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[620], 'not': [625, 855, 991, 1189, 1399, 1968, 2156], 'simply': [626], 'refutation': [628], 'latest': [631], 'methods': [632, 701, 1078], '“to': [633], 'Sunnīs': [636], 'resort.”5': [637], 'work’s': [639], 'wholesale': [640], 'rejection': [641, 1348], 'hermeneutics': [644], 'likewise': [645, 947], 'went': [646], 'grain': [649], 'increasing': [652], 'historical': [653, 719], 'trend': [654], 'among': [655, 1076], 'Shīʿites,': [657], 'Twelver': [658, 677, 692], 'Imamīs': [659], 'included.': [660], 'Though': [661], 'kindred': [663], 'spirit': [664], 'certainly': [666], 'younger': [673], 'contemporary,': [674, 1460], 'scholar': [678, 1946], 'Ibn': [679], 'Bābūya,': [680], 'concurrently': [682], 'incipient': [683], '(and': [684], 'subsequently': [685], 'normative)': [686], 'tradition': [688, 697, 977], 'adopted': [689], 'mutakallimūn': [693], 'Baghdad': [696], 'embraced': [698], 'Qāḍī': [704], 'declared': [705], 'anathema': [706], '(with': [710], 'notable': [712], 'exception': [713], 'ijtihād/qiyās).': [715], 'There': [716, 1849], 'reason': [720, 825, 1557], 'divergence:': [723], 'inception,': [726], 'state': [729, 1624, 1752], 'attached': [731], 'sole': [734, 1755, 1772], 'sect': [736], 'claiming': [737], 'immediate': [738], 'access': [739], 'infallible': [742], 'imam;': [743], 'only': [744, 813, 1190, 1373], 'such': [745, 1915], 'claim': [747], 'could': [748, 1508], 'obviate': [749], 'need': [751, 996, 1380], '(fallible)': [754], 'interpretive': [756, 889, 944, 1251], 'tradition.': [757], 'From': [758], 'perspective,': [760, 1427], 'represents': [763, 778], 'departure': [765], 'norm': [769], 'inasmuch': [774], 'also': [777, 1212, 1360, 1573, 1696, 1931, 2001], 'holdover': [780], 'traditional': [782, 1521], 'Imami': [783, 801], 'when': [788], 'uniquely': [793], 'situated': [794], 'do': [796, 854, 1509, 1984], 'so.Amplifying': [797], 'these': [798, 958, 1145, 1867], 'increasingly': [799], 'archaic': [800], 'talking': [802], 'points': [803], 'light': [805, 1143, 1540], 'epistemological': [808], 'considerations': [809], 'accentuated': [814], 'pretheoretical': [816], 'underpinnings': [817], 'religious': [821, 831, 867, 1227, 1413, 1616], 'authority:': [822], 'Qadi': [827, 969, 1075, 1138, 1261, 1327, 1591], 'shored': [828], 'up': [829], 'unmitigated': [836], 'revelation': [837, 1015, 2162], '“Qurʾān': [839, 1545], 'sunna.”': [841], 'Sunna': [842], 'no': [844, 2351], 'than': [847, 1443], 'Qurʾān;': [849], 'Prophet': [851], 'imams': [853], 'interpretations': [857], 'opinions': [859], 'own.6': [862], 'ideal': [864], 'unmediated': [866], 'thus': [869, 1766], 'forms': [870, 876, 1154, 1434], 'critiquing': [874], 'all': [875, 1022, 1152, 1169, 1319, 1430], 'human': [878, 1761], 'subjectivity': [879], '(knowledge': [880], 'derived': [881], '“dhāt': [883], '[al-]anfus”7)': [884], 'necessarily': [885], 'implicated': [886], 'process': [890], 'outsider': [892], 'groups.The': [893], 'majority': [894], 'naturally': [898], 'focuses': [899], 'ijtihād': [901, 1872, 2039], '(chapters': [904], '9': [905], '12),': [907], 'treated': [908], 'identically': [909], 'principles': [914], 'allow': [916], 'scholars': [917, 1052, 1401, 1914], 'extend': [919], 'injunctions': [921, 2158], 'statements': [924], 