Introduction: The origins of numerical abilities

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Brian Butterworth; C. R. Gallistel; Giorgio Vallortígara
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3230], 'meeting': [217, 3154, 3231, 4474], 'at': [218, 230, 234, 262, 300, 678, 1462, 2425, 3159, 3213], 'Royal': [219, 3145, 3243, 4319, 4510], 'Society': [220, 3146, 4320], 'London': [222], '20': [224], '21': [226], 'February': [227, 4470], '2017,': [228], 'their': [231, 316, 397, 843, 1042, 1435, 1441, 1453, 1597, 2628, 2657, 2970, 3065, 3086, 3164, 3202, 3507], 'Kavli': [232], 'Chicheley': [235, 3160], 'Hall': [236], 'Buckinghamshire': [238], 'the': [240, 248, 270, 277, 291, 294, 355, 370, 378, 410, 415, 427, 524, 548, 572, 580, 596, 632, 663, 666, 698, 707, 745, 771, 806, 851, 859, 874, 880, 883, 904, 911, 917, 933, 944, 962, 966, 973, 1007, 1009, 1011, 1026, 1045, 1050, 1083, 1097, 1107, 1110, 1118, 1121, 1129, 1148, 1151, 1170, 1192, 1195, 1219, 1227, 1231, 1239, 1242, 1250, 1253, 1267, 1274, 1280, 1287, 1298, 1301, 1331, 1335, 1346, 1354, 1365, 1374, 1496, 1519, 1554, 1563, 1629, 1681, 1688, 1694, 1697, 1736, 1752, 1828, 1838, 1850, 1855, 1859, 1886, 1891, 1895, 1905, 1908, 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[267], 'summed': [268], 'up': [269, 766, 1448], 'implications': [271, 3272], 'our': [273, 577, 1805], 'new': [274], 'understanding': [275, 3015], 'mathematics': [283, 286], 'education.': [287], 'Audio': [288], 'recordings': [289], 'talks': [292], 'subsequent': [295, 2839], 'discussions': [296], 'can': [297, 1112, 1139, 1161, 1182, 1205, 1446, 1652, 1662, 2097, 2145, 2296, 2678, 2790, 2816], 'be': [298, 1113, 1140, 1162, 1183, 1206, 1472, 1531, 1836, 2089, 2098, 2232, 2791, 3039, 3105, 4014], 'accessed': [299], 'https://royalsociety.org/science-events-and-lectures/2017/02/numerical-abilities/,': [301], 'https://royalsociety.org/science-events-and-lectures/2017/02/numerical-abilities-future/.It': [302], 'is': [303, 313, 433, 435, 468, 481, 493, 510, 527, 671, 927, 996, 1002, 1033, 1082, 1263, 1277, 1406, 1586, 1684, 1746, 1857, 1911, 1941, 2012, 2057, 2091, 2183, 2228, 2244, 2279, 2323, 2327, 2377, 2393, 2695, 2709, 2836, 2853, 2939, 2974, 2979, 3094], 'clear': [304, 2692, 3035], 'that': [305, 352, 365, 409, 438, 455, 519, 528, 576, 649, 691, 723, 757, 790, 882, 924, 932, 1064, 1096, 1241, 1300, 1602, 1613, 1650, 1797, 1877, 1904, 1932, 1957, 1969, 1993, 2055, 2118, 2121, 2158, 2162, 2190, 2229, 2249, 2258, 2380, 2418, 2473, 2487, 2619, 2673, 2721, 2729, 2785, 2800, 2809, 2821, 2862, 2887, 2904, 2968, 2978, 2989, 3036, 3067, 3097], 'humans': [306, 389, 1762, 2168, 2801, 3048, 4023], 'sense': [309, 443, 728, 781, 795, 844, 3397, 4182], 'number.': [311, 783, 3324], 'This': [312, 551, 610, 1343, 1683, 1790, 2242, 2885, 3014, 4468], 'evident': [314], 'from': [315, 360, 401, 673, 785, 812, 816, 862, 961, 965, 998, 1058, 1142, 1164, 1185, 1322, 1328, 1680, 1755, 1849, 1929, 1981, 2032, 2138, 2252, 2312, 2382, 2530, 3041, 3047, 3511, 3561, 3587, 3609, 3987, 4164], 'ability': [317, 581, 884, 977, 2404, 2436, 3367], 'count': [319, 1475, 1495, 1730, 1846], 'using': [320, 1622], 'counting': [321, 330, 366, 1460, 2357, 4049, 4375], 'words,': [322, 417], 'such': [323, 332, 990, 2923, 2935, 2996], 'as': [324, 333, 399, 460, 798, 991, 1035, 1073, 1150, 1194, 1396, 1502, 1511, 1574, 2143, 2597, 2827, 2857, 2874, 2876, 2936, 2997, 3075, 3085, 3982], 'one,': [325], 