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'https://openalex.org/W100822914'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Plants': [0], 'are': [1, 9, 13, 28, 207, 347, 497, 537, 545], 'constantly': [2], 'challenged': [3], 'by': [4, 187], 'potentiallypathogenic': [5], 'microorganisms.': [6], 'Crop': [7], 'plants': [8, 36, 261, 487, 521], 'particularlyvulnerable,': [10], 'as': [11, 16, 223, 511], 'they': [12, 489], 'usually': [14], 'grown': [15], 'geneticallyuniform': [17], 'monocultures;': [18], 'when': [19], 'disease': [20, 180, 289], 'strikes,': [21], 'losses': [22], 'canbe': [23], 'severe.': [24], 'Most': [25], 'plants,': [26, 52], 'however,': [27, 159, 423], 'resistant': [29, 100], 'to': [30, 84, 89, 108, 144, 153, 201, 215, 345, 399, 416, 456, 464, 483, 505, 522], 'mostplant': [31], 'pathogens.': [32], 'To': [33, 45, 226], 'defend': [34], 'themselves,': [35], 'haveevolved': [37], 'an': [38, 68, 352, 403], 'array': [39], 'of': [40, 60, 112, 121, 134, 148, 170, 195, 235, 265, 308, 329, 337, 370, 394, 405, 437, 441, 467, 475, 477, 486, 502, 550, 572], 'both': [41], 'constitutive': [42], 'and': [43, 151, 298, 333, 358], 'inducibledefences.': [44], 'circumvent': [46], 'the': [47, 75, 94, 97, 104, 113, 122, 146, 155, 162, 217, 233, 251, 263, 271, 281, 309, 322, 366, 371, 395, 400, 406, 426, 473, 484, 500, 557], 'defence': [48, 172, 240, 284], 'mechanisms': [49], 'oftheir': [50], 'host': [51, 81, 114], 'pathogens': [53, 63, 218, 229, 442], 'must': [54], 'become': [55, 227], 'specialized;this': [56], 'is': [57, 99, 106, 116, 142, 165, 182, 254, 277, 291, 414], 'especially': [58], 'true': [59], 'those': [61], 'biotrophic': [62], 'thatderive': [64], 'their': [65], 'nutrition': [66], 'from': [67, 384], 'intimate': [69], 'association': [70], 'withliving': [71], 'plant': [72, 82, 98, 115, 189, 288, 390], 'cells.': [73], 'If': [74], 'interaction': [76, 105], 'between': [77], 'a': [78, 80, 166, 168, 283, 417, 435, 507, 563, 568], 'pathogenand': [79], 'leads': [83], 'disease,': [85], 'it': [86, 87], 'said': [88, 107], 'be': [90, 109], 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377, 454, 555], 'known': [177, 222], 'that': [178, 259, 268, 313, 320, 326, 354, 410, 519, 528], 'hypersensitive-response-associated': [179, 287], 'resistance': [181, 190, 204, 213, 290, 418], 'often,': [183], 'though': [184], 'notalways,': [185], 'specified': [186], 'dominant': [188], '(R)genes.': [191], 'The': [192, 349, 548], 'pioneering': [193], 'work': [194], 'Flor': [196, 209], 'showed': [197], 'that,': [198], 'whenpathogens': [199], 'mutate': [200], 'overcome': [202], 'such': [203], 'genes,these': [205], 'mutations': [206, 388], 'recessive.': [208, 348], 'concluded': [210], '[3]': [211], 'thatfor': [212], 'genes': [214, 256, 391, 504, 533], 'function,': [216], 'mustexpress': [219], 'corresponding': [220, 272], 'genes,': [221, 237], 'avirulence(AVR)': [224], 'genes.': [225, 449], 'virulent,': [228], 'mustthus': [230], 'stop': [231], 'making': [232], 'products': [234, 258, 501, 518], 'these': [236], 'whichactivate': [238], 'resistance-gene-dependent': [239], 'mecha-nisms': [241], '(Table': [242, 305], '1).': [243], 'A': [244], 'broadly': [245], 'accepted': [246], 'working': [247], 'hypothe-sis,': [248], 'often': [249], 'termed': [250], 'elicitor/receptor': [252], 'model,': [253], 'thatresistance': [255], 'encode': [257, 434, 457], 'enable': [260, 520], 'todetect': [262], 'presence': [264], 'pathogens,': [266], 'provided': [267], 'thosepathogens': [269], 'carry': [270], 'avirulence': [273, 448, 491, 543], 'gene': [274, 373, 413, 553], '[4].This': [275], 'recognition': [276, 297], 'transduced': [279], 'into': [280], 'activationof': [282], 'response.': [285], 'Understanding': [286], 'aninteresting': [293], 'problem': [294], 'biological': [296], 'signaltransduction.Plant-pathogen': [299], 'interactions': [300], 'can': [301], 'have': [302, 376, 453], 'different': [303], 'geneticproperties': [304], '2).': [306], 'Races': [307], 'pathogenic': [310], 'fungusHelminthosporium': [311], 'carbonum': [312], 'produce': [314], "'Hc'": [315], 'toxincan': [316], 'infect': [317], 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