Predictive biometrics: a review and analysis of predicting personal characteristics from biometric data

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Michael Fairhurst; Cheng Li; Márjory Da Costa‐Abreu
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826, 890, 1013, 1055, 1136, 1175, 1251, 1272, 1281, 1410, 1517, 1548, 1568, 2158, 2600, 2724, 2891, 2895, 2946, 2949, 3030, 3274, 3724], 'data': [22, 292, 359, 770, 1137, 1252, 1569, 2193, 2210, 2354, 2400, 2566, 2852, 3130, 3357, 3403, 3720, 3884, 4000, 4048, 4221, 4249, 4426], 'Michael': [23, 25, 89, 91], 'Fairhurst,': [24, 90], 'Fairhurst': [26, 92, 4435], 'School': [27, 50, 93, 116], 'Engineering': [29, 52, 95, 118], 'Digital': [31, 54, 97, 120], 'Arts,': [32, 55, 98, 121], 'University': [33, 56, 99, 122], 'Kent,': [35, 58, 101, 124], 'Canterbury,': [36, 59, 102, 125], 'Kent': [37, 60, 103, 126], 'CT2': [38, 61, 104, 127], '7NT': [39, 62, 105, 128], 'UKSearch': [40, 63, 106, 129], 'for': [41, 64, 83, 107, 130, 149, 301, 486, 573, 583, 658, 1717, 1910, 2022, 2174, 2298, 2322, 2370, 2378, 2491, 2608, 2645, 2659, 2968, 3270, 3456, 3539, 3790, 3860, 3870, 3909, 3951, 3972, 4064, 4181, 4183, 4266], 'more': [42, 65, 84, 108, 131, 150, 272, 515, 938, 1007, 1307, 1465, 1579, 1627, 2002, 2479, 2609, 3012, 3242, 3680, 3691, 3734, 3806, 3851], 'papers': [43, 66, 85, 109, 132, 151, 2348, 2712], 'by': [44, 67, 86, 110, 133, 152, 1547, 1727, 1778, 1817, 2062, 3038, 3450, 3506, 3816, 4007, 4020, 4106], 'this': [45, 68, 87, 111, 134, 153, 216, 289, 374, 481, 498, 524, 698, 801, 877, 920, 933, 956, 960, 979, 988, 1096, 1116, 1301, 1312, 1879, 1992, 2323, 2404, 2452, 2562, 2682, 2864, 2903, 2932, 3156, 3531, 3715, 3780, 3823, 3946, 3962, 4172], 'authorCheng': [46, 112], 'Li,': [47, 113], 'Cheng': [48, 114], 'Li': [49, 115], 'authorMárjory': [69, 135], 'Da': [70, 75, 136, 141], 'Costa-Abreu,': [71, 137], 'Corresponding': [72, 138], 'Author': [73, 139], 'Márjory': [74, 140], 'Costa-Abreu': [76, 142], '[email protected]': [77, 143], 'orcid.org/0000-0001-7461-7570': [78, 144], 'DIMAp,': [79, 145], 'UFRN,': [80, 146], 'Natal,': [81, 147], 'BrazilSearch': [82, 148], 'author': [88, 154, 3121, 3159, 4342], 'First': [155], 'published:': [156], '13': [157], 'July': [158], '2017': [159], 'https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-bmt.2016.0169Citations:': [160], '10AboutSectionsPDF': [161], 'ToolsRequest': [162], 'permissionExport': [163], 'citationAdd': [164], 'to': [165, 187, 210, 241, 267, 370, 380, 405, 437, 439, 534, 587, 606, 625, 642, 707, 740, 771, 816, 819, 832, 895, 925, 932, 963, 971, 978, 990, 1022, 1067, 1095, 1100, 1122, 1269, 1274, 1292, 1304, 1348, 1380, 1480, 1519, 1523, 1576, 1621, 1742, 1769, 1793, 1839, 1933, 2069, 2080, 2118, 2127, 2136, 2145, 2154, 2260, 2289, 2303, 2334, 2402, 2422, 2459, 2576, 2822, 2882, 2935, 2983, 3032, 3111, 3150, 3160, 3223, 3254, 3318, 3371, 3397, 3411, 3469, 3517, 3639, 3703, 3828, 3840, 3880, 4004, 4017, 4026, 4046, 4171, 4325, 4344, 4377, 4395, 4408, 4421, 4446], 'favoritesTrack': [166], 'citation': [167], 'ShareShare': [168], 'Give': [169], 'accessShare': [170, 173], 'full': [171], 'text': [172], 'full-text': [174, 189, 213], 'accessPlease': [175], 'our': [177, 966, 1101, 1118, 1319], 'Terms': [178, 201], 'Conditions': [180, 203], 'Use': [182], 'check': [184], 'box': [185], 'below': [186, 209], 'share': [188, 211], 'version': [190, 214], 'article.I': [192], 'have': [193, 294, 307, 409, 857, 1188, 1488, 2160, 2225, 2920, 2951, 3204], 'read': [194], 'accept': [196], 'the': [197, 207, 233, 244, 260, 269, 305, 315, 350, 354, 365, 385, 413, 435, 464, 470, 483, 489, 526, 541, 589, 608, 615, 684, 695, 717, 729, 817, 834, 846, 871, 889, 904, 942, 974, 982, 1035, 1042, 1053, 1058, 1103, 1113, 1128, 1154, 1160, 1178, 1181, 1190, 1222, 1226, 1238, 1246, 1265, 1276, 1287, 1297, 