Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2763436959', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2017.00243', 'title': 'Metformin: A Bridge between Diabetes and Prostate Cancer', 'display_name': 'Metformin: A Bridge between Diabetes and Prostate Cancer', 'publication_year': 2017, 'publication_date': '2017-10-11', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2763436959', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2017.00243', 'mag': '2763436959', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29075616', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5641539'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2017.00243', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2017.00243/pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2596394214', 'display_name': 'Frontiers in Oncology', 'issn_l': '2234-943X', 'issn': ['2234-943X'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320527', 'host_organization_name': 'Frontiers Media', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320527'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Frontiers Media'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'doaj', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'gold', 'oa_url': 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2017.00243/pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5004264697', 'display_name': 'Veronica Zingales', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5391-870X'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I39063666', 'display_name': 'University of Catania', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03a64bh57', 'country_code': 'IT', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I39063666']}], 'countries': ['IT'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Veronica Zingales', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Drug Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Italy'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Drug Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Italy', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I39063666']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5104173234', 'display_name': 'Alfio Distefano', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I39063666', 'display_name': 'University of Catania', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03a64bh57', 'country_code': 'IT', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I39063666']}], 'countries': ['IT'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Alfio Distefano', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Drug Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Italy'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Drug Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Italy', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I39063666']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5024097033', 'display_name': 'Marco Raffaele', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9232-4587'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I39063666', 'display_name': 'University of Catania', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03a64bh57', 'country_code': 'IT', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I39063666']}], 'countries': ['IT'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Marco Raffaele', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Drug Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Italy'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Drug Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Italy', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I39063666']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5091015322', 'display_name': 'Antonio Zanghì', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7765-9626'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210160210', 'display_name': 'Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico - Vittorio Emanuele', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/051tt6c85', 'country_code': 'IT', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210160210']}], 'countries': ['IT'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Antonio Zanghi', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Italy'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Italy', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210160210']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5042296886', 'display_name': 'Ignazio Barbagallo', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7761-0662'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I39063666', 'display_name': 'University of Catania', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03a64bh57', 'country_code': 'IT', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I39063666']}], 'countries': ['IT'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Ignazio Barbagallo', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Drug Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Italy'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Drug Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Italy', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I39063666']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5089871672', 'display_name': 'Luca Vanella', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I39063666', 'display_name': 'University of Catania', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03a64bh57', 'country_code': 'IT', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I39063666']}], 'countries': ['IT'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Luca Vanella', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Drug Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Italy'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Drug Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Italy', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I39063666']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 2950, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 2950, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': {'value': 2950, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 2950, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'fwci': 0.67, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 41, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.500929, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 95, 'max': 96}, 'biblio': {'volume': '7', 'issue': None, 'first_page': None, 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11339', 'display_name': 'Role of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in Cellular Metabolism', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11339', 'display_name': 'Role of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in Cellular Metabolism', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10839', 'display_name': 'Pancreatic Islet Dysfunction and Regeneration', 'score': 0.996, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2746', 'display_name': 'Surgery'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10583', 'display_name': 'The p53 Signaling Network in Cancer Research', 'score': 0.9911, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2730', 'display_name': 'Oncology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge', 'display_name': 'Bridge (graph theory)', 'score': 0.69415265}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/metformin', 'display_name': 'Metformin', 'score': 0.560019}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780323712', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19484', 'display_name': 'Metformin', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.836966}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780192828', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181257', 'display_name': 'Prostate cancer', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.7785448}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C100776233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492', 'display_name': 'Bridge (graph theory)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.69415265}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.65407217}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C555293320', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206', 'display_name': 'Diabetes mellitus', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.62977993}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121608353', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078', 