'two,': [326, 540], 'three,': [327], '…': [328, 337, 343], 'symbols,': [331], '1,': [334, 3494], '2,': [335, 1272], '3,': [336], 'or': [338, 384, 897, 1439, 1591, 1786, 2106, 2136, 2273, 2335, 2752, 2948], 'I,': [339, 3383], 'II,': [340], 'III,': [341], 'IV,': [342], '.': [344], 'fact,': [346, 2669], 'Pagel': [347], '&': [348, 835, 1037, 1953, 2020, 2518, 3328, 3360], 'Meade': [349, 3249], '[1]': [350], 'argue': [351], 'reconstructions': [353], 'deep': [356, 2534, 3252], 'history': [357, 3253], 'cognates': [359], 'diverse': [361], 'language': [362], 'families': [363], 'show': [364, 1063, 1649, 1764, 1956, 2672], 'words': [367, 372, 383], 'among': [369], 'longest-surviving': [371], 'all': [374, 902, 1314, 2112, 2141, 3189], 'languages.': [375], 'Even': [376], 'when': [377, 1000, 1065, 1266, 1286, 1371, 2085, 2542, 2620, 2955], 'culture': [379], 'fails': [380], 'provide': [382], 'symbols': [385, 1381, 2420], 'notate': [387], 'counting,': [388], 'still': [391], 'able': [392, 714, 761, 1021], 'enumerate': [394], 'objects': [395, 591, 1658, 1731], 'environment,': [398, 2834], 'evidence': [400, 909, 1458, 1791, 1903, 1928, 2322, 3761, 3949], 'work': [402, 915, 3220], 'with': [403, 563, 571, 686, 850, 1105, 1133, 1155, 1174, 1178, 1188, 1199, 1601, 1634, 1751, 1916, 2067, 2218, 2264, 2284, 2538, 2544, 2832, 2841, 2950, 3010, 3182, 3421], 'Australian': [404], 'Aboriginal': [405], 'children': [406, 839, 1726, 2915], '[2],': [407], 'suggesting': [408, 2799], 'symbolic': [411], 'forms,': [412], 'perhaps': [413, 704, 2082, 2873], 'especially': [414], 'number': [416, 437, 459, 589, 664, 730, 875, 890, 951, 1027, 1401, 1497, 1564, 1600, 1802, 1884, 2007, 2292, 2319, 2361, 2422, 2454, 2478, 2655, 2743, 2805, 3256, 3305, 3396, 3399, 3442, 3651, 3662, 3714, 3847, 3871, 3921, 3928, 3952, 4184], 'arose': [418], 'denote': [420], 'pre-existing': [422], 'concept': [423], 'number.One': [425], 'oldest': [428, 1084], 'questions': [429], 'Western': [431], 'philosophy': [432], 'what': [434, 2011, 2397, 3037], 'we': [439, 529, 544, 775, 1325, 1798, 2144, 3130], 'may': [440, 1491, 1810, 2910, 3038, 3057], 'it.': [445], 'Giaquinto': [446, 2598], '[3],': [447], 'his': [449], 'paper': [450], 'issue,': [453], 'notes': [454], 'Euclid': [456], 'defined': [457], "'a": [461], 'multitude': [462], "units'": [464], 'where': [465, 738, 1769, 2763], 'unit': [467], 'single': [470, 2574], 'individual': [471, 994, 2863, 2905, 4392], 'thing.': [472], 'According': [473], 'view,': [476], "'any": [477], 'pair': [478], 'items': [480], '2': [483, 489, 1262, 3680, 3682], 'so': [485, 497], 'there': [486, 498, 514, 520, 2056, 2376, 2392], 'many': [488, 500, 516, 522, 645, 1984, 2383, 2463, 3192], 's;': [490], 'any': [491, 505, 1883], 'trio': [492], '3': [495, 501], 's.': [502], 'general,': [504], 'plurality': [506], 'k': [508, 512], 'things': [509], "ks'.": [517], 'Given': [518], 'twos,': [523], 'immediate': [525], 'problem': [526, 555, 2087, 3420], 'might': [530, 3104], 'recognize': [531, 583, 1619], 'brace': [533, 651], 'pheasants': [535, 653], 'Big': [537], 'Ben': [538], 'striking': [539], 'but': [541, 828, 1273, 2325, 2508, 2646, 2835], 'how': [542, 774, 838, 1308], 'do': [543, 2802], 'know': [545], 'they': [546, 724, 1048, 1311, 1651, 1958, 2140, 2635, 2782, 3924, 3931], 'same': [549, 1149, 1193, 1275, 2719], 'number?': [550], 'kind': [552, 606, 2131, 2440], 'epistemological': [554], 'exercised': [556], 'Plato,': [557], 'though': [558, 1535, 