Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2772956066', 'doi': None, 'title': 'Thinking With and Without Words: A New Model of Cognition, Language and Mind', 'display_name': 'Thinking With and Without Words: A New Model of Cognition, Language and Mind', 'publication_year': 2004, 'publication_date': '2004-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2772956066', 'mag': '2772956066'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://escholarship.org/content/qt1f45p21z/qt1f45p21z.pdf?t=op2jau', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306523994', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': [], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5080566559', 'display_name': 'Jack Lynch', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8229-7340'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Jack Lynch', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5080566559'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.0, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 0, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.0, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 0, 'max': 61}, 'biblio': {'volume': '26', 'issue': '26', 'first_page': None, 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T14394', 'display_name': 'Cognitive Science and Education Research', 'score': 0.6848, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2805', 'display_name': 'Cognitive Neuroscience'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T14394', 'display_name': 'Cognitive Science and Education Research', 'score': 0.6848, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2805', 'display_name': 'Cognitive Neuroscience'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169900460', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417', 'display_name': 'Cognition', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7126497}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C188147891', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638', 'display_name': 'Cognitive science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.6216762}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.47681707}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776608160', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462', 'display_name': 'Natural (archaeology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.45486587}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.4349429}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C180747234', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373', 'display_name': 'Cognitive psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.39390063}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C46312422', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024', 'display_name': 'Communication', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.32769626}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C95457728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309', 'display_name': 'History', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.13263136}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169760540', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.09516835}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C166957645', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498', 'display_name': 'Archaeology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://escholarship.org/content/qt1f45p21z/qt1f45p21z.pdf?t=op2jau', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306523994', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W59792995', 'https://openalex.org/W571373464', 'https://openalex.org/W3157474300', 'https://openalex.org/W3033533262', 'https://openalex.org/W2936947829', 'https://openalex.org/W2739967984', 'https://openalex.org/W2621917968', 'https://openalex.org/W2588752725', 'https://openalex.org/W2586308256', 'https://openalex.org/W2411711353', 'https://openalex.org/W2405891867', 'https://openalex.org/W2400592540', 'https://openalex.org/W2397501176', 'https://openalex.org/W2394127707', 'https://openalex.org/W2127028642', 'https://openalex.org/W2094202117', 'https://openalex.org/W1847766739', 'https://openalex.org/W1569109641', 'https://openalex.org/W1522425142', 'https://openalex.org/W121474721'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Thinking': [0, 225, 237, 834, 852], 'With': [1], 'and': [2, 11, 58, 98, 106, 121, 142, 203, 230, 245, 270, 274, 409, 421, 469, 519, 535, 613, 647, 674, 681, 716, 721, 742, 782, 798, 804, 813, 816], 'Without': [3], 'Words:': [4], 'A': [5, 69, 411], 'New': [6], 'Model': [7], 'of': [8, 31, 39, 63, 66, 81, 85, 130, 166, 169, 180, 212, 