'basic': [927], 'lexical': [928], 'form.': [929], 'second-most': [931], 'belabored': [932], 'point': [933], 'criticism': [935], 'consensus': [937], '(ijmāʿ,': [938], 'chapter': [939, 1040, 1044], '7),': [940], 'guarantor': [942], 'extends': [948], 'most': [949, 971, 1053], 'conspicuously': [950], 'confines': [953], 'scripture.': [955], 'Contentions': [956], 'topics': [960], 'were': [961, 2159], 'nothing': [962, 1441], 'new': [963], 'uṣūl;': [965], 'but': [966, 1283, 1398, 1979], 'where': [967], 'breaks': [970, 1147], 'dominant': [975], 'explanation': [980, 1008], 'revelation’s': [982, 1085], 'self-sufficiency:': [988], '“God': [989], 'did': [990], 'omit': [992], 'anything': [993], 'worshippers': [995], 'without': [997], 'providing': [998], 'them': [999], 'explicit': [1001], 'injunction': [1002], '(naṣṣ)': [1003], 'concerning': [1004, 1952], 'regarding': [1009], 'it.”8': [1010], 'degree': [1012], 'described': [1017], 'self-sufficient': [1019], 'makes': [1020], 'conspicuous': [1025], 'fewer': [1028], 'pages': [1029], 'refuting': [1033], 'kalām-based': [1034], 'epistemology': [1035], '(naẓar,': [1039], '8': [1041], 'istidlāl,': [1043, 2037], '11,': [1045], 'respectively),': [1046], 'tools': [1048], 'Muslim': [1051, 1226, 1596, 1676], 'explicity': [1054], 'articulated': [1055], 'unavoidable': [1057], 'contingencies': [1058], 'underlying': [1059, 1082, 1086], 'God’s': [1060, 1099, 1480, 1652], 'operative': [1061], 'modes': [1062, 1290], 'communication.': [1064], 'These': [1065], 'are,': [1066, 1276], 'despite': [1067], 'significance,': [1070], 'routinely': [1071], 'dismissed': [1072], 'due': [1079, 1608], 'subjectivity.': [1083], 'Neither': [1084], 'theological': [1087], 'nor': [1089], 'linguistic': [1090], 'character': [1091], 'theorized9—rather,': [1095], 'media': [1097], 'command': [1100], 'remain': [1101], 'willfully': [1102], 'unmediated.': [1103], 'Even': [1104], 'arguments': [1107], 'acceptance': [1110], 'sunna': [1112], 'break': [1113], 'al-Shāfiʿī,10': [1117], 'since': [1119, 2005], 'latter': [1121], 'explicitly': [1122], 'attempted': [1123], 'mediate': [1125], 'uncertain': [1126], 'probabilistic': [1128], 'knowledge': [1129, 1432], 'sharīʿa': [1132, 1306, 1759], 'way': [1135], 'loathe': [1140], 'do.In': [1142], 'al-Shāfiʿī': [1149], 'indeed': [1151], 'predominant': [1153], 'uṣūl,': [1156], 'groundbreaking': [1158], 'demonstration': [1159], 'reliance': [1163], 'Ẓāhirī': [1165, 1219], 'holds': [1168], 'significance.': [1172, 1848], '11': [1173], 'paradoxical': [1175], 'adoption': [1176], 'reasoning': [1181], 'highly': [1184, 1817], 'esoteric': [1185, 1438], 'Shīʿism': [1188, 1765], 'underscores': [1191], 'necessity': [1193], 'appreciating': [1195], 'ẓāhir’s': [1197], 'revamped': [1198], 'elaboration': [1202], 'ideology;12': [1205], 'same': [1208, 1700, 1738, 1993], 'token,': [1209, 1994], 'reminded': [1213], 'perennial': [1216], 'appeal': [1217], '“theorizing”': [1222], 'minimization': [1224], 'subjectivity,': [1228], 'modern': [1232, 1896], 'times.': [1233], 'Ultimately,': [1234], 'Ikhtilāf’s': [1237], 'revelational': [1238], 'maximalism': [1239], 'exceeds': [1240], 'Ẓāhirīya;': [1244], 'refusal': [1247], 'endorse': [1249], 'any': [1250, 1333], 'method': [1252], 'whatsoever,': [1253], 'substantive': [1255], 'conceived': [1258, 1768], 