2234, 2838], 'he': [559], 'was': [560, 628, 755, 891, 894], 'concerned': [562], 'geometrical': [564], 'forms': [565], 'than': [566, 1324, 1434, 1542, 1706, 1777, 1948, 2751], 'numbers.These': [567], 'accounts': [568], 'consistent': [570], 'widely': [573, 1309], 'held': [574], 'view': [575, 611, 2227, 2243], 'abilities—even': [579], 'discriminate': [585, 1320, 1326, 1653], 'particular': [586], 'numerosities': [587, 1305, 1527, 1621, 1834, 2194, 2748, 2789], '(the': [588, 941, 1379, 1780], 'set)—depends': [594], 'power': [597], 'human': [599, 709, 893, 1369, 1725, 1997, 2339, 2676, 2814, 3072, 3081], 'reason': [600, 888, 2388], 'construct': [602], 'numbers': [603, 864, 1656, 1753, 1776, 1779, 1924, 2488, 2762, 3691, 3819], 'logical': [608], 'way.': [609], 'has': [612, 921, 1223, 1485, 1528, 1792, 3089, 3124], 'been': [613, 1793, 2196], 'promoted': [614], 'very': [615, 1626, 2412, 3165], 'influentially': [616], 'Piaget': [618], '[4]': [619], 'Howard': [622], 'Gardner,': [623], 'whom': [625, 3194], 'one': [626, 1630, 2295], "'intelligence'": [627], "'logico-mathematical'": [629], '[5].': [630], 'Thus,': [631, 1126, 1256], 'philosopher': [633], 'mathematician,': [635], 'Bertrand': [636], 'Russell': [637], 'wrote': [638], '1919,': [640], "'It": [641], 'must': [642], 'required': [644, 3465], 'ages': [646], 'discover': [648], 'couple': [656], 'days': [658], 'were': [659, 712, 752, 760], 'both': [660, 1614, 2287], 'instances': [661], '2:': [665], 'degree': [667], 'abstraction': [669], 'involved': [670], 'far': [672, 3045], "easy'": [674], '[6,': [675], 'p.': [676, 3354], '3].However,': [677], 'least': [679, 1463], '80': [680], 'years': [681, 1990], 'ago': [682], 'carefully': [683], 'controlled': [684], 'experiments': [685, 2610, 2671], 'crows': [687], 'ravens': [689], 'demonstrated': [690], 'these': [692, 758, 1053, 2113, 2333, 3027, 3076], 'creatures,': [693, 2334], 'which': [694, 1081, 1106, 1134, 1156, 1175, 1200, 1693, 2139, 2525], 'did': [695], 'not': [696, 705, 824, 2235, 2443, 2638, 2690, 2825, 2929, 3095], 'advantage': [699, 1582, 1766], 'relevant': [701, 708], 'culture,': [702], 'reasoning': [710], 'capacities,': [711], 'nevertheless': [713], 'carry': [716, 1842], 'out': [717, 1470, 1843], 'simple': [718, 1949], 'tasks': [720, 1768, 2008, 2096], 'successfully': [721], 'showing': [722, 1457, 1636], 'too': [725, 2767], 'had': [726, 793], '[7].': [731], 'Using': [732], 'match': [734, 1438, 3919], 'sample': [736], 'paradigm': [737, 1625], 'non-numerical': [739], 'dimensions—such': [740], 'total': [741, 747], 'surface': [742], 'area': [743], 'objects,': [746], 'length': [748], 'edges,': [750], 'etc.': [751], 'randomly': [753], 'varied—it': [754], 'shown': [756], 'birds': [759, 2578, 3369], 'make': [763, 848, 2297, 2624, 2662, 2679, 2817], 'matches': [764], 'reliably': [765], 'seven': [768], 'items.This': [769], 'raises': [770], 'question': [772], 'other': [777, 831, 1015, 1071, 1315, 1387, 2101, 2650, 2698, 2931, 2956], 'creatures': [778], 'Evidence': [784, 3986, 4390], 'bones': [786, 827], 'stones': [788], 'shows': [789, 1612], 'Homo': [791], 'sapiens': [792], 'number,': [797, 846], "d'Errico": [799], '[8]': [800], 'describes': [801, 1398], 'great': [803], 'detail,': [804], 'tracing': [805], 'prehistoric': [807], 'development': [808, 1906], 'notation': [811], 'incidental': [813], 'notches': [814], 'arising': [815], 'butchering': [817], 'animals': [818, 2269, 2381, 3044], 'systematic': [820, 