1306, 1325, 1362, 1369, 1413, 1417, 1438, 1481, 1498, 1502, 1513, 1551, 1565, 1574, 1589, 1592, 1609, 1613, 1622, 1638, 1647, 1655, 1686, 1694, 1721, 1772, 1805, 1809, 1812, 1836, 1853, 1874, 1888, 1927, 1941, 1962, 1984, 1989, 1997, 2018, 2063, 2099, 2166, 2181, 2204, 2223, 2227, 2240, 2246, 2257, 2266, 2270, 2287, 2293, 2343, 2350, 2366, 2374, 2383, 2399, 2419, 2432, 2446, 2489, 2559, 2570, 2632, 2655, 2719, 2734, 2803, 2885, 2937, 2962, 2999, 3020, 3026, 3059, 3114, 3120, 3158, 3165, 3198, 3238, 3241, 3255, 3261, 3278, 3287, 3329, 3343, 3378, 3390, 3395, 3407, 3429, 3442, 3474, 3479, 3494, 3535, 3547, 3554, 3565, 3578, 3603, 3616, 3629, 3641, 3663, 3690, 3705, 3738, 3825, 3830, 3855, 3862, 3882, 3887, 3894, 3921, 3924, 3993, 4021, 4027, 4071, 4076, 4087, 4107, 4115, 4157, 4177, 4184, 4190, 4264, 4341, 4353, 4385, 4414, 4429, 4439], 'Wiley': [198], 'Online': [199], 'Library': [200], 'UseShareable': [205], 'LinkUse': [206], 'link': [208, 1538], 'article': [217], 'with': [218, 251, 449, 1194, 1330, 1361, 1771, 1804, 2049, 2418, 2427, 2467, 2558, 2631, 2663, 2707, 2837, 2961, 3294, 3454, 3609, 3623], 'your': [219], 'friends': [220], 'colleagues.': [222], 'Learn': [223], 'more.Copy': [224], 'URL': [225], 'Share': [226], 'linkShare': [228], 'onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat': [229], 'Abstract': [230], 'Interest': [231], 'in': [232, 297, 313, 353, 384, 523, 529, 578, 592, 612, 648, 680, 682, 716, 745, 760, 793, 800, 919, 1159, 1211, 1236, 1245, 1264, 1286, 1412, 1437, 1451, 1477, 1612, 1646, 1758, 1774, 1808, 1859, 1887, 1919, 2001, 2029, 2098, 2197, 2286, 2308, 2331, 2382, 2445, 2451, 2488, 2549, 2811, 2832, 2860, 2954, 2992, 3088, 3096, 3117, 3128, 3195, 3290, 3323, 3331, 3345, 3365, 3374, 3380, 3392, 3416, 3431, 3444, 3461, 3476, 3484, 3501, 3599, 3631, 3665, 3676, 3701, 3747, 3774, 3785, 3858, 3893, 4152, 4162, 4189, 4250, 4263, 4333, 4383, 4402, 4406], 'exploitation': [234], 'soft': [236, 263, 821, 1174, 1271, 1354, 1467, 2723, 2890], 'biometrics': [237, 264, 378, 392, 460, 502, 616, 637, 687, 721, 1999], 'information': [238, 274, 300, 782, 1081, 1273, 1335, 1510, 1596, 1815, 2021, 2104, 3082, 4085], 'has': [239, 461, 675, 758, 882, 999, 1521, 1605, 1994, 2854, 2869, 3267, 3298, 3513, 4166, 4203, 4329], 'continued': [240], 'develop': [242], 'over': [243], 'last': [245], 'decade': [246], 'or': [247, 339, 477, 752, 785, 836, 845, 1344, 1371, 1389, 1392, 1525, 1586, 1626, 1720, 1816, 2318, 2678, 2704, 2989, 3044, 3046, 3049, 3068, 3071, 3075, 3092, 3182, 3930], 'so.': [248], 'In': [249, 1115, 1635, 2219, 3563, 3713, 3854, 3934, 4069, 4339, 4412, 4434], 'comparison': [250], 'traditional': [252, 1280, 2003, 3243], 'biometrics,': [253, 1468], 'which': [254, 279, 416, 432, 551, 737, 789, 861, 881, 1018, 1029, 1074, 1106, 1133, 1237, 1766, 1800, 1979, 2016, 2540, 2556, 2701, 2726, 2868, 2959, 3083, 3147, 3291, 3314, 3492, 3552, 3651, 3762, 3777, 4029, 4038, 4097, 4165, 4208, 4224], 'focuses': [255, 3433], 'principally': [256, 2973], 'on': [257, 469, 540, 1070, 1267, 1290, 1423, 1618, 1802, 2292, 2373, 2718, 2841, 3205, 3336, 3355, 3383, 3425, 3434, 3574, 3602, 3662, 3779, 3797, 4121], 'person': [258, 1204], 'identification,': [259], 'idea': [261, 4320], 'processing': [265, 1196, 1518], 'is': [266, 280, 379, 393, 417, 421, 433, 445, 699, 754, 804, 878, 907, 922, 957, 968, 1044, 1064, 1075, 1120, 1206, 1254, 1303, 1387, 1530, 1535, 1559, 1756, 1848, 1866, 1870, 1884, 1923, 1936, 1948, 1974, 1980, 1983, 2067, 2281, 2365, 2461, 2472, 2530, 2547, 2800, 2814, 2820, 2865, 2874, 2934, 3053, 3109, 3284, 3404, 3532, 3545, 3553, 3584, 3758, 4014, 4104, 4198, 4350], 'study': [268, 343, 1091, 1168, 2539, 2615, 3579, 3888, 3963, 4127], 'utilisation': [270], 'general': [273, 559, 718, 1308, 1580, 2480, 2610, 3831], 'regarding': [275, 1763, 1906, 2532, 3753], 'system': [277, 