Publication Information

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[46, 341], 'Katrine': [47, 50, 342, 345, 654], 'Knutsen,': [48, 343, 655], 'Helle': [49, 344, 653], 'KnutsenSearch': [51, 346], 'authorJan': [57, 352], 'Alexander,': [58, 353, 631], 'Jan': [59, 354, 630], 'AlexanderSearch': [60, 355], 'authorLars': [66, 361], 'Barregård,': [67, 362, 633], 'Lars': [68, 363, 632], 'BarregårdSearch': [69, 364], 'authorMargherita': [75, 370], 'Bignami,': [76, 371, 635], 'Margherita': [77, 372, 634], 'BignamiSearch': [78, 373], 'authorBeat': [84, 379], 'Brüschweiler,': [85, 380, 637], 'Beat': [86, 381, 636], 'BrüschweilerSearch': [87, 382], 'authorSandra': [93, 388], 'Ceccatelli,': [94, 389, 639], 'Sandra': [95, 390, 638], 'CeccatelliSearch': [96, 391], 'authorBruce': [102, 397], 'Cottrill,': [103, 398, 641], 'Bruce': [104, 399, 640], 'CottrillSearch': [105, 400], 'authorMichael': [111, 254, 406, 549], 'Dinovi,': [112, 255, 407, 550, 643], 'Michael': [113, 256, 408, 551, 642], 'DinoviSearch': [114, 257, 409, 552], 'authorLutz': [120, 415], 'Edler,': [121, 416, 645], 'Lutz': [122, 417, 644], 'EdlerSearch': [123, 418], 'authorBettina': [129, 424], 'Grasl-Kraupp,': [130, 425, 647], 'Bettina': [131, 426, 646], 'Grasl-KrauppSearch': [132, 427], 'authorChrister': [138, 433], 'Hogstrand,': [139, 434, 649], 'Christer': [140, 435, 648], 'HogstrandSearch': [141, 436], 'authorLaurentius': [147, 442], '(Ron)': [148, 151, 443, 446, 651], 'Hoogenboom,': [149, 444, 652], 'Laurentius': [150, 445, 650], 'HoogenboomSearch': [152, 447], 'authorCarlo': [158, 453], 'Stefano': [159, 162, 454, 457, 657], 'Nebbia,': [160, 455, 658], 'Carlo': [161, 456, 656], 'NebbiaSearch': [163, 458], 'authorIsabelle': [169, 464], 'P': [170, 173, 465, 468], 'Oswald,': [171, 466, 661], 'Isabelle': [172, 467, 659], 'OswaldSearch': [174, 469], 'authorAnnette': [180, 475], 'Petersen,': [181, 476, 663], 'Annette': [182, 477, 662], 'PetersenSearch': [183, 478], 'authorMartin': [189, 484], 'Rose,': [190, 485, 665], 'Martin': [191, 486, 664], 'RoseSearch': [192, 487], 'authorAlain-Claude': [198, 493], 'Roudot,': [199, 494, 667], 'Alain-Claude': [200, 495, 666], 'RoudotSearch': [201, 496], 'authorTanja': [207, 502], 'Schwerdtle,': [208, 503, 669], 'Tanja': [209, 504, 668], 'SchwerdtleSearch': [210, 505], 'authorChristiane': [216, 511], 'Vleminckx,': [217, 512, 671], 'Christiane': [218, 513, 670], 'VleminckxSearch': [219, 514], 'authorGünter': [225, 520], 'Vollmer,': [226, 521], 'Günter': [227, 522, 672], 'VollmerSearch': [228, 523], 'authorKevin': [234, 529], 'Chipman,': [235, 530], 'Kevin': [236, 531], 'ChipmanSearch': [237, 532], 'authorBruno': [243, 299, 538, 594], 'De': [244, 247, 539, 542], 'Meulenaer,': [245, 540], 'Bruno': [246, 301, 541, 596], 'MeulenaerSearch': [248, 543], 'authorWim': [263, 558], 'Mennes,': [264, 559], 'Wim': [265, 560], 'MennesSearch': [266, 561], 'authorJosef': [272, 567], 'Schlatter,': [273, 568], 'Josef': [274, 569], 'SchlatterSearch': [275, 570], 'authorDieter': [281, 576], 'Schrenk,': [282, 577], 'Dieter': [283, 578], 'SchrenkSearch': [284, 579], 'authorKatleen': [290, 585], 'Baert,': [291, 586], 'Katleen': [292, 587], 'BaertSearch': [293, 588], 'Dujardin,': [300, 595], 'DujardinSearch': [302, 597], 'authorHeather': [308, 603], 'Wallace,': [309, 604], 'Heather': [310, 605, 675], 'WallaceSearch': [311, 606], 'author': [317, 612], 'First': [613], 'published:': [614], '25': [615, 3573], 'October': [616], '2017': [617, 741], 'https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5005Citations:': [618], '32': [619], 'Correspondence:': [620], '[email protected]': [621], 'Requestor:': [622], 'European': [623, 710, 734, 824, 1125, 1129, 1207, 3668, 3744], 'Commission': [624, 825, 1126, 3665], 'Question': [625], 'number:': [626], 'EFSA-Q-2016-00025': [627], 'members:': [629], 'P.': [660], 'Vollmer': [673], 'Wallace.': [676], 'Acknowledgements:': [677], 'wishes': [679], 'thank': [681], 'hearing': [683], 'experts:': [684], 'Diana': [685], 'Doell': [686], 