 'windows.': [437], 'However,': [438], 'it': [439, 649], 'worthwhile': [441], 'note': [443], '12%': [451], 'per': [452, 465], 'annum': [453, 466], 'higher': [455], '4%': [464], '(Annual': [467], 'Services': [470], 'Industry': [471], 'Stability': [472], 'Report,': [473], '2017).\r\n\r\nAt': [474], 'time': [476, 674], 'independence': [478], '1947,': [480], '84': [481], 'companies': [483, 525, 691, 865, 908, 997, 1013, 1084, 1123, 1143, 1327, 1344, 1364, 1388, 1407, 1419], 'operative': [485], 'Pakistan': [487, 549, 572, 634, 645, 1391], 'was': [492, 505, 1317, 1423], 'nationalized': [493], '1972': [495], 'merged': [497], 'into': [498, 516, 702], 'State': [539], 'Life': [500], 'Pakistan.': [502, 676], 'However': [503], 'there': [504], 'major': [507], 'breakthrough': [508], '1990s,': [511], 'reforms': [514, 520], 'took': [515], 'place': [517], 'allowed': [521], 'private': [522], 'foreign': [524], 'establish': [527], '(Malik,': [534], 'Malik': [535], '&': [536], 'Faridi,': [537], '2011;': [538], 'Bank': [540], 'Pakistan,': [620], '2005).\r\n\r\nThe': [543], 'Ideology': [547], 'reviewed': [550], 'model': [552], 'Pakistan’s': [554], 'rulings,': [561], '29th': [563], 'April': [564], '1992': [565], '(Khan,': [566], '2016)': [567], 'Government': [570], 'issued': [573], '“Takaful': [574], 'Rules': [575], '2005″': [576], '3rd': [578], 'September': [579], '2005,': [580], 'operational': [585], 'model.': [586], 'Since': [587], 'then,': [588], 'established': [591], 'currently,': [593], 'two': [594, 790, 1267, 1271], 'family': [595], 'three': [598], 'general': [599], 'firms': [601, 841, 875, 983, 1091, 1305], 'operation.': [604], 'It': [605], 'attracts': [606], 'customers': [609], 'because': [610], 'compliance': [614], '(Securities': [615], 'Exchange': [617], 'Commission': [618], '2016).\r\n\r\nAlthough': [621], 'like': [622], 'parts': [624], 'world': [627], 'efficiency': [628, 746, 756, 776, 807, 835, 902, 935, 955, 1063, 1117, 1175, 1236, 1300, 1315, 1322, 1337, 1379, 1401], 'analysis': [629, 697, 1248], 'conducted': [632, 786], 'accounting': [635], 'Insurance': [637, 690, 717, 1421], 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'sectors.\r\n\r\nLiterature': [754], 'Review\r\nThe': [755], 'measurement': [757], 'one': [763, 1031, 1274], 'rapidly': [767], 'growing': [768], 'literature': [769], 'sector,': [781], 'particular,': [783], 'primarily': [788], 'employed': [789], 'approaches,': [792], 'namely,': [793], 'parametric': [795, 949], 'non-parametric': [797], 'approach.': [798], 'There': [799], 'measuring': [805], 'at': [812, 1206], 'country': [814], 'level.': [815], 'researchers': [819, 886, 990, 1231], 'US.': [828], 'Gardner': [829], 'Grace': [831], '(1993)': [832, 898], 'sample': [838, 1308], '561': [840], 'inefficiencies': [845], 'internal': [849], 'external': [851], 'factors.': [852], 'Cummins': [853, 929, 968], 'Xie': [855], '(2013)': [856, 1136, 1332], '781': [858], 'property': [859], 'liability': [861], '1993': [867], '2009': [869], 'maximum': [874, 1163], 'decreasing': [880, 986], 'return': [881, 987], 'scale.