1282, 1666, 3349, 3614, 4348, 4376], 'user,': [278], 'not': [281, 744, 755, 868, 1339, 1408, 2835, 2855, 3585, 3730, 4073], 'necessarily': [282, 1150, 2836], 'unique.': [283], 'There': [284, 420, 546, 1253, 2010, 2301, 3308], 'are': [285, 547, 667, 722, 738, 953, 1019, 1407, 1447, 1491, 1680, 1725, 1767, 2011, 2059, 2391, 2589, 2641, 2667, 2727, 2972, 3234, 3309, 3772, 4001], 'increasing': [286, 928], 'indications': [287], 'that': [288, 936, 1404, 1533, 1557, 1724, 1926, 1991, 2042, 2072, 2101, 2389, 2807, 2876, 2924, 3005, 3200, 3568, 3581, 3653, 3668, 4009, 4131, 4200, 4349], 'type': [290, 1313, 1500, 3721], 'will': [293, 344, 1092, 1145, 1164, 1215, 1317, 1428, 1616, 2899, 2997], 'great': [295], 'value': [296, 1450, 2330], 'providing': [298, 361, 2398, 3817, 4247], 'complementary': [299], 'user': [302, 535, 574, 4354, 4423], 'authentication.': [303], 'However,': [304, 614, 965, 1296, 3260, 3886], 'authors': [306, 577, 1639, 2224, 3330, 3344, 3364, 3379, 3391, 3415, 3430, 3443, 3460, 3475, 3566, 3598, 3630, 3647, 3675, 3746, 3784, 3826, 4072, 4386, 4415], 'also': [308, 1207, 1492, 1560, 1681, 2450, 2668, 2713, 3018, 3514, 4083], 'seen': [309, 2028, 2653, 2901, 4032, 4199], 'growing': [311, 451], 'interest': [312, 521, 681, 799, 893, 2307, 2810, 4013], 'broadening': [314, 2332], 'predictive': [316, 351, 377, 1009, 1129, 1309, 1442, 3027, 3907], 'capabilities': [317, 1130, 1230, 1310], 'data,': [320, 1014, 2233], 'encompassing': [321], 'both': [322, 627, 708, 762, 1170, 4234, 4251], 'easily': [323], 'definable': [324], 'such': [326, 336, 1032, 1108, 1195, 1294, 1405, 1459, 1583, 1600, 1703, 1760, 1967, 2023, 2179, 2312, 2336, 2593, 2660, 2674, 2965, 3040, 3136, 3154, 3163, 3276], 'as': [327, 337, 396, 555, 763, 776, 1023, 1034, 1050, 1138, 1157, 1351, 1395, 1461, 1475, 1584, 1751, 1835, 1968, 2025, 2055, 2180, 2313, 2443, 2654, 2675, 2898, 2987, 3041, 3066, 3137, 3155, 3164, 3213, 3277, 3843, 4033], 'subject': [328, 749, 840, 1342, 1386, 2082, 2243], 'age': [329, 835, 1343, 1585, 1660, 1690, 1718, 1911, 2078, 2083, 2103, 2175, 2189, 2207, 2230, 2244, 2299, 2471, 2481, 2633, 2646, 2664, 2705, 2782, 2795], 'and,': [330, 1231, 2817, 3322], 'most': [331, 487, 1059, 1241, 2656, 3536], 'recently,': [332, 673], '‘higher': [333, 1024, 1084, 2942], 'level’': [334, 1025, 1085, 2943], 'emotional': [338, 1370, 3561, 3571, 3832, 4005, 4111, 4380], 'mental': [340, 1372, 3206, 3320, 3525, 4327, 4450], 'states.': [341], 'This': [342, 814, 3800, 4042, 4092, 4126, 4215], 'present': [345, 531, 581, 1640, 1902, 3648], 'selective': [347], 'capabilities,': [352, 1443], 'widest': [355], 'sense,': [356], 'processing,': [360], 'an': [362, 741, 830, 879, 945, 1076, 1148, 1166, 1462, 1484, 1603, 1895, 2590, 2866, 3051, 3064, 3214, 3559, 3634, 3684, 3835, 3844, 3965, 4034, 4058, 4110, 4346, 4373], 'key': [366, 3876, 3936, 3994, 4080, 4146, 4278, 4285, 4292, 4302, 4313], 'issues': [367, 2906], 'still': [368], 'adequately': [369], 'be': [371, 381, 506, 1068, 1243, 1367, 1402, 1473, 1706, 2027, 2047, 2172, 2195, 2304, 2328, 2554, 2617, 2652, 2699, 2881, 2900, 3085, 3490, 3518, 4031], 'addressed': [372], 'if': [373, 1257], 'concept': [375], 'fully': [382], 'exploited': [383], 'future.': [386, 1247], '1': [387, 2031], 'Introduction': [388], 'The': [389, 456, 927, 1143, 1356, 1699, 1916, 2186, 2359, 2582, 2844, 3363, 3414, 3459, 3597, 3646, 3674, 3745, 3783, 3897, 3999, 4319], 'field': [390, 436, 448, 617, 943, 1156, 1239], 'now': [394], 'established': [395], 'mature': [398], 'important': [400, 1554, 2068, 2905, 3134, 3252], 'area': [401, 518, 719, 880, 921, 934, 4035], 'where': [402, 664, 1550, 2469, 3119], 'practical': [403, 859, 2871], 'solutions': [404, 582, 651], 'many': [406], 'real-world': [407], 'problems': [408, 2271], 'been': [410, 463, 676, 1001, 1522, 2952, 3268, 3515], 'realised,': [411], 