'Ruud': [688], 'Woutersen': [689], 'staff': [692], 'member:': [693], 'José': [694], 'Cortinas': [695], 'Abrahantes': [696], 'support': [699], 'provided': [700, 717, 1345, 1352, 3347], 'scientific': [703, 830, 1136, 3490, 3531, 3675], 'output.': [704], 'The': [705, 823, 913, 1057, 1104, 1124, 1356, 1367, 1513, 1527, 1707, 1751, 1829, 2012, 2389, 2455, 2589, 2672, 2699, 3004, 3070, 3081, 3132, 3214, 3263, 3410, 3576, 3699, 3931, 4237, 4347, 4386], 'CONTAM': [706, 1058, 2850, 2865, 2905, 2981, 3071, 3082, 3133, 3215, 3264, 3302], 'acknowledges': [708], 'all': [709, 1196, 1703, 2644, 3297, 3733], 'competent': [711], 'institutions': [712], 'other': [714, 934, 1690, 1704], 'stakeholders': [715], 'that': [716, 1172, 1265, 1880, 1915, 1961, 1998, 2000, 2098, 2779, 2812, 2828, 2908, 2984, 3074, 3156, 3198, 3218, 3233, 3439, 3456, 3579, 3596, 4040], 'occurrence': [718, 907, 3272], 'data': [719, 729, 908, 1340, 1357, 1462, 1476, 1502, 1913, 1991, 2414, 2840, 2853, 2911, 2934, 3269, 3280, 3438, 3473], 'food,': [725, 1218, 3760], 'supported': [727, 1114, 3614], 'collection': [730], 'Comprehensive': [733], 'Consumption': [736], 'Database.': [737], 'Adopted:': [738], '20': [739, 1426], 'September': [740], 'This': [742, 1111, 1788, 4081], 'publication': [743], 'is': [744, 945, 953, 960, 974, 998, 1019, 1673, 1696, 1717, 1812, 1837, 1855, 1882, 1933, 1959, 2080, 2096, 2128, 2514, 2615, 2654, 2701, 2723, 2797, 2809, 2825, 2930, 3122, 3230, 3236, 3326, 3353, 3441, 3644, 3822, 3835, 3861, 3867, 3887, 3903, 3933, 3943, 3956, 3977, 3991, 3997, 4021, 4031, 4048, 4057, 4083, 4141, 4176, 4208, 4222, 4232, 4240, 4254, 4297, 4308, 4315, 4350, 4357, 4391, 4402], 'linked': [745], 'following': [748], 'Supporting': [750, 3800], 'Publications': [751], 'article:': [752], 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.EN-1066/full': [753], 'AboutSectionsPDF': [754], 'ToolsExport': [755], 'citationAdd': [756], 'favoritesTrack': [758], 'citation': [759], 'ShareShare': [760], 'Give': [761], 'accessShare': [762, 765], 'full': [763, 3250], 'text': [764], 'full-text': [766, 781, 805], 'accessPlease': [767], 'review': [768], 'our': [769], 'Terms': [770, 793, 3343, 3696], 'Conditions': [772, 795], 'Use': [774], 'check': [776], 'box': [777], 'below': [778, 801, 2280, 3043], 'share': [780, 803], 'version': [782, 806], 'article.I': [784], 'have': [785, 1938, 2068, 3385], 'read': [786], 'accept': [788], 'Wiley': [790], 'Online': [791], 'Library': [792], 'UseShareable': [797], 'LinkUse': [798], 'link': [800], 'a': [804, 819, 829, 884, 970, 1028, 1061, 1073, 1076, 1083, 1108, 1135, 1280, 1339, 1380, 1484, 1511, 1566, 1733, 1884, 2037, 2106, 2120, 2194, 2204, 2483, 2487, 2594, 2658, 2938, 2968, 2991, 2998, 3011, 3046, 3078, 3117, 3163, 3168, 3245, 3363, 3404, 3424, 3442, 3462, 3466, 3530, 3588, 3593, 3600, 3674, 3855, 3928, 4003, 4066, 4086, 4124, 4177, 4181, 4187, 4193, 4255, 4259, 4265, 4271, 4316, 4320, 4327, 4403, 4409], 'article': [809], 'with': [810, 1004, 1379, 1866, 1896, 1920, 1941, 1974, 2006, 2054, 2058, 2093, 2102, 2183, 2212, 2228, 2643, 2664, 2706, 3086, 3107, 3389, 3533, 3654, 4180, 4258, 4319, 4408], 'your': [811], 'friends': [812], 'colleagues.': [814], 'Learn': [815], 'more.Copy': [816], 'URL': [817], 'Share': [818], 'linkShare': [820], 'onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat': [821], 'Abstract': [822], 'asked': [826, 1127], 'evaluation': [831, 1137, 1178, 3715], 'risk': [834, 1069, 1140, 3226, 3468], 'human': [836, 1142, 1234, 3448, 3589, 3679, 3776], '(2-methylfuran,': [845, 1151], '3-methylfuran': [846, 1152, 1186, 1214, 1259, 1465, 2019, 2074, 2719, 2730, 2742, 2789, 3032, 3723, 3752, 4030, 4390], '2,5-dimethylfuran)': [848, 1154], 'food.': [850, 1156, 3691], 'They': [851, 3433], 'are': [852, 863, 881, 1262, 1266, 1655, 1682, 1996, 2020, 2519, 2677, 2838, 3042, 3100, 3261, 3393, 3400, 3895, 3924, 3965, 4044, 4398], 'formed': [853, 1267, 1276, 2049, 2067, 3354, 3395], 'foods': [855, 887, 1269, 1434, 1713, 3356, 3366, 3373, 3522], 