256, 263, 278, 294, 304, 310, 313, 377, 414, 438, 483, 495, 526, 550, 561, 578, 584, 706, 754, 787, 822], 'Cognition,': [9], 'Language': [10, 655], 'Mind': [12], 'Jack': [13], 'Lynch': [14], '([email protected])': [15], '200': [16], 'Lake': [17], 'View': [18], 'Avenue': [19], 'Cambridge,': [20], 'MA': [21], '02138': [22], 'USA': [23], 'Viewing': [24], 'the': [25, 64, 89, 96, 119, 157, 164, 170, 191, 249, 253, 295, 301, 314, 354, 362, 367, 372, 378, 431, 434, 464, 496, 499, 527, 575, 579, 585, 624, 637, 667, 694, 725, 752, 788], 'mind': [26, 727], 'as': [27, 36, 55, 60, 95, 507], 'a': [28, 37, 56, 61, 78, 177, 186, 204, 222, 234, 292, 319, 330, 349, 381, 392, 477, 508, 520, 558, 562, 590, 618, 643, 648, 703, 757, 762, 819, 831, 849], 'sophisticated': [29, 79], 'processor': [30, 38], 'analog': [32], 'signals': [33, 90], 'rather': [34, 676], 'than': [35, 448, 455, 677], 'symbolic': [40], 'information': [41, 482], 'has': [42, 175, 183, 194, 462, 765], 'led': [43], 'me': [44], 'to': [45, 139, 148, 356, 402, 466, 621, 711, 802], 'conclude': [46], 'that': [47, 100, 182, 193, 280, 385, 396, 417, 476, 554, 572, 596, 623, 661, 734, 747, 764], 'human': [48, 122, 158, 305, 619, 652, 686, 726], 'intelligence': [49, 54, 306, 807, 812], 'emerged': [50], 'from': [51, 88, 91, 400], 'nonhuman': [52, 70], 'primate': [53], 'consequence,': [57, 62], 'only': [59, 162], 'evolution': [65], 'natural': [67, 125, 449, 456, 663, 699, 814], 'language.': [68, 457, 664], 'animal’s': [71, 539], 'primary': [72, 112, 171, 296, 315, 459, 528, 638], 'cognition': [73, 153, 213, 297, 316, 529, 631, 639, 645, 650, 656], 'processes': [74, 660], 'endow': [75], 'it': [76, 174, 701], 'with': [77, 238, 291, 729, 777, 784, 853], 'means': [80], 'extracting': [82], 'useful': [83], 'features': [84], 'its': [86, 92, 484], 'environment': [87], 'sensors,': [93], 'such': [94], 'eyes': [97], 'ears,': [99], 'enable,': [101], 'some': [102], 'species,': [103], 'flexible': [104], 'survival-enhancing': [105], 'even': [107], 'innovative': [108], 'behavior.': [109], 'The': [110, 151, 308, 374, 426, 492, 523, 582, 684], 'powerful': [111], 'cognitive': [113, 172, 509, 659, 668, 687], 'system': [114, 129, 298, 324, 334, 384, 461, 512, 640, 688], 'was': [115], 'greatly': [116], 'enhanced': [117], 'by': [118, 348, 390, 547, 566, 634, 708, 770], 'hominid': [120], 'species': [123], 'evolving': [124], 'syntactic': [126], 'speech—a': [127], 'two-tiered': [128], 'auditory': [131], 'communication.': [132], 'Meaningless': [133], 'sounds': [134], 'combine': [135, 144], 'in': [136, 145, 185, 216, 243, 361, 366, 371, 471, 557], 'restricted': [137, 146], 'ways': [138, 147], 'produce': [140], 'words': [141, 143, 227, 239], 'form': [149], 'sentences.': [150], 'secondary': [152, 649], 'system,': [154, 160, 173, 646], 'also': [155, 615], 'called': [156, 336], 'reason': [159, 653], 'not': [161, 221, 233, 360, 429, 445, 817, 830, 848], 'allows': [163], 'expression': [165], 'internal': [167, 442], 'representations': [168, 443, 470, 549], 'created': [176], 'new': [178, 188, 210, 302, 393, 704], 'way': [179], 'thinking': [181], 'resulted': [184], 'entirely': [187], 'culture': [189], 'on': [190, 248, 430, 574, 600, 672, 698, 761, 818], 'planet': [192], 'produced': [195], 'Shakespearian': [196], 'sonnets,': [197], 'jumbo': [198], 'jet': [199], 'aircraft,': [200], 'international': [201], 'corporations': [202], 'cure': [205], 'for': [206, 775], 'infectious': [207], 'diseases.': [208], 'This': [209, 288, 342, 458], 'model': [211, 255, 317, 379, 497, 530], 'is': [214, 246, 259, 318, 380, 416, 428, 531, 565, 588, 597, 606, 628, 632, 733, 756, 793, 799, 808], 'presented': [215], 'two': [217], 'books,': [218], 'I': [219, 231, 665, 828, 846], 'am': [220, 232, 829, 847], 'machine—Book': [223, 235, 832, 850], 'I:': [224, 833], 'without': [226, 835], '(Lynch,': [228, 240], '2004)': [229, 244], 'II:': [236, 851], 'expected': [241], 'late': [242, 844], 'introduced': [247], 'website,': [250], 'NOTaMACHINE.org.': [251], 'Under': [252], 'proposed': [254], 'cognition,': [257], 'there': [258], 'no': [260, 266, 275], 'inner': [261, 276, 436], 'language': [262, 437, 644, 815], 'thought': [264, 273, 439], '(mentalese),': [265], 'formal': [267, 682], 'computational': [268], 'rules': [269], 'procedures': [271, 720], 'underlying': [272], '“engine': [277], 'reason”': [279], 'controls': [281], 'or': [282, 286, 339, 592, 651], 'guides': [283], 'our': [284], 'behavior': [285], 'utterances.': [287], 'paper': [289], 'starts': [290], 'description': [293], 'upon': [299, 795, 810], 'which': [300], 'conceptualization': [303], 'rests.': [307], 'first': [309], 'four': [311], 'parts': [312], 'neural': [320, 351, 487], 'network': [321, 352, 488], 