'influence': [414, 3199], 'rapidly': [418, 724], 'growing.': [419], 'world-wide': [423], 'research': [424, 491, 503, 929, 1262, 1883, 2167], 'base': [425], 'impressive': [427], 'diverse': [429, 3591], 'innovative': [430], 'work': [431, 905, 1066, 1619, 1905, 2529, 2717, 3115, 3856, 4216], 'allowing': [434], 'continue': [438], 'expand': [440], 'develop,': [442], 'it': [444, 1529, 1869, 2819, 2922, 3108, 3210, 3544, 4197], 'therefore': [446, 1093, 1121, 1572], 'increasingly': [453, 1531], 'detailed': [454, 3735, 3852], 'literature.': [455], 'principal': [457, 1298, 2926, 3555], 'focus': [458, 1617, 1801, 2290, 2361, 2840, 3382, 3778], 'always': [462], 'identification/verification': [465], 'individuals': [467, 784, 1432, 1542, 3292, 3763], 'based': [468, 539, 3335, 3424, 3796, 4120], 'measurement': [471], 'physiological': [476], 'behavioural': [478, 2310, 2672, 2974, 3781], 'characteristics,': [479], 'remains': [482, 618], 'target': [484], 'application': [485, 628, 787, 866, 3480, 4332], 'current': [490, 621, 1155, 1223, 1229], 'reported.': [492], 'Indeed,': [493], 'various': [494], 'comprehensive': [495, 913, 939, 1110], 'reviews': [496], 'fundamental': [499, 1140], 'aspect': [500, 4147], 'can': [504, 1030, 1240, 1366, 1421, 1705, 2026, 2075, 2171, 2194, 2553, 2616, 2627, 2650, 2698, 3017, 3203, 3211, 3489, 3656, 3670], 'already': [505, 2805, 4150], 'found': [507, 1069, 2173, 2196, 2555, 2618, 2700, 3194, 3491, 4330], '[1–6].': [508], 'To': [509, 3101], 'take': [510, 3601], 'just': [511], 'one': [512, 1625, 2614, 3285, 3533], 'illustrative': [513], 'but': [514, 757, 903, 2269, 2603, 2648, 3587, 3850, 3920, 3945, 4082], 'specific': [516, 739, 794, 1593, 1880, 2276, 2470, 2839, 4022], 'task': [517, 1210, 4023, 4119, 4337], '(of': [519], 'particular': [520, 786, 798, 3090], 'later': [522], 'paper),': [525], 'studies': [527, 1496, 1692, 1704, 2364, 2442, 2552, 2670, 2697, 2958, 3007, 3228, 3313, 3488, 3771], 'reported': [528, 906, 1158, 1263, 1495, 1611, 1733, 1784, 1825, 1892, 2410, 2487, 2531, 2548, 2696, 2716, 3116, 3227, 3269, 3773, 3857, 3964, 4163], '[7–15]': [530], 'different': [532, 807, 1434, 1715, 1764, 1914, 1930, 2039, 2073, 2077, 2212, 2580, 3448, 3658, 3719, 4230], 'approaches': [533], 'identification': [536, 773, 1205, 1482, 1540, 2372, 2601], 'authentication': [538], 'keystroke': [544, 553, 571, 585, 2316, 2428, 2519, 2545, 2679, 3316, 3387, 3426, 3455, 4185, 4252, 4391, 4444], 'dynamics.': [545], 'commercial': [548], 'systems': [549, 1132, 1549], 'available': [550, 2015, 2095, 2397, 4207, 4260], 'include': [552, 1031, 1165, 1573, 2335, 2733], 'monitoring': [554, 3337], 'part': [556, 3302], 'security': [560], 'system.': [561], 'Pisani': [562], 'Lorena': [564], '[16]': [565], 'reports': [566], 'systematic': [568], 'dynamics': [572, 586, 2317, 2546, 3317, 4394, 4445], 'recognition,': [575, 3541], 'while': [576, 2200, 3217, 3342, 3389, 3402, 3628, 4382], '[13,': [579], '17–21]': [580], 'using': [584, 1738, 1745, 1789, 1796, 1818, 1830, 1842, 1913, 2177, 2211, 2309, 2415, 2425, 2564, 2671, 3683, 3793, 4322, 4443], 'enhance': [588], 'password': [590], 'used': [591, 1932, 2953, 3410, 3874, 4161, 4188], 'typical': [594, 1135], 'access': [595], 'control': [596], 'environment.': [597], 'Tsimperidis': [598], 'Katos': [600], '[22]': [601], 'introduce': [602, 3986, 4345], 'novel': [604, 3369], 'capability': [605, 3028], 'determine': [607, 833, 3102, 3319], 'operating': [609], 'environment': [610], '(desktop/laptop)': [611], 'use.': [613], 'dynamic,': [619], 'efforts': [622], 'often': [623, 1020, 3767], 'seek': [624], 'broaden': [626], 'areas': [629], '(e.g.': [630, 652, 1383, 1582, 2355, 3504, 4233], 'progress': [631], 'towards': [632, 655, 1005], 'robust': [633], 'reliable': [635], 'mobile': [636, 4418], 'environments': [638, 666], '[23–26])': [639], 'strategies': [641, 