Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2759133034', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.002', 'title': 'Characteristics of black carbon emissions from in-use light-duty passenger vehicles', 'display_name': 'Characteristics of black carbon emissions from in-use light-duty passenger vehicles', 'publication_year': 2017, 'publication_date': '2017-09-25', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2759133034', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.002', 'mag': '2759133034', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28810204'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.002', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S201530359', 'display_name': 'Environmental Pollution', 'issn_l': '0269-7491', 'issn': ['0269-7491', '1873-6424'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5050346338', 'display_name': 'Xuan Zheng', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9380-7561'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210128533', 'display_name': 'State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03ckpzr37', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210128533']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I99065089', 'display_name': 'Tsinghua University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03cve4549', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I99065089']}], 'countries': ['CN'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Xuan Zheng', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China', 'State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, PR China'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, PR China', 'institution_ids': []}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210128533', 'https://openalex.org/I99065089']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5100607393', 'display_name': 'Shaojun Zhang', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2176-6174'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I205783295', 'display_name': 'Cornell University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05bnh6r87', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I205783295']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Shaojun Zhang', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I205783295']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5051251491', 'display_name': 'Ye Wu', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9928-1177'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210128533', 'display_name': 'State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03ckpzr37', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210128533']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I99065089', 'display_name': 'Tsinghua University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03cve4549', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I99065089']}], 'countries': ['CN'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Ye Wu', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China', 'State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, PR China'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, PR China', 'institution_ids': []}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210128533', 'https://openalex.org/I99065089']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5065322504', 'display_name': 'K. Max Zhang', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3324-6571'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I205783295', 'display_name': 'Cornell University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05bnh6r87', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I205783295']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'K. Max Zhang', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I205783295']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5101787098', 'display_name': 'Xian Wu', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7821-2327'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210128533', 'display_name': 'State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03ckpzr37', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210128533']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I99065089', 'display_name': 'Tsinghua University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03cve4549', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I99065089']}], 'countries': ['CN'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Xian Wu', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210128533', 'https://openalex.org/I99065089']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5100357915', 'display_name': 'Zhenhua Li', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5099-1795'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210128533', 'display_name': 'State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03ckpzr37', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210128533']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I99065089', 'display_name': 'Tsinghua University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03cve4549', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I99065089']}], 'countries': ['CN'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Zhenhua Li', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210128533', 'https://openalex.org/I99065089']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5105250235', 'display_name': 'Jiming Hao', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210128533', 'display_name': 'State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03ckpzr37', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210128533']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I99065089', 'display_name': 'Tsinghua