'pattern': [322, 332, 489, 569, 601], 'classification': [323, 333, 490, 570], '(association).': [325], 'In': [326], 'addition,': [327], 'primates': [328, 403], 'have': [329], 'second-order': [331, 343], '(also': [335], 'relational': [337], 'matching': [338], 'tertiary': [340], 'cognition).': [341], 'process': [344, 571, 587], 'cannot': [345, 424], 'be': [346, 357, 387, 611, 693], 'implemented': [347], 'feedforward': [350], 'because': [353], 'similarities': [355], 'noted': [358], 'are': [359, 419, 444, 451, 545, 744], 'patterns': [363, 673], 'themselves': [364], 'but': [365], 'higher-': [368], 'order': [369], 'relationships': [370], 'patterns.': [373], 'second': [375], 'part': [376, 494, 525], 'mental': [382], 'representation': [383, 460], 'can': [386, 479, 610, 724, 736], 'best': [388], 'understood': [389], 'introducing': [391], 'term,': [394], 'cogject': [395, 576], 'labels': [397], 'how': [398], 'minds': [399], 'hamsters': [401], 'mentally': [404], 'represent': [405], 'physical': [406], 'objects,': [407, 516], 'actions': [408], 'events.': [410], 'critical': [412], 'property': [413], 'cogjects': [415], 'they': [418], 'singular': [420], 'affirmative—a': [422], 'dog': [423], 'represent,': [425], 'cat': [427], 'mat.': [432], 'Unlike': [433], 'popular': [435], 'hypothesis,': [440], 'these': [441], 'more': [446], 'precise': [447, 454], 'language—they': [450], 'much': [452], 'less': [453], 'evolved': [463], 'capability': [465], 'chunk': [467], 'perceptions': [468], 'appropriately': [472], 'sized': [473], '“bins,”': [474], 'so': [475], 'creature': [478], 'gather': [480], 'statistical': [481], 'world': [485, 705, 789], 'via': [486], 'processes.': [491], 'third': [493, 685], 'includes': [498, 513, 657], 'well-documented': [500], 'specialized': [501], 'core': [502], 'knowledge': [503], 'systems.': [504, 683], 'Also': [505], 'known': [506], 'toolkit,': [510], 'this': [511], 'know-how': [514], 'about': [515], 'navigation': [517], 'skills': [518], 'number': [521], 'sense.': [522], 'fourth': [524], 'an': [532, 567, 593, 604], 'action': [533, 551, 564, 580, 605, 609], 'planning': [534], 'evaluation': [536, 586], 'system.': [537, 654], 'An': [538], 'next': [540], 'immediate': [541], 'motor': [542], 'control': [543, 552], 'movements': [544], 'planned': [546, 563, 612], 'sequencing': [548], 'signals,': [553], 'is,': [555], 'cogjects,': [556], 'buffer.': [559, 581], 'Evaluation': [560], 'additional': [568], 'operates': [573], 'contents': [577], 'result': [583], 'either': [589], 'go-ahead': [591], 'abort': [594], 'response': [595], 'simply': [598], 'based': [599, 671, 794], 'classification.': [602], 'If': [603], 'aborted,': [607, 616], 'another': [608], 'perhaps': [614], 'leaving': [617], 'observer': [620], 'conjecture': [622], 'momentarily': [625], 'inactive': [626], 'animal': [627, 811], '“thinking.”': [629], 'Human': [630, 740, 806], 'modeled': [633], 'three': [635], 'systems,': [636], 'just': [641], 'outlined,': [642], 'those': [658], 'support': [662], 'endorse': [666], 'linguists’': [669], 'theory': [670], 'spaces': [675], 'rules,': [678], 'procedures,': [679], 'symbols': [680], 'called,': [689], '“human': [690], 'reason,”': [691], 'may': [692], 'least': [695], 'intuitive.': [696], 'Based': [697], 'language,': [700], 'establishes': [702], 'complexity': [707], 'allowing': [709], 'us': [710], 'create,': [712], 'name,': [713], 'describe,': [714], 'explain': [715], 'communicate': [717], 'intricate': [718], 'concepts,': [719], 'theories.': [722], 'What': [723], 'do': [728], 'words?': [730], 'My': [731], 'answer': [732], 'we': [735, 759], 'tell': [737], 'stories,': [738], 'period.': [739], 'logic': [741], 'truth': [743], 'Greek': [745], 'myths': [746], 'need': [748], 'comprehensive': [749], 'revision.': [750, 805], 'Even': [751], '“truth”': [753], 'science': [755], 'value': [758], 'bestow': [760], 'story': [763], 'been': [766], 'corrected': [767], 'many': [768, 771], 'times': [769], 'people': [772], 'who': [773], 'look': [774], 'consistency': [776, 783], 'other': [778], 'stories': [779], '(theoretical': [780], 'import)': [781], 'their': [785], 'observations': [786], '(empirical': [790], 'import).': [791], 'Truth': [792], 'group': [796], 'consensus': [797], 'always': [800], 'subject': [801], 'change': [803], 'built': [809], 'separate': [820], 'engine': [821], 'reason.': [823], 'References': [824], 'Lynch,': [825, 841], 'J.': [826, 842], '(2004).': [827], 'words.': [836, 854], 'Imperial': [837, 855], 'Beach,': [838, 856], 'CA:': [839, 857], 'Aventine.': [840, 858], '(expected': [843], '2004).': [845]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2772956066', 'counts_by_year': [], 'updated_date': '2024-12-09T05:36:38.030566', 'created_date': '2017-12-22'}