3594], 'enable': [643], 'greater': [644], 'scope': [645, 1889], 'convenience': [647], 'adopting': [649], 'trend': [654, 1990], 'effective': [656, 1476, 3681], 'techniques': [657, 703, 1645, 1931, 1966], '‘biometrics': [659], 'at': [660, 870, 1433, 3113, 3834, 4114, 4210], 'distance’': [662], '[27–30],': [663], 'capture': [665, 3829], 'less': [668, 910, 1047, 2089, 2163, 2306, 2462, 2528, 2606, 2642, 2728, 3235, 3979], 'restricted': [669, 1340], 'than': [670, 1501, 2466, 2644, 3237], 'hitherto).': [671], 'More': [672], 'there': [674, 998, 1063, 1490, 1534, 2280, 2326, 2390, 2666], 'significant': [678, 1449, 2809, 2858, 3301], 'increase': [679, 3704], 'exploring': [683], 'interface': [685, 873], 'between': [686, 694, 1539, 3142], 'forensic': [689], 'exploiting': [692, 732], 'links': [693], 'two,': [696], 'generating': [700], 'ideas': [701], 'real': [705], 'benefit': [706], 'disciplines': [709], 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[796], 'Of': [797], 'paper,': [802, 1117], 'somewhat': [806, 1151, 1258, 1885, 1937, 3956], 'although': [809, 1469, 2454, 2862, 3002, 3542], 'closely': [810], 'option.': [813], 'relates': [815, 894], 'ability': [818, 831], 'predict': [820, 1293, 2702], 'conventional': [825, 1171, 1202, 1331, 1466, 2599, 3692, 3723, 3807], 'data.': [827, 1315, 1698, 2710, 2947], 'gender': [837, 2346, 2379, 2457, 2492, 2533, 2542, 2620, 2639, 2703, 2739, 2746, 2754, 2771], 'facial': [843, 896, 1054, 1072, 1652, 1697, 1739, 1775, 2296, 2353, 3452, 3550, 3570, 3607, 3699, 3711, 3742, 3754, 4361], 'image': [844], 'handedness': [847, 2780], 'writer': [850], 'sample': [853, 4052], 'her': [855], 'signature,': [856, 2315], 'obvious': [858, 2969], 'importance': [860], 'suggests': [862, 935, 3652, 4457], 'powerful': [863], 'valuable': [865, 3087], 'possibilities,': [867], 'least': [869, 4211], 'biometrics-forensics': [872], 'noted': [874, 1051, 1185, 2057, 2097, 2272, 2444, 4151, 4262], 'above.': [875, 1186], 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'extension': [1463], 'cannot': [1472], 'considered': [1474, 2730], 'contributing': [1478], 'directly': [1479], 'individual.': [1485], 'As': [1486, 1684, 1894, 2381, 2662], 'noted,': [1489], 'significantly': [1493], 'fewer': [1494, 2669], 'latter': [1499], 'former.': [1503], '2.1': [1504], 'soft-biometric': [1509], 'Even': [1511], 'though': [1512], 'primary': [1514], 'date': [1520], 'establish': [1524], 'confirm': [1526], 'identity,': [1528], 'recognised': [1532], 'close': [1537], 'situations': [1544], 'commonly': [1545, 2729], 'targeted': [1546], 'necessary': [1561, 2019], '[53–55].': [1562], 'Part': [1563], 'might': [1570, 2980, 3080, 3148], 'well': [1571], 'need': [1575], 'estimate': [1577, 4396], 'characteristic': [1581, 2563], '‘owner’': [1590], 'piece': [1594], 'under': [1597, 3073, 4143], 'consideration.': [1598], 'Predicting': [1599], 'wider': [1606, 1998], 'application;': [1607], 'investigations': [1610, 2170, 2333], 'following': [1614, 1988], 'sub-section': [1615], 'types': 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[1716, 1723, 1935, 2297], 'affected': [1726, 2061], '[37,': [1729], '58–77].': [1730], 'accuracies': [1732, 1783, 1824, 2249, 2409, 3660], 'range': [1734, 1785, 1826, 2250, 2411, 2956], '93%': [1736], '(when': [1737, 1744, 1788, 1795, 1841, 2414, 2424], 'patterns)': [1741], '73%': [1743], 'local': [1746], 'binary': [1747], 'pattern': [1748], 'operators)': [1749], 'note': [1753, 3567], 'below,': [1754], 'caution': [1755], 'needed': [1757], 'interpreting': [1759, 3089], 'comparisons.': [1761], 'algorithms': [1765, 2417], 'able': [1768], 'deal': [1770, 2557, 2960], 'differences': [1773], 'appearance': [1776], 'caused': [1777], 'effects': [1780], '[78–95].': [1781], '83%': [1787, 4133], 'nearest': [1790], 'neighbour-based': [1791], 'classification)': [1792], '70%': [1794], 