'display_name': 'Cancer', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.55723995}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776235491', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9625', 'display_name': 'Prostate', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.49585518}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C143998085', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555', 'display_name': 'Oncology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.45405653}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126322002', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180', 'display_name': 'Internal medicine', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.40876436}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C29456083', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221899', 'display_name': 'Gynecology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.33700556}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134018914', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606', 'display_name': 'Endocrinology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.27801496}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 5, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2017.00243', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2017.00243/pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2596394214', 'display_name': 'Frontiers in Oncology', 'issn_l': '2234-943X', 'issn': ['2234-943X'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320527', 'host_organization_name': 'Frontiers Media', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320527'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Frontiers Media'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doaj.org/article/9704282ff2034958ab8c21bb3237ee7b', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401280', 'display_name': 'DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc5641539', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc5641539?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5641539', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29075616', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2017.00243', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2017.00243/pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2596394214', 'display_name': 'Frontiers in Oncology', 'issn_l': '2234-943X', 'issn': ['2234-943X'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320527', 'host_organization_name': 'Frontiers Media', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320527'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Frontiers Media'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Good health and well-being', 'score': 0.85, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 83, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1494266908', 'https://openalex.org/W1876960093', 'https://openalex.org/W1894792990', 'https://openalex.org/W1963691340', 'https://openalex.org/W1968631780', 'https://openalex.org/W1970205234', 'https://openalex.org/W1971798377', 'https://openalex.org/W1977290785', 'https://openalex.org/W1979538859', 'https://openalex.org/W1982547932', 'https://openalex.org/W1988008557', 'https://openalex.org/W1989561420', 'https://openalex.org/W1991946788', 'https://openalex.org/W1997930286', 'https://openalex.org/W1998912122', 'https://openalex.org/W2001209876', 'https://openalex.org/W2001740655', 'https://openalex.org/W2005447769', 'https://openalex.org/W2007456614', 'https://openalex.org/W2010238890', 'https://openalex.org/W2010399667', 'https://openalex.org/W2023035791', 'https://openalex.org/W2026136425', 'https://openalex.org/W2030923942', 'https://openalex.org/W2040935952', 'https://openalex.org/W2046644267', 'https://openalex.org/W2047146433', 'https://openalex.org/W2049865340', 'https://openalex.org/W2053920338', 'https://openalex.org/W2056221374', 'https://openalex.org/W2057477877', 'https://openalex.org/W2062032920', 'https://openalex.org/W2065929007', 'https://openalex.org/W2068341308', 'https://openalex.org/W2074161808', 'https://openalex.org/W2077560715', 'https://openalex.org/W2085331940', 'https://openalex.org/W2089171551', 'https://openalex.org/W2093664485', 'https://openalex.org/W2099789381', 'https://openalex.org/W2100528017', 'https://openalex.org/W2101202408', 'https://openalex.org/W2113266887', 'https://openalex.org/W2114687869', 'https://openalex.org/W2119283349', 'https://openalex.org/W2121225884', 'https://openalex.org/W2124673576', 'https://openalex.org/W2130294308', 'https://openalex.org/W2136667764', 'https://openalex.org/W2137449882', 'https://openalex.org/W2138791124', 'https://openalex.org/W2140164776', 'https://openalex.org/W2141574380', 'https://openalex.org/W2143661421', 'https://openalex.org/W2146780639', 'https://openalex.org/W2149179641', 'https://openalex.org/W2155011315', 'https://openalex.org/W2158734599', 'https://openalex.org/W2159810380', 'https://openalex.org/W2162923066', 'https://openalex.org/W2164882663', 'https://openalex.org/W2165468042', 'https://openalex.org/W2167979829', 'https://openalex.org/W2168261002', 'https://openalex.org/W2168836435', 'https://openalex.org/W2169214947', 'https://openalex.org/W2193740788', 'https://openalex.org/W2267653854', 'https://openalex.org/W2290591211', 'https://openalex.org/W2312947175', 'https://openalex.org/W2320528339', 'https://openalex.org/W2340992351', 'https://openalex.org/W2399122692', 'https://openalex.org/W2473052697', 'https://openalex.org/W2524637936', 'https://openalex.org/W2532922951', 'https://openalex.org/W2554359977', 'https://openalex.org/W2566693616', 'https://openalex.org/W2569135863', 'https://openalex.org/W2589960363', 'https://openalex.org/W2746574148', 'https://openalex.org/W4210400607', 'https://openalex.org/W4210953420'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4380836775', 'https://openalex.org/W2904715359', 'https://openalex.org/W2520648843', 'https://openalex.org/W2376423713', 'https://openalex.org/W2350706782', 'https://openalex.org/W2105403615', 'https://openalex.org/W2088520467', 'https://openalex.org/W2075763133', 'https://openalex.org/W1920632900', 'https://openalex.org/W1583600832'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Prostate': [0], 'cancer': [1, 9, 96, 150], 'has': [2, 44], 'become': [3], 'the': [4, 32, 49, 60, 71, 87, 90, 112, 116, 119, 131, 146], 'most': [5, 33], 'frequent': [6], 'type': [7, 38], 'of': [8, 24, 51, 63, 68, 75, 92, 102, 115, 121, 125, 148], 'in': [10, 37, 134, 145, 155], 'men.': [11], 'Recent': [12], 'data': [13, 58], 'suggest': [14], 'that': [15, 138], 'diabetic': [16], 'patients': [17], 'taking': [18], 'metformin': [19, 76, 93, 122, 139], 'have': [20, 141], 'a': [21, 142], 'lower': [22, 48], 'incidence': [23, 50], 'certain': [25], 'cancer,': [26, 53], 'including': [27], 'prostate': [28, 95, 126, 149], 'cancer.': [29], 'Metformin': [30], 'is': [31, 79], 'common': [34], 'drug': [35], 'used': [36], 'II': [39], 'diabetes': [40], 'mellitus;': [41], 'its': [42, 99], 'use': [43], 'been': [45], 'shown': [46], 'to': [47], 'several': [52], 'although': [54, 77], 'there': [55], 'are': [56], 'ambiguous': [57], 'about': [59], 'anti-cancer': [61], 'activity': [62], 'metformin.': [64], 'A': [65], 'large': [66], 'number': [67], 'studies': [69], 'examined': [70], 'potential': [72], 'antineoplastic': [73], 'mechanism': [74], 'it': [78, 106], 'not': [80], 'still': [81], 'completely': [82], 'understood.': [83], 'This': [84], 'review': [85], 'summarizes': [86], 'literature': [88], 'concerning': [89], 'effects': [91], 'on': [94, 123], 'cells,': [97], 'highlighting': [98], 'numerous': [100], 'mechanisms': [101], 'action': [103], 'through': [104], 'which': [105], 'can': [107], 'act.': [108], 'We': [109], 'will': [110, 129], 'analyse': [111], 'possible': [113], 'causes': [114], 'discordances': [117], 'regarding': [118], 'impact': [120], 'risk': [124], 'cancer;': [127], 'we': [128], 'discuss': [130], 'latest': [132], 'findings': [133], 'this': [135], 'field,': [136], 'suggesting': [137], 'may': [140], 'future': [143], 'role': [144], 'management': [147], 'both': [151], 'as': [152], 'monotherapy': [153], 'and': [154], 'combination': [156], 'with': [157], 'other': [158], 'drugs.': [159]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2763436959', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 6}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-16T19:55:11.378445', 'created_date': '2017-10-20'}