'during': [856, 1270, 1730, 2563, 3289, 3357, 3396], 'thermal': [857, 1271, 3358, 3397], 'processing': [858, 1297, 3398], 'can': [860, 988, 1274, 2830, 4037, 4071, 4249, 4342], 'co-occur.': [861], 'Furans': [862], 'produced': [864, 4073], 'from': [865, 923, 955, 1217, 1279, 1425, 1472, 1535, 1582, 1817, 1966, 1992, 2050, 2083, 2091, 2352, 2451, 2854, 2913, 3435, 3520, 3541, 3570, 3759, 4074], 'several': [866], 'precursors': [867, 1283], 'such': [868, 1510, 3367, 3893], 'as': [869, 1072, 1191, 1249, 1329, 2162, 2164, 2222, 2778, 2898, 3144, 3277, 3279, 3346, 3368, 3728, 3757, 3791, 3899, 4065, 4069, 4085, 4111, 4123, 4360], 'ascorbic': [870, 1285], 'acid,': [871, 1286], 'amino': [872, 992, 1287, 1897, 1924, 2055], 'acids,': [873, 993, 1288, 1898], 'carbohydrates,': [874, 1289], 'unsaturated': [875, 1290], 'fatty': [876, 1291], 'acids': [877, 1292, 2056], 'carotenoids,': [879], 'found': [882, 961, 1373, 1393, 1431, 2754, 3387], 'variety': [885, 1281, 3364], 'including': [888, 1219, 1241, 1284, 3332, 3374, 3499, 3761, 3783], 'coffee': [889, 944, 1377, 1397, 1401, 1405, 1412, 1418, 1800, 3294, 3298], 'canned': [891, 3370], 'jarred': [893, 1496, 3372], 'foods.': [894, 3909], 'Regarding': [895, 1554, 1725], 'occurrence,': [897], '17,056': [898], 'analytical': [899], 'results': [900, 1865, 2032, 2319, 2805], 'were': [901, 909, 918, 1359, 1362, 1372, 1391, 1430, 1468, 1505, 1518, 1576, 2180, 2261, 2274, 2320, 2400, 2415, 2548, 2573, 3189], 'used': [902, 1060, 2852, 2997], 'evaluation.': [905], 'No': [906, 1935, 2271, 2464, 2567, 2782, 3662], 'received': [910], 'methylfurans.': [912, 3016, 3337], 'highest': [914, 963, 1368, 1514, 1574, 1781], 'exposures': [915, 1515, 1530, 3449], 'estimated': [919, 1254, 1337, 1519, 1605, 3581, 3796, 4361, 4368, 4377], 'infants,': [921], 'mainly': [922, 1305, 1674, 1791, 3874], 'ready-to-eat': [924, 1440, 3505], 'meals.': [925], 'Grains': [926, 1678], 'grain-based': [928, 1680], 'products': [929, 1681, 3498, 3503], 'contribute': [930], 'most': [931, 1015, 1687, 2758, 2932], 'toddlers,': [933, 1689], 'children': [935, 1654, 1691], 'adolescents.': [937], 'In': [938, 2117, 2206, 2242, 2258, 2296, 2375, 2962, 3479, 3652, 4133], 'adults,': [939, 1599, 1666, 1774], 'elderly': [940, 1600, 1603, 1667, 1775, 1778], 'very': [942, 1602, 1669, 1777, 1856, 2077, 2379], 'elderly,': [943, 1670], 'main': [947, 1657, 3916], 'contributor': [948, 1658, 1701, 1831], 'dietary': [950, 1203, 1255, 1332, 1529, 1568, 1596, 1661, 3049, 3172, 3740, 3797], 'exposure.': [951, 1256, 1759, 2735, 3478, 3798], 'Furan': [952, 997, 1273, 2151, 2288, 2585, 3352, 3548, 3813, 3866, 4175], 'absorbed': [954, 1816, 1965], 'gastrointestinal': [957, 1819], 'tract': [958], 'amounts': [964, 4284, 4304], 'liver.': [967, 2170, 2216, 2425, 2613], 'It': [968, 2513, 3360, 3886, 3942, 3996, 4036, 4248, 4307], 'has': [969, 1859, 1906, 3640, 4120], 'short': [971], 'half-life': [972], 'metabolised': [975], 'cytochrome': [977, 1838], 'P450': [978, 1839], '2E1': [979, 1840], '(CYP2E1)': [980], 'reactive': [983, 1886, 2013, 2038, 2047, 4138], 'metabolite,': [984], 'cis-but-2-ene-1,4-dialdehyde': [985, 1852, 4112], '(BDA).': [986], 'BDA': [987, 1858, 1881, 1893, 1918, 2328, 2356, 2407, 2592], 'bind': [989], 'covalently': [990], 'proteins': [994], 'DNA.': [996, 1910], 'hepatotoxic': [999, 2130], 'rats': [1001, 1007, 2192, 2221, 2552, 2577, 2740, 2894], 'mice': [1003, 1012, 2452, 2579, 2926], 'cholangiofibrosis': [1005, 1100, 2891, 3188], 'hepatocellular': [1009, 2244, 2920, 3140], 'adenomas/carcinomas': [1010], 'being': [1013, 2648], 'prominent': [1016], 'effects.': [1017, 1122], 'There': [1018, 2614, 2653, 2722, 2808], 'limited': [1020, 1507, 1718, 2078, 2655, 2791], 'evidence': [1021, 1037, 1879, 2617, 2656, 2811, 2827, 3146], 'chromosomal': [1023, 2312, 2446, 2816], 'damage': [1024, 2167, 2447, 2524, 2637, 2817], 'vivo': [1026, 1932, 3308], 'lack': [1029, 3246], 'understanding': [1031], 'underlying': [1034], 'mechanism.': [1035, 3464], 'Clear': [1036], 'indirect': [1039, 