'destined': [1263], 'unconditionally': [1266], 'exoteric.As': [1267], 'rhetorically': [1268], 'efficacious': [1269], 'elements': [1271], 'strategy': [1275], 'student': [1278], 'cannot': [1281], 'help': [1282], 'detect': [1284], 'incongruity': [1286], 'prevalent': [1289], 'proselytization:': [1293], 'elsewhere': [1294], 'argued': [1297], 'indispensability': [1300], 'rational': [1303, 1316, 1341], 'dimension': [1304], 'remedy': [1308], 'fideist': [1309], '“exotericism,”': [1310], 'challenging': [1311], 'Muslims': [1312, 1706], 'meaning': [1317, 1972], 'aspects': [1320], 'law.': [1323], 'In': [1324], 'here': [1328, 1961], 'excoriated': [1329], 'jurisprudents': [1330], 'who': [1331, 1490, 1707], 'made': [1332, 1857], 'attempt': [1334], 'interpret': [1336], 'coherence': [1342], '(see': [1345, 1977], 'especially': [1346], 'ḥusn': [1350], 'ʿaqlī': [1351], '“rational': [1353], 'sense”13).': [1354], 'Nevertheless,': [1355], 'practical': [1357], 'synergy': [1358], 'de': [1365], 'facto': [1366], 'catch-22': [1367], 'emerges:': [1369], 'ẓāhir': [1371], 'problematized': [1374], 'introduce': [1378], 'symbolic': [1382], 'reinterpretation': [1383], 'parable': [1389], '(cf.': [1394, 2149], 'Taʾwīl': [1396, 1693, 2264], 'al-daʿāʾim),': [1397], 'independently': [1403], 'develop': [1404], 'sciences”—lest': [1406], 'constitute': [1408], 'authority.': [1414], 'radical': [1416], 'restriction': [1417], 'agency': [1420], 'resolved': [1422], 'here,': [1423], '“rational”': [1431, 1530], 'truth': [1439], 'divine': [1444], 'inspiration': [1445], '(taʾyīd)': [1446], 'mediated': [1447], 'imams.': [1450], 'As': [1451], 'case': [1453], 'point,': [1455], 'Neoplatonic': [1465], 'philosopher': [1466, 1507], 'Abū': [1467, 2236, 2274], 'Yaʿqūb': [1468, 2237], 'al-Sijistānī': [1469], 'juxtaposing': [1470], 'pious': [1474], 'caliphs': [1476], 'properly': [1478], '“establishing': [1479], 'religion”': [1481, 1605], '(iqāmat': [1482, 1606], 'dīn': [1483], 'Allāh)': [1484], 'Abbasid': [1487, 1808], 'caliph': [1488], 'al-Maʾmūn': [1489], 'had': [1491], 'seemingly': [1492], 'misspent': [1493], '“Muslim': [1494], 'wealth”': [1495], 'translate': [1497], 'books': [1499], 'godless': [1501], 'Greek': [1502], 'philosophy.14': [1503], 'That': [1504], 'well-read': [1506], 'unironically': [1511], 'depended': [1512], 'embrace': [1515], 'Ismāʿīlism’s': [1517], 'pretensions': [1518], 'uncompromising': [1520, 1532], 'purity': [1522, 1535], 'source,': [1526], 'even': [1527, 2028], 'sciences.The': [1531], 'emphasis': [1533], 'doctrine,': [1537], 'particularly': [1538], 'utilization': [1543], 'sunna”': [1547], 'metonym': [1549], 'same,': [1552], 'brings': [1553], 'us': [1554], 'another': [1556], 'why': [1558, 1932], 'contextualization': [1560], 'history': [1566], 'formation': [1569], 'inadequate;': [1571], 'sidesteps': [1574], 'intensely': [1576], 'theme': [1578, 1682], '“innovation”': [1580, 1612, 1673], '(bidʿa),': [1581], 'constant': [1585], 'refrain': [1586], 'repeatedly': [1592], 'portrays': [1593], 'entire': [1595], 'umma': [1597], 'guilty': [1599], 'failing': [1601], '“establish': [1603], 'al-dīn)': [1607], 'widespread': [1611], 'following': [1614, 2097], 'fallible': [1615, 1665], 'scholarship.': [1617], 'resulting': [1622], 'fallen': [1623], '“polytheism”': [1626], '(shirk),': [1627], 