University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03cve4549', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I99065089']}], 'countries': ['CN'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Jiming Hao', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China', 'State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, PR China'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, PR China', 'institution_ids': []}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210128533', 'https://openalex.org/I99065089']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 2, 'institutions_distinct_count': 3, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5100607393', 'https://openalex.org/A5051251491'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I205783295', 'https://openalex.org/I4210128533', 'https://openalex.org/I99065089'], 'apc_list': {'value': 3770, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 3770, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 4.21, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 39, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.911008, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 95, 'max': 96}, 'biblio': {'volume': '231', 'issue': None, 'first_page': '348', 'last_page': '356'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12095', 'display_name': 'Estimating Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Emissions', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2203', 'display_name': 'Automotive Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12095', 'display_name': 'Estimating Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Emissions', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2203', 'display_name': 'Automotive Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10190', 'display_name': 'Health Effects of Air Pollution', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2307', 'display_name': 'Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10075', 'display_name': 'Atmospheric Aerosols and their Impacts', 'score': 0.9993, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1902', 'display_name': 'Atmospheric Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/aethalometer', 'display_name': 'Aethalometer', 'score': 0.8505672}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-cycle', 'display_name': 'Driving cycle', 'score': 0.7919388}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/cold-start', 'display_name': 'Cold start (automotive)', 'score': 0.60396147}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-emissions', 'display_name': 'Vehicle Emissions', 'score': 0.595182}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/emission-factors', 'display_name': 'Emission Factors', 'score': 0.54145}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/emission-modeling', 'display_name': 'Emission Modeling', 'score': 0.540273}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/eco-driving', 'display_name': 'Eco-Driving', 'score': 0.533652}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-consumption', 'display_name': 'Fuel Consumption', 'score': 0.518168}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/gasoline-direct-injection', 'display_name': 'Gasoline direct injection', 'score': 0.4939528}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2775931202', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16001977', 'display_name': 'Aethalometer', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.8505672}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169042556', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16246150', 'display_name': 'Driving cycle', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.7919388}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C103697071', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39558', 'display_name': 'Gasoline', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.73002136}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138171918', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38423', 'display_name': 'Diesel fuel', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.70065784}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C39432304', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847', 'display_name': 'Environmental science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.69388086}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778956030', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5142477', 'display_name': 'Cold start (automotive)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.60396147}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776595511', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761910', 'display_name': 'Gasoline direct injection', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.4939528}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C91586092', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520', 'display_name': 'Atmospheric sciences', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4348686}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C559116025', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123', 'display_name': 'Air pollution', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.42992574}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C171146098', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192', 'display_name': 'Automotive engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.41782117}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153294291', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261', 'display_name': 'Meteorology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.33697468}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C44038986', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764245', 'display_name': 