2622], 'mechanisms': [1040, 2623], 'involved': [1041], 'carcinogenesis': [1043, 2676], 'include': [1044, 2633], 'oxidative': [1045, 2430, 2523, 2587, 2636, 4147], 'stress,': [1046], 'gene': [1047, 2292], 'expression': [1048], 'alterations,': [1049], 'epigenetic': [1050, 2634], 'changes,': [1051, 2635], 'inflammation': [1052, 2695], 'increased': [1054], 'cell': [1055, 2602], 'proliferation.': [1056, 2698], 'margin': [1062, 2999], 'exposure': [1064, 1204, 1333, 1597, 1662, 1672, 1749, 1762, 1789, 1808, 2442, 2686, 3001, 3056, 3159, 3173, 3206, 3517, 3546, 3584, 3741], '(MOE)': [1065, 3002, 3585], 'approach': [1066], 'characterisation': [1070], 'using': [1071, 1338, 4152, 4362], 'reference': [1074, 2899, 2939, 3012], 'point': [1075, 2940, 3013, 4189, 4195, 4267, 4273, 4329], 'benchmark': [1077, 1084], 'dose': [1078, 2196, 2266, 2558, 2880, 2955, 3024], 'lower': [1079, 1546], 'confidence': [1080], 'limit': [1081], 'response': [1085, 2227], '10%': [1087], '0.064': [1089, 2871], 'mg/kg': [1090, 2199, 2238, 2254, 2269, 2282, 2555, 2583, 2872, 2947], 'body': [1091, 1540, 1825], 'weight': [1092, 1541, 3818], '(bw)': [1093, 1542], 'per': [1094, 1543, 1588, 1616, 1634, 2874, 2885, 2949, 2960], 'day': [1095, 1544, 1589, 1617, 1635, 2875, 2950], 'incidence': [1098, 2918, 3186], 'rat.': [1103, 3035], 'calculated': [1105, 1117, 1490, 1531, 3040, 3093], 'MOEs': [1106, 1118, 3041, 3076, 3094, 3138], 'indicate': [1107, 3077, 3116, 3587], 'concern.': [1110, 3080, 3119, 3165], 'conclusion': [1112], 'was': [1113, 1336, 1489, 1604, 1627, 1790, 1981, 2210, 2218, 2308, 2357, 2470, 2480, 2498, 2753, 2768, 2986, 3007, 3019, 3549, 3565], 'neoplastic': [1121, 2902, 3096], 'Summary': [1123], 'Safety': [1131, 3670], 'Authority': [1132, 3671], '(EFSA)': [1133, 3672], 'To': [1157], 'address': [1158, 1952], 'request,': [1160], '(CONTAM)': [1170, 3708], 'decided': [1171, 2983], 'opinion': [1174, 1950, 3676, 3711], 'should': [1175, 3712, 3973], 'comprise': [1176, 3713], 'the:': [1177, 3714], 'toxicity': [1181, 2213, 2715, 2728, 2737, 3476, 3718], 'furan,': [1183, 1212, 1768, 2979, 3029, 3155, 3178, 3390, 3720, 3749, 3921, 3970, 4166], '2-methylfuran,': [1185, 1213, 1258, 1464, 3722, 3751, 4029, 4167], '2,5-dimethylfuran,': [1188, 3725, 3754], 'collectively': [1189, 3726, 3755], 'known': [1190, 3727, 3756, 4084], 'methylfurans,': [1192, 1483, 1754, 3242, 3729, 3758], 'humans': [1194, 3731], 'considering': [1195, 3732], 'relevant': [1197, 2272, 3734, 3896, 3926], 'toxicological': [1198, 3735], 'endpoints;': [1199, 3736], 'estimation': [1200, 3737], 'Union': [1208, 3745], '(EU)': [1209, 3746], 'population': [1210, 1228, 1246, 1523, 3747, 3770, 3788], '2,5-dimethylfuran': [1216, 1261, 1467, 1504, 2029, 2051, 2796, 2802, 2829, 4050, 4169], 'consumption': [1221, 3763], 'patterns': [1222, 3764], 'specific': [1224, 1242, 1734, 3766, 3784], 'groups': [1225, 1243, 3062, 3767, 3785], 'if': [1229, 1247, 3771, 3789], 'appropriate;': [1230, 3772], 'assessment': [1231, 3227, 3235, 3251, 3260, 3469, 3773, 3804], 'risks': [1236, 3681, 3778], 'EU': [1239, 3781], 'population,': [1240, 3782], 'appropriate,': [1248, 3790], 'consequence': [1251, 2521, 3793], 'Furan,': [1257], 'volatile': [1263], 'compounds': [1264, 2814], 'processing.': [1272, 3359], 'be': [1275, 1607, 1964, 2144, 2397, 2756, 2771, 3239, 3253, 3906, 3974, 4000, 4038, 4072], 'carotenoids.': [1294], 'characteristics,': [1296], 'cooking': [1299], 'conditions,': [1300], 'losses': [1303], 'which': [1304, 1559, 1854, 3564], 'occur': [1306], 'due': [1307, 1916, 3243, 3839], 'evaporation': [1309], 'preparation': [1312, 3295], 'at': [1316, 2234, 2247, 2250, 2263, 2276, 2278, 2332, 2435, 2500, 2553, 3551, 3875, 4198, 4212, 4220, 4276, 4295, 4332], 'level': [1318], 'consumer,': [1321], 'determine': [1322], 'final': [1324], 'concentration': [1325], 'consumed.': [1330], 'Chronic': [1331, 1595, 2441], 'set': [1341, 2912, 2935], 'containing': [1342, 3377, 3829], '9,663': [1343], 'samples': [1344, 1351], 'governmental': [1347], 