'according': [1628], 'Qadi,': [1631, 1736], 'attributable': [1633], 'diabolical': [1636], 'machination': [1637], 'Umayyads': [1640], 'Abbasids,': [1642], 'who,': [1643], 'usurping': [1645], 'political': [1646], 'imams,': [1650], 'undermined': [1651], 'rule': [1653], 'class': [1658], 'justified': [1661, 1721], 'use': [1663], 'methodologies': [1666], 'ever': [1667], 'since.': [1668], 'This': [1669], 'panoramic': [1670], 'vision': [1671], 'community': [1677], 'expands': [1678], 'considerably': [1679], 'introduction': [1686], 'Daʿāʾim,15': [1689], 'al-daʿāʾim': [1694], 'learn': [1697], 'contravention': [1701], 'justifies': [1702], 'jihād': [1703], '“reject': [1708], 'sharīʿa.”16': [1710], 'While': [1711], 'states,': [1715], '“Islam': [1716], 'began': [1717], 'stranger,”': [1720], 'generation': [1726], 'earlier': [1727, 1913], 'beginning': [1730], 'daʿwa,17': [1733], 'narration': [1739], 'utilized': [1741], 'underscore': [1746], 'protector': [1756], 'contamination.': [1762], '18': [1763], 'embodying': [1770], 'uncompromised': [1773], 'model': [1774, 1809], 'absolutist': [1777], 'theocratic': [1778], 'legislated': [1780], 'God,': [1782], 'serves': [1785], 'valuable': [1788], 'document': [1789], 'repurposing': [1792], 'Imamite': [1795], 'anti-innovation': [1796], 'service': [1800], 'counterclaims': [1803], 'religio-political': [1811], 'authority.Stewart’s': [1812], 'edition': [1813], 'commended.': [1818], 'generally': [1823], 'reliable,': [1824], 'translation': [1827, 1870, 1996], 'both': [1829, 1938], 'accurate': [1830], 'eminently': [1832], 'readable;': [1833], '(very': [1835], 'few)': [1836], 'erroneous': [1837], 'readings': [1838], 'I': [1839], 'believe': [1840], 'detected': [1843], 'minutest': [1847], 'remains': [1850], 'just': [1851], 'minor': [1853], 'objection': [1854], 'about': [1858], 'interrelated': [1860], 'translation:': [1863], 'interpretation.”': [1875], 'Although': [1876], 'term': [1878], 'would': [1879, 2031, 2090], 'seem': [1880], 'convenient': [1882], 'catch-all': [1883], 'phrase': [1884], 'independent': [1887], 'interpretation': [1888], 'texts': [1890], 'often': [1891], 'cited': [1892], 'discussions,': [1897], 'seems': [1899], 'fairly': [1900], 'certain': [1901], 'author’s': [1904], 'usage': [1905], 'closer': [1909], 'Shāfiʿī,': [1917], 'al-Jaṣṣāṣ,': [1918], 'al-Mufīd,': [1919], 'al-Murtaḍā,': [1921], 'essentially': [1925], 'refers': [1926, 2007], 'qiyās,': [1928], 'grouped': [1935], 'raʾy,': [1937], 'referring': [1939], 'hypothetical': [1942], 'prerogative': [1943], 'adduce': [1948], 'rulings': [1949], 'scripture': [1954], 'silent.': [1956], 'word': [1958], '“interpretation”': [1959], 'used': [1960], 'obscures': [1962], 'fact': [1964], 'ijithād': [1966], 'concerned': [1969], 'particular': [1975], 'istidlāl),': [1978], 'rather': [1980], 'absence': [1987], 'text.': [1990, 2022], 'istidlāl': [1998, 2006], '“inference”': [2000], 'shortcomings,': [2004], 'broadly': [2009], 'hermeneutic': [2012], 'procedures': [2013], 'determining': [2015], 'semantic': [2017], 'range': [2018], 'given': [2021], 'Perhaps': [2023], '“hermeneutics,”': [2024], '“linguistic': [2025, 2191], 'analysis,”': [2026], 'interpretation”': [2030], 'fitting': [2035], 'while': [2038], 'turn': [2041], 'might': [2042, 2146], 'aptly': [2044], '“ruling-based': [2048], 