'Carbon black', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.33241284}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C548081761', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388', 'display_name': 'Waste management', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.21909806}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.18389657}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185592680', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329', 'display_name': 'Chemistry', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.16716874}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C205649164', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071', 'display_name': 'Geography', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.08263698}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C176933379', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131877', 'display_name': 'Natural rubber', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C178790620', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351', 'display_name': 'Organic chemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C163258240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342', 'display_name': 'Power (physics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776422217', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441', 'display_name': 'Electric vehicle', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62520636', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944', 'display_name': 'Quantum mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127313418', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069', 'display_name': 'Geology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D000393', 'descriptor_name': 'Air Pollutants', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000032', 'qualifier_name': 'analysis', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000397', 'descriptor_name': 'Air Pollution', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000706', 'qualifier_name': 'statistics & numerical data', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D053260', 'descriptor_name': 'Soot', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000032', 'qualifier_name': 'analysis', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001335', 'descriptor_name': 'Vehicle Emissions', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000032', 'qualifier_name': 'analysis', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000393', 'descriptor_name': 'Air Pollutants', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000397', 'descriptor_name': 'Air Pollution', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000032', 'qualifier_name': 'analysis', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000397', 'descriptor_name': 'Air Pollution', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001334', 'descriptor_name': 'Automobile Driving', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000706', 'qualifier_name': 'statistics & numerical data', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001334', 'descriptor_name': 'Automobile Driving', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002244', 'descriptor_name': 'Carbon', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D057231', 'descriptor_name': 'Climate Change', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004784', 'descriptor_name': 'Environmental Monitoring', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005742', 'descriptor_name': 'Gasoline', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005742', 'descriptor_name': 'Gasoline', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000032', 'qualifier_name': 'analysis', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018986', 'descriptor_name': 'Motor Vehicles', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D053260', 'descriptor_name': 'Soot', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D035501', 'descriptor_name': 'Uncertainty', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001335', 'descriptor_name': 'Vehicle Emissions', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.002', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S201530359', 'display_name': 'Environmental Pollution', 'issn_l': '0269-7491', 'issn': ['0269-7491', '1873-6424'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28810204', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.7, 'display_name': 'Climate action', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13'}], 'grants': [{'funder': 'https://openalex.org/F4320309624', 'funder_display_name': 'Cornell University', 'award_id': None}, {'funder': 'https://openalex.org/F4320321001', 'funder_display_name': 'National Natural Science Foundation of China', 'award_id': '91544222'}, {'funder': 'https://openalex.org/F4320335777', 'funder_display_name': 'National Key Research and Development Program of China', 'award_id': '2017YFC0212100'}], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 56, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1482756330', 'https://openalex.org/W1509689223', 'https://openalex.org/W1728813071', 'https://openalex.org/W1907369419', 'https://openalex.org/W1964000645', 'https://openalex.org/W1966866503', 'https://openalex.org/W1971035586', 'https://openalex.org/W1974265702', 'https://openalex.org/W1974817248', 'https://openalex.org/W1987249300', 'https://openalex.org/W1995431023', 'https://openalex.org/W2001985903', 'https://openalex.org/W2002420633', 'https://openalex.org/W2013745461', 'https://openalex.org/W2019794127', 'https://openalex.org/W2025425345', 'https://openalex.org/W2026549624', 'https://openalex.org/W2028999185', 'https://openalex.org/W2037729569', 'https://openalex.org/W2038757750', 'https://openalex.org/W2051833014', 