Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2793367223', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2018.02.011', 'title': 'Organs-on-a-Chip: A Fast Track for Engineered Human Tissues in Drug Development', 'display_name': 'Organs-on-a-Chip: A Fast Track for Engineered Human Tissues in Drug Development', 'publication_year': 2018, 'publication_date': '2018-03-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2793367223', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2018.02.011', 'mag': '2793367223', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29499151', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5837068'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2018.02.011', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.cell.com/article/S1934590918300730/pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S128124174', 'display_name': 'Cell stem cell', 'issn_l': '1875-9777', 'issn': ['1875-9777', '1934-5909'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'publisher-specific-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'bronze', 'oa_url': 'http://www.cell.com/article/S1934590918300730/pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5075059377', 'display_name': 'Kacey Ronaldson-Bouchard', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I78577930', 'display_name': 'Columbia University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00hj8s172', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I78577930']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Kacey Ronaldson-Bouchard', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, NY 10032, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, NY 10032, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I78577930']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5078414342', 'display_name': 'Gordana Vunjak‐Novakovic', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9382-1574'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I78577930', 'display_name': 'Columbia University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00hj8s172', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I78577930']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, NY 10032, USA', 'Department of Medicine, Columbia University in the City of New York, NY 10032, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Medicine, Columbia University in the City of New York, NY 10032, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I78577930']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, NY 10032, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I78577930']}]}], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 9080, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 9080, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 8.125, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 532, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.998936, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '22', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '310', 'last_page': '324'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11190', 'display_name': '3D Bioprinting Technology', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2204', 'display_name': 'Biomedical Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11190', 'display_name': '3D Bioprinting Technology', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2204', 'display_name': 'Biomedical Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10505', 'display_name': 'Induction and Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells', 'score': 0.9965, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11601', 'display_name': 'Neural Interface Technology', 'score': 0.9902, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2804', 'display_name': 'Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/organ-on-a-chip', 'display_name': 'Organ-on-a-Chip', 'score': 0.666449}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-development', 'display_name': 'Drug development', 'score': 0.6090801}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/tissue-engineering', 'display_name': 'Tissue Engineering', 'score': 0.540016}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/human-disease', 'display_name': 'Human disease', 'score': 0.49351227}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C165932988', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7101746', 'display_name': 'Organ-on-a-chip', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6610332}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.6463841}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C64903051', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2198549', 'display_name': 'Drug development', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6090801}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2988867146', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136', 'display_name': 'Human disease', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.49351227}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C70721500', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005', 'display_name': 'Computational biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.40837908}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780035454', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386', 'display_name': 'Drug', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.3507447}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C171250308', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468', 'display_name': 'Nanotechnology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.19355953}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C98274493', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406', 'display_name': 'Pharmacology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.16908446}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C192562407', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736', 'display_name': 'Materials science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C8673954', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138845', 'display_name': 'Microfluidics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C55493867', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104317684', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187', 'display_name': 'Gene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D023822', 'descriptor_name': 'Tissue Engineering', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001812', 'descriptor_name': 'Blood-Brain Barrier', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000076722', 'descriptor_name': 'Drug Development', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D056656', 'descriptor_name': 'Lab-On-A-Chip Devices', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009369', 'descriptor_name': 'Neoplasms', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000473', 'qualifier_name': 'pathology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009928', 'descriptor_name': 'Organ Specificity', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 4, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2018.02.011', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.cell.com/article/S1934590918300730/pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S128124174', 'display_name': 'Cell stem cell', 'issn_l': '1875-9777', 'issn': ['1875-9777', '1934-5909'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'publisher-specific-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc5837068', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc5837068?