'organisations': [1348], '7,393': [1350], 'commercial': [1354], 'organisations.': [1355], 'sets': [1358], 'comparable': [1360, 3966], 'merged': [1363], 'assessment.': [1366, 1750], 'concentrations': [1369, 1388, 1423, 1716, 1796, 3288], 'whole': [1375], 'roasted': [1376, 1396], 'beans,': [1378], 'mean': [1381, 1387, 1528], 'value': [1382], '4,579': [1384], 'μg/kg.': [1385], 'High': [1386], 'also': [1392, 1577, 1697, 2724, 3327, 3394, 3938, 3957, 4032], 'ground': [1395], '(2,361': [1398], 'μg/kg),': [1399, 1404, 1410], 'unspecified': [1400], 'solids': [1402], '(2,186': [1403], 'imitates': [1406, 1419], 'brewing': [1408], '(1,922': [1409], 'instant': [1411, 1417], 'powder': [1413], '(310': [1414], 'μg/kg)': [1415], '(127': [1420], 'μg/kg).': [1421], 'Mean': [1422], 'ranging': [1424, 1581], '57': [1428], 'μg/kg': [1429, 1539, 1586, 1614, 1632], 'composite': [1433], '(prepared': [1435], 'salads,': [1436], 'cereal-based': [1437], 'vegetable-based),': [1439], 'meals': [1441, 1649], 'infants': [1443, 1533, 1580, 1651], 'young': [1445], 'children,': [1446], 'soy': [1447], 'sauce,': [1448], 'bread': [1449, 1739], 'rolls,': [1451], 'raw': [1452], 'pasta,': [1453], 'breakfast': [1454], 'cereals,': [1455, 1495], 'fine': [1456], 'bakery': [1457], 'wares': [1458], 'spirits.': [1460], 'Occurrence': [1461], 'not': [1469, 1741, 2290, 2396, 2401, 2987, 3888, 3925, 4399], 'provided,': [1470], 'available': [1474, 1997, 2841, 3005, 3437, 3646], 'literature': [1475], 'co-occurrence': [1479], '2-methylfuran/furan': [1485], '3-methylfuran/furan': [1487], 'ratio': [1488], 'only': [1491, 2076], 'coffee,': [1493, 3369], 'infant': [1494], 'baby-food': [1497], 'cereal': [1499], 'flakes.': [1500], 'Co-occurrence': [1501], 'too': [1506], 'derive': [1509, 2937], 'ratio.': [1512], 'youngest': [1522], 'group,': [1524], 'i.e.': [1525], 'infants.': [1526, 1664], 'ranged': [1534], '0.14': [1536], '0.99': [1538], '(minimum': [1545, 1590, 1618, 1636], 'bound': [1547, 1552], '(LB)': [1548], 'maximum': [1550, 1593, 1621, 1639], 'upper': [1551], '(UB)).': [1553], '95th': [1556, 1625], 'percentile': [1557, 1626, 3055], 'exposures,': [1558], 'refer': [1560], 'highly': [1562, 3868, 3934, 4137], 'exposed': [1563], 'consumers': [1564], 'within': [1565], 'given': [1567, 2201, 2562, 2741, 3110], 'survey': [1569, 1644], 'age': [1571, 1646, 1705, 3061], 'class,': [1572], 'estimates': [1575, 1772, 3057], 'observed': [1578, 2181, 2219, 2262, 2275, 2471, 2499, 2549, 2574], '0.27': [1583], '1.8': [1585], 'bw': [1587, 1615, 1633, 2239, 2255, 2283, 2556, 2873, 2948], 'LB': [1591, 1619, 1637], 'UB).': [1594], 'average': [1609], 'between': [1610, 1628, 3446, 3619], '0.11': [1611], '0.75': [1613], 'UB)': [1622, 1640], '0.2': [1629], '1.27': [1631], 'depending': [1641], 'group.': [1647], 'Ready-to-eat': [1648], 'small': [1653, 3444], 'For': [1665, 1760, 1987, 2028, 2071, 2861, 2901, 3036, 3241], 'driven': [1675, 1792], 'coffee.': [1677], 'group': [1685], 'contributing': [1686, 2673], 'adolescents,': [1693], 'it': [1695, 1905, 1958, 2095, 2985, 3018, 3195, 3972, 3976, 4070, 4140, 4341], 'second': [1699], 'largest': [1700], 'classes.': [1706], 'influence': [1708], 'reheating': [1710], 'commercially': [1711], 'processed': [1712, 3496], 'depends': [1720], 'consumer': [1723, 3516], 'behaviour.': [1724], 'formation': [1727, 1850, 2035], 'home': [1731, 3500], 'cooking,': [1732], 'scenario': [1735, 1763, 3169], 'based': [1736, 3150], 'toasting': [1738], 'did': [1740, 2289], 'impact': [1742, 3220], 'overall': [1745, 3205], 'outcome': [1746], 'inclusion': [1752], 'however,': [1755], 'may': [1756, 2002, 3200, 3937], 'significantly': [1757, 3202], 'increase': [1758, 1782, 3209], 'sum': [1766, 3176], '2-methylfuran': [1769, 1798, 1973, 2017, 2748, 2794, 2800, 3030, 3179], '3-methylfuran,': [1771, 1990, 3181, 3384, 4168], 'showed': [1779, 2803], 'compared': [1783], 'baseline': [1786], 'scenario.': [1787], 'high': [1795, 3054], '(four': [1801], 'times': [1802], 'higher': [1803], 'than': [1804, 2149, 3102, 4234], 