'https://openalex.org/W2052156315', 'https://openalex.org/W2054648797', 'https://openalex.org/W2070917860', 'https://openalex.org/W2071286070', 'https://openalex.org/W2078375384', 'https://openalex.org/W2084797071', 'https://openalex.org/W2093351954', 'https://openalex.org/W2095371002', 'https://openalex.org/W2096727558', 'https://openalex.org/W2102474493', 'https://openalex.org/W2127643375', 'https://openalex.org/W2129407947', 'https://openalex.org/W2137880172', 'https://openalex.org/W2146567463', 'https://openalex.org/W2161120624', 'https://openalex.org/W2164231461', 'https://openalex.org/W2168771796', 'https://openalex.org/W2179497159', 'https://openalex.org/W2217408460', 'https://openalex.org/W2261503442', 'https://openalex.org/W2269961183', 'https://openalex.org/W2296692232', 'https://openalex.org/W2313063547', 'https://openalex.org/W2335165773', 'https://openalex.org/W2346225718', 'https://openalex.org/W2411405528', 'https://openalex.org/W2471645311', 'https://openalex.org/W2487208672', 'https://openalex.org/W2494554758', 'https://openalex.org/W2500115679', 'https://openalex.org/W2507078409', 'https://openalex.org/W2523277388', 'https://openalex.org/W2550300308', 'https://openalex.org/W2555211900', 'https://openalex.org/W2576880589'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4281748605', 'https://openalex.org/W3040176141', 'https://openalex.org/W2917654158', 'https://openalex.org/W2540508647', 'https://openalex.org/W2531372025', 'https://openalex.org/W2119384433', 'https://openalex.org/W2082428825', 'https://openalex.org/W1973978832', 'https://openalex.org/W1605357781', 'https://openalex.org/W1252158745'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Mitigating': [0], 'black': [1], 'carbon': [2], '(BC)': [3], 'emissions': [4, 35, 83, 161], 'from': [5, 84, 231, 255, 266, 281], 'various': [6], 'combustion': [7], 'sources': [8], 'has': [9], 'been': [10], 'considered': [11], 'an': [12], 'urgent': [13], 'policy': [14], 'issue': [15], 'to': [16, 31, 79, 171, 210, 233, 250, 257, 300], 'address': [17, 301], 'the': [18, 73, 76, 150, 180, 186, 192, 197, 207, 211, 217, 244], 'challenges': [19], 'of': [20, 158, 191, 196, 248], 'climate': [21], 'change,': [22], 'air': [23], 'pollution': [24], 'and': [25, 36, 75, 90, 120, 136, 164, 194, 199, 269, 292, 298], 'health': [26], 'risks.': [27], 'Vehicles': [28, 111], 'contribute': [29], 'considerably': [30], 'total': [32], 'anthropogenic': [33], 'BC': [34, 38, 51, 82, 95, 160, 173, 201, 215, 249, 277], 'urban': [37], 'concentrations.': [39], 'Compared': [40], 'with': [41, 162, 225, 240], 'heavy-duty': [42], 'diesel': [43, 125, 214, 261], 'vehicles,': [44], 'there': [45], 'is': [46, 237], 'much': [47], 'larger': [48], 'uncertainty': [49], 'in': [50, 59, 176], 'emission': [52, 96, 152, 174, 202, 278], 'factors': [53, 97, 203, 279], 'for': [54, 61, 124, 259], 'light-duty': [55], 'passenger': [56], 'vehicles': [57], '(LDPVs),': [58], 'particular': [60], 'gasoline': [62, 129, 137, 147, 276], 'LDPVs,': [63, 149], 'which': [64, 236], 'warrants': [65], 'further': [66], 'studies.': [67, 242], 'In': [68], 'this': [69, 302], 'study,': [70], 'we': [71], 'employed': [72], 'dynamometer': [74], 'Aethalometer': [77], '(AE-51)': [78], 'measure': [80], 'second-by-second': [81], 'eight': [85], 'LDPVs': [86], 'by': [87, 204], 'engine': [88, 141, 270], 'technology': [89], 'driving': [91, 268], 'cycle.': [92], 'The': [93, 272], 'average': [94, 245], 'under': [98, 206], 'transient': [99], 'cycles': [100], '(e.g.,': [101, 179, 189], 'ECE-15,': [102], 'New': [103], 'European': [104], 'Driving': [105], 'Cycle,': [106, 113], 'NEDC,': [107], 'Worldwide': [108], 'Harmonized': [109], 'Light': [110], 'Test': [112], 'WLTC)': [114, 198], 'are': [115], '3.6–91.5': [116], 'mg/km,': [117, 122], '7.6': [118], 'mg/km': [119], '0.13–0.58': [121], 'respectively,': [123], '(N': [126, 133, 143], '=': [127, 134, 144], '3),': [128], 'direct': [130], 'injection': [131, 139], '(GDI)': [132], '1)': [135], 'port-fuel': [138], '(PFI)': [140], 'categories': [142], '4).': [145], 'For': [146, 213], 'PFI': [148], 'instantaneous': [151], 'profiles': [153], 'show': [154], 'a': [155, 221], 'strong': [156], 'association': [157], 'peak': [159, 228], 'cold-start': [163, 177], 'high-speed': [165], 'aggressive': [166], 'driving.': [167], 'Such': [168], 'impacts': [169, 265], 'lead': [170], 'considerable': [172], 'contributions': [175], 'periods': [178], 'first': [181], '47': [182], 's–94': [183], 's)': [184], 'over': [185], 'entire': [187], 'cycle': [188], '18–76%': [190], 'NEDC': [193], '13–36%': [195], 'increased': [200], '80–440%': [205], 'WLTC': [208], 'compared': [209], 'NEDC.': [212], 'emissions,': [216], 'size': [218], 'distribution': [219], 'exhibits': [220], 'typical': [222], 'unimodal': [223], 'pattern': [224], 'one': [226], 'single': [227], 'appearing': [229], 'approximately': [230], '120': [232], '150': [234], 'nm,': [235], 'largely': [238], 'consistent': [239], 'previous': [241], 'Nevertheless,': [243], 'mass': [246, 252], 'ratios': [247], 'particle': [251], '(PM)': [253], 'range': [254], '0.38': [256], '0.54': [258], 'three': [260], 'samples,': [262], 'representing': [263], 'substantial': [264], 'both': [267], 'conditions.': [271], 'significant': [273], 'discrepancy': [274], 'between': [275], 'obtained': [280], 'tailpipe': [282], 'exhaust': [283], 'versus': [284], 'ambient': [285], 'conditions': [286], 'suggest': [287], 'that': [288], 'more': [289], 'comparative': [290], 'measurements': [291], 'fine-grained': [293], 'simulations': [294], 'should': [295], 'be': [296], 'designed': [297], 'implemented': [299], 'discrepancy.': [303]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2759133034', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 4}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-19T23:13:02.936965', 'created_date': '2017-10-06'}