'genetic': [1797], 'algorithms).': [1798], 'age-related': [1806], 'changes': [1807], 'through': [1811, 3761], 'fusion': [1813, 1837], 'ensembles': [1819], 'classifiers': [1821], '[96–99].': [1822], '95%': [1828, 2423], '[when': [1829], 'support': [1831], 'vector': [1832], 'machines': [1833], '(SVM)': [1834], 'algorithm]': [1838], '92%': [1840], 'subspaces': [1843], 'techniques).': [1844], 'Meaningful': [1845], 'comparative': [1846, 2438], 'extremely': [1849, 3086], 'difficult': [1850], 'because': [1851], 'diversity': [1854], 'experimental': [1856, 2064, 3895], 'conditions': [1857, 2984], 'encountered': [1858, 1982], 'studies,': [1861, 4164], 'yet': [1862], 'discussion': [1865], 'useful.': [1867], 'First,': [1868], 'apparent': [1871], 'that,': [1872], 'despite': [1873], 'number': [1876, 2037, 2394, 2694, 3272, 3311], 'papers,': [1878], 'strand': [1881, 2930], 'limited': [1886, 2036, 2393], 'investigation.': [1893], 'Geng': [1897], 'et': [1898, 2236, 3508, 3983, 4369, 4436, 4454], 'al.': [1899, 2237, 3509, 3984, 4370, 4437, 4455], '[60,': [1900], '61]': [1901], 'similar': [1904], 'new': [1908, 2578], 'algorithm': [1909], 'databases.': [1915], 'same': [1917, 2433], 'occurs': [1918], '[62,': [1920], '83–85].': [1921], 'clear': [1925, 2801, 2923], 'identify': [1934], 'limited.': [1938], 'manifold-based': [1944], 'subspace-based': [1946], 'structures': [1947], 'choice': [1951, 3167, 3175, 3185], '[58,': [1952], '65,': [1953], '75,': [1954], '77,': [1955], '80,': [1956], '83,': [1957], '90].': [1958], 'Regarding': [1959], 'classification': [1960, 3792], 'techniques,': [1961], 'probabilistic': [1965, 3819], 'Bayesian': [1969, 2416], 'learning': [1970], '[74,': [1971], '88,': [1972], '96]': [1973], 'popular.': [1976], 'Another': [1977, 4145], 'technique': [1978, 1993, 4441], 'frequently': [1981], 'SVM,': [1987], 'achieved': [1995, 3966], 'within': [1996, 2475], 'community': [2000], 'applications': [2004], '[39,': [2005, 2749], '61,': [2006], '71,': [2007], '91,': [2008], '100].': [2009], 'few': [2013], 'databases': [2014, 2045, 2074, 2094, 2396, 2486, 4160, 4179, 4259], 'analysis,': [2024], 'Table': [2030, 2091, 2386, 2483, 4174, 4256], 'but,': [2032], 'nevertheless,': [2033], 'even': [2034, 2319], 'datasets': [2040], 'comparisons': [2043, 2087], 'across': [2044], 'interpreted': [2048], 'caution,': [2050], 'variations': [2053], '(such': [2054], 'those': [2056], 'above)': [2058, 4155], 'clearly': [2060, 2863], 'parameters.': [2065], 'note,': [2070], 'adopt': [2076, 3009], 'bands': [2079], 'characterise': [2081], 'distribution,': [2084], 'rendering': [2085], 'meaningful.': [2090], '1.': [2092], 'Largest': [2093, 2485, 4258], '(as': [2096, 4261], 'literature)': [2100, 4265], 'contain': [2102], 'Ref.': [2105, 2494, 4269], 'Modality': [2106, 2495], 'Database': [2107, 2496], 'Qtt': [2108], 'Users': [2109, 4272], 'Ethnicity': [2111, 2499], '[61]': [2112], 'FG-NET': [2114], '1002': [2115], '82': [2116], '0': [2117, 2135, 2153], '69': [2119], 'Asian': [2120, 2129, 2138], '[101]': [2121], 'MORPH': [2123], '1724': [2124], '515': [2125], '15': [2126], '68': [2128], '[62]': [2130], 'YGA': [2132], '8000': [2133], '1600': [2134], '93': [2137, 2146], '[102]': [2139], 'PAL': [2141], '540': [2142, 2143], '18': [2144], 'mixed': [2147, 2156, 2505, 2511, 2517, 2526], '[92]': [2148], 'Flickr': [2150], '28,231': [2151], '5080': [2152], '66': [2155], 'Other': [2157], 'modalities': [2159, 2178, 2950, 3189, 3538, 3655], 'received': [2161], 'rather': [2162, 3718, 3978], 'attention': [2164], 'community;': [2168], 'handwritten': [2182, 2314, 2676], 'signature': [2183, 2267, 2521, 2677], '[103,': [2184], '104].': [2185], 'investigation': [2187], 'gait': [2192, 2756, 2762, 2790], '[44,': [2198], '105],': [2199], '[46,': [2201], '106]': [2202], 'investigate': [2203, 3493], 'iris': [2209, 2258, 2565, 2768], 