'furan).': [1805], 'After': [1806, 2171], 'oral': [1807, 1936, 2139], 'rats,': [1810, 2259], 'rapidly': [1813], 'extensively': [1815, 1827], '(GI)': [1820], 'tract,': [1821], 'distributed': [1822], 'throughout': [1823], 'metabolised.': [1828], 'major': [1830], 'metabolism': [1834, 1890], '(CYP2E1),': [1841], 'resulting': [1842, 3137], 'opening': [1844, 2031, 4149], 'ring': [1848, 2030, 4148], '(BDA)': [1853], 'reactive.': [1857], 'never': [1860], 'been': [1861, 1939, 2069, 3386, 3641, 4121], 'directly': [1862, 2360], 'measured.': [1863], 'However,': [1864, 1911, 3017, 3120, 3465], 'trapping': [1867], 'agents': [1868], 'identification': [1871], 'urinary': [1873], 'biliary': [1875], 'metabolites': [1876, 2089, 2112], 'provide': [1877], 'strong': [1878], 'indeed': [1883], 'prime': [1885], 'intermediate': [1887, 2048], 'furan.': [1892, 2631, 2671, 2781, 3131, 3409], 'reacts': [1894, 2052], 'readily': [1895, 2053, 4309], 'glutathione': [1899], '(GSH)': [1900], 'biogenic': [1902], 'amines': [1903], 'direct': [1907, 2659, 2662, 2969], 'reactivity': [1908, 1919], 'towards': [1909, 2147], 'suggest': [1914], 'protein': [1921, 1975], 'non-protein': [1923], 'thiol': [1926], 'residues,': [1927], 'access': [1928], 'DNA': [1930, 1977, 2330, 2351, 2383, 2421, 2432, 2456, 2526, 2639, 2832], 'restricted.': [1934], 'studies': [1937, 1995, 2092, 2303, 2915, 3306], 'performed': [1940, 3254], 'any': [1942], 'three': [1945], 'considered': [1947, 2907, 3020, 3135, 3217, 3904], 'their': [1953, 2087], 'kinetics': [1954], 'animals,': [1956], 'but': [1957, 2082, 2399, 3922, 4046, 4395], 'anticipated': [1960, 2097], 'they': [1962, 2001], 'will': [1963, 2100], 'GI': [1968], 'tract.': [1969], 'Non-extractable': [1970], 'association': [1971], 'liver': [1980, 2009, 2189, 2386, 2439, 2509, 2692, 2700], 'reported': [1982, 2321, 2416, 2769, 3998, 4366], 'after': [1983, 2193, 2231, 2731, 2895, 2927], 'intraperitoneal': [1984], '(i.p.)': [1985], 'administration.': [1986], '2-methyl-': [1988], 'vitro': [1994, 2302, 2346, 2410, 2822], 'show': [1999], 'become': [2003], 'associated': [2004, 2211], '(non-extractable)': [2005], 'lung': [2007], 'microsomal': [2010, 2326], 'proteins.': [2011], 'metabolic': [2014, 3406], 'intermediates': [2015], 'cis-enedials': [2022], '3-acetylacrolein': [2023], '(4-oxopent-2-enal)': [2024], '2-methylbut-2-enedial,': [2026], 'respectively.': [2027], 'intermediate,': [2039], 'cis-enedione': [2041], '3(Z)-hexene-2,5-dione.': [2042], 'Similar': [2043], 'BDA,': [2045], 'GSH': [2059], 'corresponding': [2062], 'structures': [2063, 2085, 2391, 4164], 'adducts': [2066, 2331, 2384, 2394], 'reported.': [2070], '2-': [2072, 2717], 'metabolites,': [2075], 'information': [2079, 2783, 2792, 3006, 3325, 3801, 4047], 'available,': [2081], 'primary': [2088, 2111, 2703], 'scavengers,': [2094], 'these': [2099, 2393, 2460, 2517, 2646, 3075, 3192, 3923], 'react': [2101], 'tissue': [2103, 2604, 2651], 'components': [2104], 'similar': [2107, 3405], 'way': [2108], '2,5-dimethylfuran.': [2116], 'experiments': [2118], 'duration': [2121, 2684], 'up': [2123, 2284, 2580], '90': [2125, 2172, 2713, 2732, 2745], 'days,': [2126, 2173], 'strongly': [2129], 'moderately': [2132], 'nephrotoxic': [2133], 'rodents': [2135], 'when': [2136], 'applied': [2137, 2879, 2954, 3919], 'gavage.': [2140], 'Rats': [2141], 'seem': [2142], 'sensitive': [2146, 2226, 2759], 'mice.': [2150, 2512], 'leads': [2152, 2599], 'characteristic': [2154], 'changes': [2155, 2186, 2537, 3283], 'serum': [2157, 2177], 'markers': [2158], 'hepatotoxicity': [2161, 3027, 3153], 'well': [2163, 3278], 'severe': [2165, 2184], 'histopathological': [2166, 2185], 'significant': [2174, 2229], 'increases': [2175, 2230], 'thyroid': [2178], 'hormones': [2179], 'along': [2182], 'male': [2191, 2739, 2893], 'daily': [2195, 2993], '0.12': [2198], 'bw,': [2200], '5': [2202, 2883, 2958], 'days': [2203, 2733, 2884, 2959], 'week.': [2205], 'long-term': [2207], 'studies,': [2208], 'Cholangiofibrosis': [2217], 'an': [2223, 2529, 3488, 3511, 3534, 