2882], 'intentional': [822], 'marks': [823], 'only': [825, 1116, 2639], 'also': [829, 1363, 1492, 1548, 2513, 2550, 2647, 2783, 2854, 3069, 3187, 3206], 'media.': [832], 'Jacobs': [833], 'Danan': [834], 'Gelman': [836, 3417], 'consider': [837], 'develop': [840, 2521], 'refine': [842], 'contact': [849], 'cultural': [852], 'tools': [853], 'available': [854], 'them,': [856], 'particular,': [858, 2178, 3031], 'difficult': [860], 'transition': [861], 'whole': [863], 'fractions': [866], 'decimals': [868], '[9].2.': [869], 'phylogenetic': [871], 'ubiquity': [872], 'senseHalf': [876], 'century': [878], 'ago,': [879], 'assumption': [881], 'perceive': [886, 2385, 3894], 'about': [889, 1923, 2389, 2396, 2642, 2913, 3120, 3303], 'uniquely': [892], 'taken': [895, 1794, 2960], 'less': [898, 1715, 2750], 'granted': [900], 'cognitive': [905, 2957, 3091, 3579], 'sciences,': [906], "Koehler's": [907], 'above-mentioned': [908], 'contrary': [912], 'notwithstanding.': [913], 'Experimental': [914], 'last': [918, 2773], 'several': [919], 'decades': [920], 'essentially': [922], 'reversed': [923], 'assumption.': [925], 'There': [926, 2938], 'now': [928, 2940, 2987, 3033], 'broad': [930, 2378], 'consensus': [931, 2379, 2395], 'perception': [934, 4009], 'numerosity': [936, 1179, 1189, 1202, 1210, 1285, 2386, 2587, 2708, 2946, 3002, 3584, 4011, 4455], 'elementary': [938], 'computation': [940], 'application': [942], 'ordering': [945, 1375], 'operation,': [946, 2080], '≥,': [947], 'example)': [949, 3056], 'percepts': [952], 'found': [954, 1486, 1992, 2099, 2198, 3070], 'even': [955, 2107, 2336, 2954], 'arthropods.': [957], 'arthropods': [959], 'diverged': [960], 'chordata': [963], '(hence': [964], 'later': [967], 'evolving': [968], 'vertebrata': [969], 'mammalia)': [971], 'early': [974], 'Cambrian.The': [975], 'different': [979, 1394, 1655, 2268, 2413, 2777], 'species': [980, 1317, 2114, 2564], 'will': [981, 2636], 'depend': [982], 'its': [984, 1351, 1488, 1824], 'adaptive': [985, 1581], 'value.': [986], 'small': [988, 2074], 'fish,': [989, 3054], 'guppies,': [992], 'an': [993, 1407, 1685, 1765, 1844, 2398, 2590, 2941, 3276], 'fish': [995, 1029, 2313, 2812, 3447, 4027], 'safer': [997, 1012], 'predation': [999, 1713], 'it': [1001, 1013, 1468, 1484, 1701, 2230, 2259, 2390, 2616, 2973, 3032, 3093], 'shoal,': [1005], 'larger': [1008, 1108], 'shoal': [1010, 1032], 'is,': [1014, 2154, 2222, 2588], 'thing': [1016], 'being': [1017, 1020, 1352, 2083], 'equal.': [1018], 'So': [1019], 'assess': [1023, 1478, 1562, 2653], 'compare': [1025], 'valuable,': [1034], 'Agrillo': [1036], 'Bisazza': [1038, 3436], '[10]': [1039], 'demonstrate.': [1040], 'review': [1043, 3445], 'experimental': [1046, 1092], 'evidence,': [1047], 'emphasize': [1049], 'similarity': [1051], 'findings': [1054, 3302], 'those': [1056], 'obtained': [1057, 2502], 'mammals,': [1059], 'including': [1060], 'humans.': [1061], 'They': [1062, 2053], 'comparing': [1066, 1070], 'numerosities,': [1068, 2795, 2902], 'like': [1069, 2070], 'quantities—such': [1072], 'size,': [1074], 'weight,': [1075], 'luminance—non-human': [1076], 'minds': [1077], 'obey': [1078, 2479], "Weber's": [1079, 1341, 1360, 1523, 1545, 1609, 2449, 2480, 2515, 2552], 'Law,': [1080], 'most': [1086, 2980, 3116], 'broadly': [1087, 1607], 'applicable': [1088], 'quantitative': [1089], 'law': [1090], 'psychology.': [1093], 'It': [1094, 1490, 2153, 2689, 2852], 'says': [1095], 'discriminability': [1098, 1216, 