\r\n\r\nSome': [883, 989], 'studied': [887, 973, 1173], 'European': [889, 1003, 1019], 'Fecher,': [893], 'Kessler,': [894], 'Perelman': [895], 'Pestieau': [897], 'who': [899, 1333], 'life': [904, 927], 'non-life': [906, 921, 1303], 'France': [910], '1984': [915], '1989': [917], 'insurer': [922], 'insurers.': [928], 'Turchetti': [931], '(1996)': [932, 1006], 'productivity': [937], 'Italian': [940], 'through': [943], 'production': [945], 'frontier': [946], 'applying': [948], '(SFA)': [950], 'approach': [951], 'level': [956], 'between': [957, 1040, 1193], '70': [958], '78%.': [960], 'Noulas,': [961], 'Lazaridis,': [962], 'Hatzigayios': [963], 'Lyroudi': [965], '(2001)': [966, 972], 'Rubio': [970], 'Misas': [971], 'Greece': [974], 'Spanish': [976], 'simultaneously': [979], 'made': [991], 'comparison': [993], 'countries.': [1004, 1227], 'Rai': [1005], 'measured': [1007, 1061], 'X-efficiencies': [1009], '(life': [1014], 'non-life)': [1016], 'nine': [1018], '(France': [1021], 'Switzerland,': [1022], 'United': [1023], 'Kingdom,': [1024], 'Italy,': [1025], 'Netherlands,': [1026], 'Germany,': [1027], 'Denmark,': [1028], 'Finland,': [1029], 'Sweden,)': [1030], 'Asian': [1032, 1099], '(Japan)': [1033], 'SFA': [1038], 'technique': [1039], '1988-1992': [1041], 'variation': [1045], 'basis': [1051], 'size,': [1053], 'nature': [1054], 'location.': [1056], 'Kasman': [1057], 'Turgutlu': [1059], 'group': [1066], 'Stochastic': [1072], 'Cost': [1073, 1314], 'Frontier': [1074], '(SCF)': [1075], 'covering': [1076], '1995-2005': [1079], 'small': [1083], 'large': [1090], 'said': [1094], 'countries.\r\n\r\nSome': [1095], 'researcher': [1096, 1319], 'worked': [1097], 'African': [1101], 'Alhassan': [1105], 'Biekpe': [1107], '(2015)': [1108, 1376], 'Barros': [1110], 'Wanke': [1112], '(2014)': [1113, 1244], 'examined': [1114, 1399], 'technical': [1116, 1131, 1158], 'capacity': [1119], 'issues': [1120], 'South': [1125], 'Africa': [1126], 'Mozambique': [1128], 'high': [1130], 'inefficiency.': [1132], 'Huang': [1133], 'Eling': [1135], 'analysed': [1137], 'Brazil,': [1145], 'Russia,': [1146], 'India': [1147, 1155], 'China': [1149, 1181], '(BRIC': [1150], 'Economies)': [1151], 'less': [1157, 1218, 1366, 1424], 'Brazil': [1161], 'amongst': [1165], 'them.': [1166], 'Hu,': [1167], 'Zhang,': [1168], 'Hu': [1169], 'Zhu': [1171], '(2009)': [1172], 'over': [1182, 1392], '1999': [1186], '2004': [1188], 'relationship': [1192], 'ownership': [1194], 'structure': [1195], 'efficiency.': [1197], 'Firms': [1198], 'mixed': [1200], 'beginning': [1204], 'last,': [1208], 'perform': [1210], 'efficiently': [1211], 'middle': [1215], 'efficient.\r\n\r\nThe': [1219], 'mostly': [1222], 'being': [1223], 'used': [1224], 'Muslim': [1226], 'Some': [1228], 'tried': [1232], 'calculate': [1234], 'industry.': [1240, 1430], 'Miniaoui': [1241], 'Chaibi': [1243], 'presented': [1245], 'GCC': [1250, 1283], '20006': [1255], '2009.': [1257], 'They': [1258, 1360], 'selected': [1259], '12': [1260], '(three': [1263], 'UAE,': [1266], 'Qatar,': [1273, 1355], 'Bahrain': [1276], 'four': [1278], 'Malaysia)': [1280], 'Malaysia.': [1288], 'Kader,': [1289], 'Adams': [1290], 'Hardwick': [1292], 'DEA': [1295], '26': [1302], '10': [1310], 'score': [1316], '0.70.\r\n\r\nSome': [1318], 'computes': [1320], 'Singh': [1329], 'Zahran': [1331], 'both': [1339, 1381], 'types': [1340, 1382], 'eight': [1347], 'MENA': [1348], 'countries,': [1349], 'i.e.,': [1350], 'Bahrain,': [1351], 'Egypt,': [1352], 'Jordan,': [1353], 'Kuwait,': [1354], 'Arabia': [1357], 'Tunisia.': [1359], 'concluded': [1361, 1413], 'due': [1368], 'Shari’ah': [1370], 'compliant': [1371], 'products.': [1372], 'Janjua': [1373], 'Akmal': [1375], 'compared': [1377], '(conventional': [1385], 'Islamic)': [1387], '2006-2011.': [1396], 'Saad': [1397], '(2012)': [1398], 'Malaysia': [1409], '2007-2009': [1411], '(Islamic': [1420], 'Companies)': [1422], 'average': [1427]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2801283292', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-14T07:24:27.192263', 'created_date': '2018-05-17'}