3616, 3946, 4367, 4376], 'early': [2224], '36': [2232], 'weeks': [2233, 2249], 'doses': [2235, 2251, 2277, 2436, 3452], '0.44': [2237], 'above.': [2241, 2257], 'mice,': [2243], 'adenoma/carcinoma': [2245], 'occurred': [2246, 2434], '104': [2248, 2286], '4': [2253], 'cholangiocarcinomas': [2260], 'top': [2265], '8': [2268, 2582], 'bw.': [2270, 2584], 'malignancies': [2273], 'or': [2279, 2527, 2744, 2747], '2': [2281, 2554, 2896, 2928, 3485], 'weeks.': [2287], 'induce': [2291, 2311, 2361, 2815, 2831], 'mutations': [2293, 2362, 2369, 2518], 'bacteria.': [2295, 2807], 'majority': [2298], 'mammalian': [2305, 2371, 2819], 'cells,': [2306], 'able': [2309, 2358], 'aberrations': [2313], 'sister': [2315], 'chromatid': [2316], 'exchanges;': [2317], 'contrasting': [2318], 'requirement': [2324], 'activation.': [2327], 'forms': [2329], 'exocyclic': [2334], 'N': [2335], 'atom': [2336], 'deoxycytosine,': [2339], 'deoxyguanosine': [2340], 'deoxyadenosine': [2342], 'nucleosides': [2343], 'model': [2347, 2411], 'systems': [2348], 'Salmonella': [2353], 'Typhimurium': [2354], 'TA104.': [2355], 'bacteria': [2364], 'strand': [2366], 'breaks': [2367, 2422, 2833], 'cells': [2372, 2544, 2820], 'vitro.': [2374], 'rodents,': [2376], 'induced': [2378, 2405, 2445], 'low': [2380], 'levels': [2381, 3538], 'kidney.': [2388], 'chemical': [2390, 3859, 3917, 3963, 3989, 4042], 'could': [2395, 3252], 'defined': [2398], 'identical': [2402], 'those': [2404, 3968], 'systems.': [2412], 'Conflicting': [2413], 'induction': [2419, 2466, 2889], 'These': [2426, 2632], 'breaks,': [2427], 'likely': [2428, 2678, 3237, 3401], 'reflecting': [2429], 'stress-induced': [2431], 'damage,': [2433, 2605, 2694], 'showing': [2437], 'mild': [2438], 'toxicity.': [2440], 'proliferating': [2449], 'splenocytes': [2450], 'rats.': [2454], 'lesions': [2457], 'responsible': [2458], 'effects': [2461, 2569, 2647, 3097], 'remain': [2462], 'undefined.': [2463], 'clear': [2465, 2616, 3197, 3889], 'base': [2468], 'substitutions': [2469], 'transgenic': [2473, 2488], 'rat': [2474], 'models.': [2475], 'A': [2476], 'weak': [2477], 'mutagenic': [2478], 'activity': [2479], 'suggested': [2481], 'single': [2484], 'study': [2485, 3606], 'mouse': [2489], 'model.': [2490], 'An': [2491], 'excess': [2492], 'GC': [2494], '>': [2495], 'TA': [2496], 'transversions': [2497], 'codon': [2501], '61': [2502], 'Ha-ras': [2505, 2534], 'oncogene': [2506], 'furan-induced': [2508], 'tumours': [2510], 'uncertain': [2515], 'whether': [2516], 'reflect': [2528], 'expansion': [2530], 'pre-existing': [2532], 'spontaneous': [2533], 'mutations.': [2535], 'Histological': [2536], 'testes,': [2540], 'prostate': [2541], 'gland,': [2542], 'Leydig': [2543], 'seminal': [2546], 'vesicles': [2547], 'Wistar': [2551], '(lowest': [2557], 'tested)': [2559], 'above': [2561], 'weaning': [2564], 'post-puberty.': [2566], 'histological': [2568], 'reproductive': [2571], 'organs': [2572], 'adult': [2576], 'induces': [2586], 'stress.': [2588], 'binding': [2590], 'range': [2595], 'target': [2597, 2704], 'molecules': [2598], 'ultimately': [2600], 'mitochondrial': [2606], 'dysfunction': [2607], 'fibrosis,': [2609], 'primarily': [2610], 'involvement': [2620], 'carcinogenic': [2626, 2668, 2974, 3126, 3320, 3458, 3594], 'mode': [2627, 2975, 3127, 3321], 'action': [2629, 2669, 2977, 3129], 'regenerative': [2641], 'hyperplasia,': [2642], 'accompanied': [2649], 'damage.': [2652], 'mechanism': [2660, 2971], '(i.e.': [2661], 'interaction': [2663], 'DNA)': [2665], 'factors': [2674], 'vary': [2680], 'according': [2681], 'dose,': [2683], 'degree': [2688], 'severity': [2690], 'cellular': [2693], 'compensatory': [2697], 'organ': [2705], 'respect': [2707], 'acute': [2709], 'short-term': [2711], '(<': [2712], 'days)': [2714, 2746, 2750], 'rodents.': [2721], 'indication': [2725], 'kidney': [2727], 'Liver': [2736], '(28': [2743, 2749], 'gavage': [2752], 'adverse': [2760], 'endpoint': [2761], 'both': [2763, 2813, 3475], 'compounds.': [2764], 'Their': [2765], 'toxic': [2766], 