1243, 1302], 'quantities—the': [1101], 'speed': [1102, 1130, 1152, 1171, 1196, 2726], 'accuracy': [1104, 1132, 1154, 1173, 1198], 'decided': [1114], 'on—depends': [1115], 'ratio': [1119, 1222], 'objectively': [1123, 1220], 'specified': [1124], 'quantities.': [1125], 'example,': [1128, 1258, 1724], '6': [1136, 1158, 1181], 'g': [1137, 1145], 'weight': [1138, 1146, 1160], '4': [1144, 1166, 1190, 1270, 2755], 'kg': [1159, 1167], 'weight.': [1168], 'Similarly,': [1169], 'set': [1177, 1187, 3005], '60': [1204], 'discriminated': [1207], 'form': [1208, 2430], '40.': [1212], 'dependence': [1214], 'solely': [1217], 'measured': [1221], 'consequences': [1225], 'called': [1226, 1353], 'size': [1228, 1235, 1251, 1332, 2724], 'effect': [1229, 1236, 1295, 1333, 1337, 1788], 'distance': [1232, 1294, 1336, 1479], 'effect.': [1233], 'refers': [1237, 1296], 'fact': [1240, 1299, 2248, 2472, 2808], 'given': [1245], 'difference': [1247, 1260, 1276], 'depends': [1248, 1306], 'discriminanda.': [1255], 'easily': [1264], 'recognized': [1265], 'discriminanda': [1268, 1288], 'unrecognizable': [1278], 'non-verbal': [1281, 1347], 'system': [1282, 1521], 'representing': [1284, 2477, 2901, 3061], '52': [1290], '50.': [1292], 'separated': [1310], 'are.': [1312], 'We—and': [1313], 'vertebrate': [1316], 'tested—more': [1318], 'readily': [1319, 1853], '10': [1321, 3903], 'five': [1323], 'six': [1327], 'five.': [1329], 'Both': [1330], 'implied': [1339], 'Law.': [1342, 2481, 2516], 'property': [1344, 1362, 2593, 2713], 'representation': [1348, 2528, 3632], 'leads': [1349], 'Approximate': [1355], 'Number': [1356], 'System.': [1357], 'Remarkably,': [1358], 'Law': [1361, 1524, 1546, 2450], 'governs': [1364], 'reaction': [1366, 3485], 'times': [1367], 'subjects': [1370], 'deciding': [1372], 'numerals': [1378], 'written': [1380], 'number)': [1383], '[11,12].Male': [1384], 'frogs,': [1385], 'anurans,': [1388, 2584], 'use': [1389, 1670, 2270, 2637, 4422], 'enumeration': [1390, 2976], 'quite': [1393, 2776], 'purpose,': [1395], 'Rose': [1397, 2342], '[13].': [1399], 'type': [1403], 'calls': [1405, 2468], 'advertisement': [1408, 1454], 'neighbouring,': [1410], '(usually': [1412], 'invisible)': [1413], 'conspecific': [1414], 'females.': [1415], 'Because': [1416], 'females': [1417], 'prefer': [1418, 1815], 'longer': [1419], 'complex': [1422], 'calls,': [1423, 1455], 'males': [1424], 'try': [1425], 'include': [1427], 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4132, 4245, 4339], '(i.e.': [1539], 'continuous': [1540, 4131], 'rather': [1541, 1705], 'discrete': [1543], 'quantities)': [1544], 'applies': [1547], 'invertebrates.Many': [1550], 'social': [1551, 3562], 'mammals': [1552, 2612], 'wild,': [1555, 2615], 'African': [1556], 'lions,': [1557], 'spotted': [1558], 'hyenas': [1559, 2623], 'wolves,': [1561], 'conspecifics': [1566, 2369], 'calling': [1567], 'respond': [1569], 'advantage,': [1573], 'Benson-Amram': [1575, 2602], '[15]': [1578, 2605], 'show.': [1579], 'One': [1580, 4165], 'doing': [1584, 1964], 'decide': [1588], 'fight': [1590], 'flight': [1592], 'if': [1593, 1854, 2212], 'outnumbered.': [1594], 'Comparisons': [1595], 'own': [1598, 2629, 2658], 'group': [1599, 1606, 2630], 'competing': [1605, 2372, 2633, 3133], 'follow': [1608], 'Law.Nieder': [1610], '[16]': [1611], 'rhesus': [1615, 4052], 'macaques': [1616], 'corvids': [1618], 'specific': [1620, 2076, 2346], 'match-to-sample': [1624], 'similar': [1627, 2271], 'pioneered': [1631], 