'sets': [2213], 'geometric': [2215], 'texture': [2217], 'features.': [2218], '[45,': [2220], '100,': [2221], '107],': [2222], 'investigated': [2226], 'voice': [2232, 2741], 'Merkel': [2235], '[108]': [2238], 'examines': [2239], 'fingerprint.': [2247], 'minimum': [2253], '57%': [2255], '(for': [2256, 2265], 'modality)': [2259, 2421], 'maximum': [2262], '77%': [2264, 3906], 'modality),': [2268], 'above': [2273], 'make': [2274, 3928], 'drawing': [2275, 3499], 'conclusions': [2277, 3932], 'unwise.': [2278], 'Finally,': [2279], 'strong': [2284, 3929], 'inclination': [2285], 'mainly': [2291], 'prediction.': [2300, 3458, 4068], 'appears': [2302], 'modalities,': [2311, 2673, 3275], 'speech': [2320], 'end,': [2324], 'modalities.': [2337, 2537, 2581, 2975, 4255], '2.1.2': [2338], 'Gender': [2339, 2764, 2786, 2793], 'Once': [2341], 'again,': [2342], 'see': [2356, 2628], '[47,': [2357], '109–115]).': [2358], 'PCA': [2369], 'object': [2371], 'faces': [2375], 'SVM': [2377, 2426], 'classification.': [2380], 'previous': [2384, 2447], 'case,': [2385, 2453], 'shows': [2388], 'required': [2401], 'undertake': [2403], 'sort': [2405], 'study.': [2407], '91%': [2413], 'Face': [2420], 'dynamics).': [2429], 'Many': [2430, 3487], 'difficulties': [2434], 'producing': [2436], 'section': [2448], 'apply': [2449], 'assigning': [2455, 3804], 'category': [2458], 'subjects': [2460, 3503, 4213, 4246], 'problem': [2465], 'subsumed': [2474], 'set': [2477], 'bands.': [2482], '2.': [2484], 'Males': [2497], 'Females': [2498], '[116]': [2500], 'CAESAR': [2502], '1119': [2503], '1250': [2504], '[110]': [2506], 'MUCT': [2508], '131': [2509], '145': [2510], '[117]': [2512], 'XM2VTS': [2514], '160': [2515], '135': [2516], '[118]': [2518], 'Hand-based': [2522], 'Brazilian': [2523], '31': [2524], '88': [2525], 'Much': [2527], 'A': [2538, 2693, 3055], 'explores': [2541], '[8],': [2550], '[119,': [2567], '120].': [2568], 'Naturally,': [2569], 'passage': [2571], 'times': [2573], 'brings': [2574], 'opportunities': [2575], 'EEG': [2585, 2623, 2797], 'ECG': [2587], 'signals': [2588], 'example': [2591, 3845], 'modality,': [2595, 2834], 'especially': [2596], 'considering': [2598], 'tasks,': [2602, 4229], 'so': [2604, 2607, 3078, 3727], 'far': [2605], 'tasks.': [2612], 'However': [2613], '[121].': [2624], 'similarity': [2630], 'situation': [2635], 'here.': [2636], 'widespread': [2643, 3236], 'again': [2651], 'adopted': [2657, 3864, 3950], 'investigations.': [2661], 'prediction,': [2665, 3725], 'dynamics,': [2680], 'suggest': [2684], 'potentially': [2686], 'fruitful': [2687], 'studies.': [2689], '2.1.3': [2690], 'Multi-soft-biometric': [2691], 'soft-biometrics': [2709], 'These': [2711, 2976], 'implicitly': [2714], 'generally.': [2731], 'Examples': [2732], 'of:': [2736], '[38,': [2742], '122].': [2743], '40,': [2750], '43].': [2751], '[123].': [2757], 'height': [2760, 2788], '[124].': [2763], 'ethnicity': [2766, 2773], '[125].': [2769], 'Age,': [2770], '[41,': [2776], '42,': [2777], '49].': [2778], 'Gender,': [2779], 'writing': [2784], '[126].': [2785], '[116,': [2791], '127].': [2792], '[128].': [2798], 'list': [2804], 'shown': [2806, 3516], 'multi-soft-biometric': [2812], 'recent': [2816, 3751], 'therefore,': [2818], 'possible': [2821, 2875], 'find': [2823], 'varied': [2825], 'group': [2826], 'being': [2830], 'predicted': [2831], 'each': [2833, 3672, 4010, 4118], 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[3149, 3157], 'doubtful': [3151], 'annotations.': [3152], 'Issues': [3153], 'address': [3161], 'factors': [3162], 'following:': [3166, 3279], 'participants': [3169, 3396, 3892, 4055, 4135], '(age,': [3170], 'social': [3171, 4431], 'cultural': [3173], 'groups),': [3174], 'model': [3178, 3181], '(discrete': [3179], 'dimensional': [3183], 'model),': [3184], 'induction': [3187, 3215], 'context,': [3188], 'annotation': [3191], 