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5837068', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29499151', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2018.02.011', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.cell.com/article/S1934590918300730/pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S128124174', 'display_name': 'Cell stem cell', 'issn_l': '1875-9777', 'issn': ['1875-9777', '1934-5909'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'publisher-specific-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 116, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1154526730', 'https://openalex.org/W1847104216', 'https://openalex.org/W1897726688', 'https://openalex.org/W1906645663', 'https://openalex.org/W1954901000', 'https://openalex.org/W1966593985', 'https://openalex.org/W1971012944', 'https://openalex.org/W1977179045', 'https://openalex.org/W1981030985', 'https://openalex.org/W1981403460', 'https://openalex.org/W1985656429', 'https://openalex.org/W1985789373', 'https://openalex.org/W1991273988', 'https://openalex.org/W1993936627', 'https://openalex.org/W1994504773', 'https://openalex.org/W1994812037', 'https://openalex.org/W1997778378', 'https://openalex.org/W2001676058', 'https://openalex.org/W2002708055', 'https://openalex.org/W2004875910', 'https://openalex.org/W2005092240', 'https://openalex.org/W2013520568', 'https://openalex.org/W2014522712', 'https://openalex.org/W2018286352', 'https://openalex.org/W2021221891', 'https://openalex.org/W2023296392', 'https://openalex.org/W2032115883', 'https://openalex.org/W2034593483', 'https://openalex.org/W2035312069', 'https://openalex.org/W2045055151', 'https://openalex.org/W2048552122', 'https://openalex.org/W2049426260', 'https://openalex.org/W2058794699', 'https://openalex.org/W2061218357', 'https://openalex.org/W2064252921', 'https://openalex.org/W2067189227', 'https://openalex.org/W2076922024', 'https://openalex.org/W2077265253', 'https://openalex.org/W2079592630', 'https://openalex.org/W2080564065', 'https://openalex.org/W2081560083', 'https://openalex.org/W2082828007', 'https://openalex.org/W2088749613', 'https://openalex.org/W2090136117', 'https://openalex.org/W2090221057', 'https://openalex.org/W2094073917', 'https://openalex.org/W2096372947', 'https://openalex.org/W2100329711', 'https://openalex.org/W2102560467', 'https://openalex.org/W2109850567', 'https://openalex.org/W2116681368', 'https://openalex.org/W2121175754', 'https://openalex.org/W2122927773', 'https://openalex.org/W2126089531', 'https://openalex.org/W2134046939', 'https://openalex.org/W2134520937', 'https://openalex.org/W2138977668', 'https://openalex.org/W2140661981', 'https://openalex.org/W2147637673', 'https://openalex.org/W2150739149', 'https://openalex.org/W2158442971', 'https://openalex.org/W2163307683', 'https://openalex.org/W2163907848', 'https://openalex.org/W2164322384', 'https://openalex.org/W2164548118', 'https://openalex.org/W2169114436', 'https://openalex.org/W2175949414', 'https://openalex.org/W2179986534', 'https://openalex.org/W2192636099', 'https://openalex.org/W2213652914', 'https://openalex.org/W2232645088', 'https://openalex.org/W2269807470', 'https://openalex.org/W2277316067', 'https://openalex.org/W2283802589', 'https://openalex.org/W2288972630', 'https://openalex.org/W2293987570', 'https://openalex.org/W2295875942', 'https://openalex.org/W2308070823', 'https://openalex.org/W2338021849', 'https://openalex.org/W2338259422', 'https://openalex.org/W2359747920', 'https://openalex.org/W2394730474', 'https://openalex.org/W2406043282', 'https://openalex.org/W2409259228', 'https://openalex.org/W2416689747', 'https://openalex.org/W2468862097', 'https://openalex.org/W2501779583', 'https://openalex.org/W2509523536', 'https://openalex.org/W2512537564', 'https://openalex.org/W2531916991', 'https://openalex.org/W2544855682', 'https://openalex.org/W2551751486', 'https://openalex.org/W2551814827', 'https://openalex.org/W2566732839', 'https://openalex.org/W2569855725', 'https://openalex.org/W2569917156', 'https://openalex.org/W2570891323', 'https://openalex.org/W2587367660', 'https://openalex.org/W2592746394', 'https://openalex.org/W2593758551', 'https://openalex.org/W2601025682', 'https://openalex.org/W2620622495', 'https://openalex.org/W2621842261', 'https://openalex.org/W2626955070', 'https://openalex.org/W2636764229', 'https://openalex.org/W2741120316', 'https://openalex.org/W2748952016', 'https://openalex.org/W2751844374', 'https://openalex.org/W2760350486', 'https://openalex.org/W2762305972', 'https://openalex.org/W2765218320', 'https://openalex.org/W2765323542', 'https://openalex.org/W2766424371', 'https://openalex.org/W2768800533', 'https://openalex.org/W4242487932', 'https://openalex.org/W4248881988'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4393222579', 'https://openalex.org/W4390485108', 'https://openalex.org/W4206379684', 'https://openalex.org/W3186621756', 'https://openalex.org/W2905385220', 'https://openalex.org/W2599978166', 'https://openalex.org/W2580680567', 'https://openalex.org/W2366105490', 'https://openalex.org/W1933076568', 'https://openalex.org/W1585256759'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Organs-on-a-chip': [0], '(OOCs)': [1], 'are': [2], 'miniature': [3], 'tissues': [4], 'and': [5, 16, 30, 52, 58, 69, 75, 93], 'organs': [6], 'grown': [7], '<i>in': [8, 50], 'vitro</i>': [9], 'that': [10], 'enable': [11], 'modeling': [12], 'of': [13, 55, 80], 'human': [14, 31, 37, 48], 'physiology': [15], 'disease.': [17], 'The': [18], 'technology': [19], 'has': [20], 'emerged': [21], 'from': [22], 'converging': [23], 'advances': [24], 'in': [25, 36], 'tissue': [26, 87], 'engineering,': [27], 'semiconductor': [28], 'fabrication,': [29], 'cell': [32, 39, 57], 'sourcing.': [33], 'Encompassing': [34], 'innovations': [35], 'stem': [38], 'technology,': [40], 'OOCs': [41, 81], 'offer': [42], 'a': [43, 83], 'promising': [44], 'approach': [45], 'to': [46, 89], 'emulate': [47], 'patho/physiology': [49], 'vitro</i>,': [51], 'address': [53], 'limitations': [54], 'current': [56], 'animal': [59], 'models.': [60], 'Here,': [61], 'we': [62], 'review': [63], 'the': [64, 77], 'design': [65], 'considerations': [66], 'for': [67, 86], 'single': [68], 'multi-organ': [70], 'OOCs,': [71], 'discuss': [72], 'remaining': [73], 'challenges,': [74], 'highlight': [76], 'potential': [78], 'impact': [79], 'as': [82], 'fast-track': [84], 'opportunity': [85], 'engineering': [88], 'advance': [90], 'drug': [91], 'development': [92], 'precision': [94], 'medicine.': [95]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2793367223', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 50}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 66}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 91}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 108}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 95}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 97}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 25}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-01T01:55:58.173839', 'created_date': '2018-03-29'}