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[1719], 'related': [1720], 'space.': [1722], 'For': [1723, 2316], 'typically': [1727, 1763], 'learn': [1728], 'distributed': [1732], 'space,': [1734], 'sequence': [1737], 'digits': [1739], 'school': [1741, 2895], 'walls': [1742], 'books': [1745], 'spatial': [1748, 4371], 'sequence,': [1749], 'usually': [1750], 'ascending': [1754], 'left': [1756, 1817, 1896, 1998, 2063, 2172], 'right.': [1758], 'Is': [1759], 'why': [1761, 1812, 2912], 'leftward': [1770], 'responses': [1771], 'quicker': [1773], 'low': [1775, 1833], 'high': [1778], 'spatial-numerical': [1781], 'association': [1782], 'response': [1784], 'codes,': [1785], "'SNARC'": [1787], '[18]?': [1789], 'suggest': [1796, 2486, 2967], 'possess': [1799], "'mental": [1801], "line'": [1803], 'heads,': [1806], 'oriented': [1807], 'left-to-right.': [1808], 'We': [1809, 2127, 3186, 3205], 'ask': [1811], 'numerate': [1813], 'cultures': [1814], 'right': [1819, 2017, 2065, 2174], 'organization.': [1820], '[19]': [1822], 'explores': [1823], 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'arithmetic;': [1926], 'moreover,': [1927], 'twins': [1930], 'suggests': [1931, 2417, 2820, 2886], 'some': [1934], 'cases': [1935], 'neural': [1939, 1971, 2330, 2527, 2535, 3508, 3581], 'abnormality': [1940], 'inherited.': [1942], 'These': [1943], 'support': [1946], 'tasks;': [1951], 'Amalric': [1952], 'Dehaene': [1954, 3754, 3840], '[23]': [1955], "'recycled'": [1960], 'professional': [1962], 'mathematicians': [1963], 'advanced': [1965], 'mathematical': [1966, 1976, 3352, 3737, 3759], 'tasks,': [1967], 'basis': [1972, 2432], 'memory': [1974], 'material—facts': [1977], 'formulae—is': [1979], 'distinct': [1980], 'language-based': [1982], 'memories.Nevertheless,': [1983], 'over': [1986], 'past': [1988], '100': [1989], 'damage': [1994], 'alone': [2001], 'results': [2002], 'impairments': [2004], 'various': [2006], '[24].': [2009], 'So,': [2010], 'role': [2014], 'hemisphere?': [2018], 'Semenza': [2019], 'Benavides-Varela': [2021, 3799], '[25]': [2022], 'recruit': [2023], 'variety': [2025], 'methodologies': [2027], 'answer': [2029], 'question,': [2031], 'neurological': [2033], 'patients': [2034], 'standard': [2036], 'neuroimaging,': [2037], 'reversible': [2039], 'inactivations': [2040], 'induced': [2041], 'transcranial': [2043], 'magnetic': [2044], 'stimulation': [2045, 2049], 'direct': [2047], 'current': [2048], 'cortex.': [2052, 2241], 'conclude': [2054], "'bilateral": [2059], "orchestration'": [2060], 'hemispheres,': [2066], 'right,': [2069], 'having': [2073], 'each': [2078], 'arithmetical': [2079, 2952, 2984], 'recruited': [2084], 'solved': [2090], 'difficult.Homologous': [2092], 'supporting': [2094], 'primates': [2102, 3588], '[16].': [2103, 2209], 'Now': [2104], 'similarities,': [2105], 'equivalences,': [2108], 'behaviour': [2110, 4400], 'across': [2111, 2461, 2495], 'no': [2116, 2394, 3125, 3132, 3136], 'guarantee': [2117], 'mechanisms': [2120, 2275, 2735, 3059, 3077], 'produce': [2122], 'them': [2123], 'same.': [2126], 'cannot': [2128], 'basic': [2133, 2164, 2539, 3304], 'body': [2134], 'shape': [2135], 'organ': [2137], 'evolve,': [2142], 'arms,': [2147], 'legs': [2148], 'wings': [2150], 'chordates.': [2152], 'nonetheless,': [2155], 'well': [2156], 'established': [2157], 'brain': [2160, 2206, 2221, 2731, 3008, 3687], 'underpin': [2163], 'processes': [2166], 'reside': [2169], 'lobes,': [2176], 