'strategies.': [3192], 'Contributions': [3193], '[130–132]': [3196], 'discuss': [3197], 'music': [3201], 'audio': [3202], 'function': [3212], 'method,': [3216], '[133]': [3218], 'represents': [3219, 3716], 'discrete': [3221], 'assessment.': [3225], 'Although': [3226], 'concerning': [3229], 'attributes,': [3246], 'nevertheless': [3248], 'foundation': [3253], 'emotions.': [3259, 3326], 'Keystroke': [3280], 'dynamics:': [3281], 'Typing': [3282], 'activity': [3283, 4231], 'interact': [3293], 'computer,': [3296], 'become': [3299, 4206], "people's": [3304], 'daily': [3305], 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[3776], 'trait.': [3782], '[155]': [3786], 'describe': [3787], 'framework': [3789], 'paradigm': [3795], 'profiles’.': [3799], 'approach,': [3801, 3824, 3981], 'label,': [3811], 'interprets': [3812], 'class': [3820], 'labels.': [3821], 'Using': [3822, 3954], 'managed': [3827, 4045], 'label': [3833], '68%.': [3838], 'Returning': [3839], 'keyboard-based': [3841], 'interesting': [3849], 'issues.': [3853], '[137],': [3859], 'experimenters': [3863], 'five-point': [3866, 4281], 'Likert': [3867, 4124, 4282, 4289, 4310, 4317], 'scale': [3868, 4220, 4283, 4290, 4311, 4318], '[156]': [3869], 'background': [3875, 4277], 'event': [3877, 3937, 4279, 4286, 4293, 4314], 'collection': [3878, 3938, 4222], 'record': [3881, 4075, 4084], 'collected.': [3885], 'included': [3889], '12': [3891, 4280], 'database.': [3896], 'experiment': [3898, 4093], 'did': [3899], 'show': [3900], 'encouraging': [3901], 'results,': [3902], 'suggesting': [3903], 'around': [3904, 3970, 4062, 4132], 'including': [3912], 'confidence,': [3913], 'hesitancy,': [3914], 'nervousness,': [3915], 'relaxation,': [3916], 'sadness': [3917], 'tiredness,': [3919], 'limitations': [3922], 'size': [3926, 4158], 'obviously': [3927], 'definitive': [3931], 'difficult.': [3933], '[157],': [3935, 4070], 'was': [3940], 'employed,': [3941], 'similar,': [3944], 'time': [3947], '11-point': [3948, 4288], 'scale,': [3949], 'labelling.': [3953], 'larger': [3957, 4051], '24': [3960, 4100, 4287, 4308], 'participants,': [3961, 4028], '75%': [3971], 'cognitive': [3974], 'stress.': [3975, 4144], 'Taking': [3976], 'standard': [3980], 'Lv': [3982], '[157]': [3985, 4291], 'pressure': [3988, 3997, 4077, 4140, 4295, 4304], 'sensing': [3989], 'records': [3992], 'events': [3995, 4081], 'sequences.': [3998], 'labelled': [4002], 'according': [4003], 'assuming': [4008], 'automatically': [4015], 'linked': [4016], 'generated': [4019, 4057], 'content': [4024], 'presented': [4025], 'weakness': [4037], 'requires': [4039], 'justification.': [4041], 'study,': [4043], 'collect': [4047], '50': [4054, 4297], 'error': [4059], '14%': [4063], '‘happiness’': [4065], '‘sadness’': [4067], 'sequence': [4078, 4296, 4305], 'interaction.': [4091], 'consisted': [4098], 'participants.': [4101], 'Emotional': [4102], 'determined': [4105, 4299], 'questionnaire': [4113, 4275], 'end': [4116], 'seven-point': [4123, 4309], 'scale.': [4125], 'reports,': [4128], 'inter': [4129], 'alia,': [4130], 'showed': [4136], 'increased': [4137], 'physical': [4138], 'put': [4142], 'cases': [4154], 'implications': [4168], '(we': [4169], 'return': [4170], 'later).': [4173], '3': [4175], 'summarises': [4176], 'available,': [4180], 'contains': [4209], '100': [4212, 4245, 4315], '[158].': [4214], 'undertook': [4217], 'exercise': [4223], 'covered': [4225], 'fixed,': [4235], 'defined': [4236], 'content-based': [4237], 'tasks': [4238], 'free': [4240], 'tasks)': [4242], 'involved': [4244], '3.': [4257], 'Capture': [4270], 'Emotion': [4273], '[137]': [4276], '[138]': [4284], 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'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-07T19:48:34.214755', 'created_date': '2017-05-26'}
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