'potency': [2767], 'same': [2774], 'order': [2775], 'magnitude': [2777], 'genotoxic': [2786, 2970, 3334, 3463, 3602], 'properties': [2787, 3809, 3812, 3964, 4043, 4174], 'available.': [2798], 'Both': [2799], 'negative': [2804], 'some': [2810, 2965, 3090], 'there': [2824, 2837, 3121, 3440], 'little': [2826], 'vivo.': [2835], 'As': [2836], 'few': [2839], 'effect': [2844, 3311], 'humans,': [2848], 'experimental': [2855, 3454], 'animals': [2856, 3455], 'hazard': [2859], 'characterisation.': [2860], 'non-neoplastic': [2862, 3037], 'effects,': [2863, 2903, 3038, 3459], 'selected': [2867, 2942], 'BMDL10': [2869, 2944], '(correcting': [2876, 2951], 'regimen': [2881, 2956], 'week)': [2886], 'years': [2897, 2929, 3543], 'point.': [2900], 'combined': [2910], 'two': [2914], 'adenomas': [2921, 3141], 'carcinomas': [2923, 3143], 'female': [2925], 'robust': [2933], '1.31': [2946], 'week).': [2961], 'view': [2963, 4134], 'indications': [2966], 'appropriate': [2988, 3021], 'establish': [2990], 'tolerable': [2992], 'intake': [2994], '(TDI)': [2995], 'approach.': [3003], 'insufficient': [3008], 'identify': [3010], 'assume': [3023], 'additivity': [3025], '100': [3044, 4235], 'number': [3047], 'surveys,': [3050, 3091], 'particularly': [3051, 4058], 'younger': [3060], '(infants': [3063], 'toddlers)': [3065], 'adults': [3067], '(including': [3068], 'elderly).': [3069], 'concluded': [3073, 3434, 3578, 3709], 'noted': [3084, 3975], 'that,': [3085], 'exception': [3088], 'smaller': [3101], '10,000,': [3103], 'which,': [3104], 'accordance': [3106, 3653], 'guidance': [3109], 'Committee,': [3114], 'would': [3115, 3470], 'uncertainty': [3123], 'regarding': [3124], 'supporting': [3145], 'its': [3148, 3962, 4041, 4062, 4136, 4205, 4281], 'conclusion,': [3149], 'current': [3158], 'indicates': [3162], 'Based': [3166], 'chronic': [3171], 'MOE': [3182, 3193], 'values': [3183], 'calculated.': [3190], 'From': [3191], 'values,': [3194], 'becomes': [3196], 'add': [3201], 'therefore': [3208], 'concern': [3211, 3591], 'hepatotoxicity.': [3213], 'uncertainties': [3223, 3257], 'moderate': [3231], 'conservative.': [3240], 'data,': [3248], 'no': [3249], 'large.': [3262], 'recommends': [3266, 3304], 'producing': [3267], 'additional': [3268], 'distinct': [3291], 'stages': [3292], 'types.': [3299], 'Furthermore,': [3300, 3604], 'performing': [3305], 'genome': [3316], 'clarify': [3318], 'action.': [3323], 'Further': [3324], 'needed': [3328], 'toxicity,': [3331], 'properties,': [3335], '1': [3338], 'Introduction': [3339], '1.1': [3340], 'Background': [3341], 'Reference': [3345, 3698], 'requestor': [3350], 'BACKGROUND': [3351], 'occurs': [3361], 'baby': [3375], 'meat,': [3378], 'various': [3380], 'vegetables.': [3381], '2-Methylfuran': [3382, 3949, 4253], 'concurrently': [3388], 'apparently': [3392], 'undergo': [3403], 'fate': [3407], 'adopted': [3419], '7': [3421], 'December': [3422, 3486, 3509], '2004': [3423], 'report': [3425, 3491, 3514, 3532, 3607], 'provisional': [3427], 'findings': [3428], 'food.1': [3432], 'relatively': [3443], 'difference': [3445], 'possible': [3447], 'produce': [3457], 'probably': [3460], 'reliable': [3467], 'need': [3471], 'further': [3472, 4396], 'meantime,': [3481], 'published': [3483], '2009,': [3487, 3510], 'external': [3489, 3512], 'heat': [3495], 'cooked': [3501], 'products.2': [3506], '18': [3508], 'scientific/technical': [3513], 'heat-processed': [3521], 'kitchen': [3524], 'air.3': [3525], '22': [3527], 'August': [3528], '2011,': [3529], 'update': [3535], 'monitoring': [3542], '2004–2010': [3544], 'assessment.4': [3547], 'evaluated': [3550], 'meeting': [3553], 'Joint': [3556], 'FAO/WHO': [3557], 'Expert': [3558], 'Committee': [3559, 3577], 'Additives': [3562], '(JECFA)': [3563], 'held': [3566], 'Rome,': [3568], 'Italy,': [3569], '16': [3571, 4285], 'February': [3574], '2010.5': [3575], 'margins': [3582], '(480–960)': [3586], 'compound': [3595, 3825, 3932], 'might': [3597], 'act': [3598], 'via': [3599, 4145], 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