'sulcus.It': [2182], 'interesting': [2184], 'note': [2186, 2784], 'regard': [2189, 2285], 'neurons': [2191, 2349], 'responding': [2192], 'nidopallium': [2201, 2216, 2250], 'caudolaterale': [2202, 2217], 'avian': [2205], 'Nieder': [2208, 3836, 4204], 'relationship,': [2211], 'any,': [2213], 'mammalian': [2220, 2239, 2254], 'however,': [2223, 2589], 'uncertain.': [2224], 'dominant': [2226], 'would': [2231], 'equivalent,': [2233], 'homologous,': [2236], 'prefrontal': [2240, 2255, 4046], 'weakened': [2245], 'differs': [2251], 'cortex': [2256, 4047], 'seems': [2260, 2617, 3034], 'lack': [2262], 'connections': [2263, 3730], 'hippocampal': [2266, 2308], 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2447, 3338, 3844], 'should': [2405], 'look': [2406], 'like.': [2407], 'Three': [2408], 'elaborate': [2410], 'theories.': [2414], '[26]': [2416], 'realized': [2424], 'molecular': [2427], 'level': [2428], "brain's": [2435, 3768], 'represent': [2438, 2459, 2804, 2993], 'every': [2439], 'quantity,': [2442], 'just': [2444], 'numerosity.': [2445], 'His': [2446], 'attributes': [2448], 'limited': [2453], 'bits': [2456], 'used': [2457], 'magnitudes': [2460, 2995], 'orders': [2464], 'magnitudes.': [2466], 'He': [2467], 'attention': [2469], 'fixed-point': [2474], 'schemes': [2475], 'Hannagan': [2482], '[27]': [2485], 'coded': [2490], 'vectors': [2492], 'activation': [2494], 'multiple': [2496, 3340], 'units.': [2498], 'Successive': [2499], 'integers': [2500], 'through': [2503], 'multiplication': [2504], 'fixed': [2507], 'random': [2509], 'matrix.': [2510], 'Their': [2511, 2548], 'scheme': [2512, 2523, 2549], 'generates': [2514], 'Zorzi': [2517], 'Testolin': [2519, 3862], '[28]': [2520], 'emerges': [2529], 'interaction': [2532, 2831, 2840], 'networks': [2536], 'endowed': [2537], 'visual': [2540, 2648, 2712, 2734, 2745, 2788, 3984, 4007], 'processing': [2541], 'confronted': [2543], 'visually': [2545], 'experienced': [2546], 'sets.': [2547], 'exhibits': [2551], 'Law-like': [2553], 'properties.5.': [2554], 'Modality': [2555], 'specificity': [2556], 'modality': [2558], 'independenceNumerical': [2559], 'non-human': [2563], 'described': [2565], 'largely': [2570], 'confined': [2571], 'modality:': [2575], 'monkeys,': [2577, 4053], 'bees': [2580], 'vision,': [2581], 'audition.': [2585], 'Its': [2586], 'abstract,': [2591], 'amodal': [2592], 'set,': [2596], '[3]': [2599], 'explains.': [2600], 'Although': [2601], 'rely': [2606], 'playback': [2609], 'likely': [2618], 'lions': [2621], 'assessments': [2626], 'group,': [2634, 2659], 'unseen': [2644], 'competitors': [2645], 'modalities': [2651], 'hence': [2661], 'cross-modal': [2664, 2680], 'comparison': [2665], 'numerosities.': [2667], 'laboratory': [2670], 'monkeys': [2674], 'infants': [2677, 3893], 'comparisons': [2682], 'vision': [2684], 'audition': [2686], '[29,30]).': [2688], 'true': [2696], 'species.Burr': [2699], '[31]': [2702, 2966], 'proposed': [2704], 'that,': [2705], 'humans,': [2707], 'primary': [2711], 'scene': [2716], 'colour,': [2722], 'are,': [2727], 'deploys': [2732], 'making': [2737], 'discrimination': [2739, 2947, 4100, 4133, 4246, 4340, 4393], 'depending': [2740], 'elements:': [2746], 'approximately': [2749], 'equal': [2753], '(subitizing),': [2756], '4–9': [2757], '(serial': [2758], 'enumeration)': [2759], 'elements': [2765], 'crowded': [2768], 'parse.': [2770], 'case,': [2774, 2856], 'takes': [2779], 'over.': [2780], 'representations': [2786], 'influenced': [2792], 'vice': [2797], 'versa,': [2798], 'indeed': [2803], 'amodally.6.': [2806], 'GeneticsThe': [2807], 'newborn': [2810], 'chicks,': [2811], 'neonates': [2815], 'discriminations': [2819], 'capacity': [2823, 2991], 'does': [2824], 'arise': [2826], 'result': [2829], 'inherited': [2837, 3111], 'environment': [2842], 'doubtless': [2843], 'modifies': [2844], 'refines': [2846], 'operation': [2848], 'mechanism.': [2851, 3279], 'points': [2860], 'out,': [2861], 'differences': [2864, 2906], 'substantial': [2870], 'genetic': [2871], 'component,': [2872], 'much': [2875], '30%': [2877], 'variance': [2880], 'twin': [2883], 'studies.': [2884, 3448], 'starter': [2889], 'kit': [2890], 'arithmetic': [2893, 2927], 'includes': [2896], 'domain-specific': [2898], 'explain': [2911], '5%': [2914], '(and': [2916], 'adults),': [2917], 'despite': [2918], 'formal': [2920], 'education,': [2921], 'trouble': [2924], '(though': [2928], 'necessarily': [2930], 'branches': [2932], 'mathematics,': [2934], 'geometry).': [2937], 'extensive': [2942], 'literature': [2943, 3740], 'linking': [2944], 'poor': [2945, 2951], 'identification': [2949], 'competence,': [2953], 'factors': [2958], 'into': [2961], 'account.': [2962], 'Burr': [2963], 'mechanisms,': 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[4189], 'Research': [4190], 'Communications,': [4191], '10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.039,': [4192], '564,': [4193], '(37-42),': [4194], '1-Jul-2021.': [4198], 'Kirschhock': [4199], 'Ditz': [4201], 'H': [4202], 'Behavioral': [4207], 'Neuronal': [4209], 'Representation': [4210], 'Zero': [4213], 'Crow,': [4216], 'Journal': [4218, 4458], '10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0090-21.2021,': [4221], '41:22,': [4222], '(4889-4896),': [4223], '2-Jun-2021.': [4227], 'Caicoya': [4228], 'Colell': [4230], 'Holland': [4232], 'R,': [4233, 4358], 'Ensenyat': [4234], 'Amici': [4237], 'F': [4238, 4333], '(2020)': [4239, 4291, 4309, 4337], 'Giraffes': [4240], 'go': [4241], 'more:': [4243], 'study': [4247], 'giraffes': [4249], '(Giraffa': [4250], 'camelopardalis),': [4251], '10.1007/s10071-020-01442-8,': [4254], '24:3,': [4255], '(483-495),': [4256], '1-May-2021.': [4260], 'Lorenzi': [4261], 'Perrino': [4263], 'Numerosities': [4269], 'Other': [4271], 'Magnitudes': [4272], 'Brains:': [4275], 'Comparative': [4277], 'View,': 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[4377], 'Scientific': [4378], 'Reports,': [4379], '10.1038/s41598-019-54740-8,': [4380], '9:1': [4381], 'Coomes': [4382], 'McIvor': [4384], 'Thornton': [4387], 'collective': [4398], 'antipredator': [4399], 'jackdaws': [4403], '(Corvus': [4404], 'monedula),': [4405], 'Biology': [4406], 'Letters,': [4407], '15:10,': [4408], '1-Oct-2019.': [4412], 'Szymkowiak': [4413], 'J': [4414], 'On': [4416], 'resolving': [4417], 'selective': [4419], 'interspecific': [4420], 'vs.': [4423], 'owner': [4424], 'aggression': [4425], 'hypothesis': [4426], 'dilemma—a': [4427], 'commentary,': [4428], 'acta': [4429], 'ethologica,': [4430], '10.1007/s10211-019-00317-7,': [4431], '22:2,': [4432], '(149-154),': [4433], '1-Jun-2019.': [4437], 'Irie': [4438], 'N,': [4439], 'Hiraiwa-Hasegawa': [4440], 'Kutsukake': [4443], 'N': [4444], '(2018)': [4445], 'Unique': [4446], 'competence': [4448], 'Asian': [4450], 'elephants': [4451], 'relative': [4454], 'judgment': [4456], 'task,': [4457], 'Ethology,': [4460], 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