'inference.”': [2049], 'Notes': [2050], '.': [2052, 2077, 2081, 2086, 2135, 2140, 2177, 2180, 2183, 2204, 2211, 2216, 2232, 2235, 2248, 2261, 2273, 2288], 'See': [2053, 2136, 2212], 'Heinz': [2054], 'Halm,': [2055], 'Empire': [2057], 'Mahdi,': [2060], 'trans.': [2061], 'Michael': [2062, 2067], 'Bonner': [2063], '(Leiden,': [2064, 2074], '1996),': [2065], '370–74;': [2066], 'Brett,': [2068], 'Rise': [2070], '2001),': [2075], '186–95.2': [2076], 'introduction,': [2079, 2083, 2138, 2151, 2194, 2209, 2214], 'xx–xxiii.3': [2080], 'xiv,': [2084], 'xvi.4': [2085], 'interested': [2088], 'reader': [2089], 'well': [2092], 'advised': [2093], 'consult': [2095], 'article,': [2098], 'unfortunate': [2100], 'omission': [2101], 'bibliography:': [2104], 'Husain': [2105], 'K.': [2106, 2243], 'B.': [2107], 'Qutbuddin,': [2108], '“Fāṭimid': [2109], 'Exegesis': [2111], 'Qur’an:': [2114], 'Interpretive': [2116], 'Strategies': [2117], 'Used': [2118], 'al-Qāḍī': [2120], 'Al-Nuʿmān': [2121], '363/974)': [2123], 'His': [2125], 'Al-Islām,”': [2127], 'Journal': [2128, 2312], 'Qur’anic': [2130], 'Studies': [2131, 2316], '12': [2132], '(2010):': [2133], '109–46.5': [2134], 'xxiv.6': [2139], 'Contra': [2141, 2205], 'expressions': [2145], 'otherwise': [2147], 'suggest': [2148], 'xix,': [2152], 'xxvii).': [2153], 'Whether': [2154], 'prophetic': [2157], 'strictly': [2160], 'considered': [2161], '(as': [2163], 'opposed': [2164], 'ijtihād)': [2166], 'far': [2173], 'back': [2174], 'al-Shāfiʿī.7': [2176], '268–69.8': [2179], '312–13.9': [2182], 'assumption': [2185], 'apathy': [2187], 'agreement': [2189], 'principles”': [2192], '(Ikhtilāf,': [2193], 'xxvii–xxviii)': [2195], 'work': [2198], 'inadequate.': [2200], 'Cf.': [2201, 2289], 'Qutbuddin': [2202], 'above.10': [2203], 'Stewart;': [2206], 'see': [2207], 'xvii.11': [2210], 'xxv–xxvi.12': [2215], 'Sumaiya': [2217], 'A.': [2218], 'Hamdani,': [2219], 'Between': [2220], 'Revolution': [2221], 'State:': [2223], 'Path': [2225], 'Statehood': [2228], '(New': [2229], 'York,': [2230], '2007).13': [2231], '274–81.14': [2234], 'al-Sijistānī,': [2238], 'Kitāb': [2239], 'al-Iftikhār,': [2240], 'ed.': [2241, 2253, 2266, 2282], 'Ismail': [2242], 'Poonawala': [2244], '2000),': [2246], '175.15': [2247], 'al-Nuʿmān,': [2250, 2263], 'al-Islām,': [2252], 'Asaf': [2254], 'Ali': [2255], 'Asghar': [2256], 'Fyzee': [2257], '(Cairo,': [2258, 2270], '1963),': [2259], '1:1–2.16': [2260], 'al-Daʿāʾim,': [2265], 'Muḥammad': [2267, 2275], 'Ḥasan': [2268], 'al-Aʿẓāmī': [2269], '1967),': [2271], '49–52.17': [2272], 'al-Ḥasan': [2276], 'b.': [2277], 'Mūsā': [2278], 'al-Nawbakhtī,': [2279], 'Firaq': [2280], 'alshīʿa,': [2281], 'Hellmuth': [2283], 'Ritter': [2284], '(Istanbul,': [2285], '1931),': [2286], '62–63.18': [2287], 'similar': [2290], 'observations': [2291], 'Wilferd': [2293], 'Madelung,': [2294], '“Das': [2295], 'Imamat': [2296], 'der': [2298], 'frühen': [2299], 'ismailistischen': [2300], 'Lehre,”': [2301], 'Der': [2302], 'Islam': [2303], '37': [2304], '(1961):': [2305], '83–84.': [2306], 'DetailsFiguresReferencesCited': [2310], 'Near': [2314], 'Eastern': [2315], 'Volume': [2317], '76,': [2318], 'Number': [2319], '1April': [2320], '2017': [2321, 2325], 'Article': [2322], 'DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/690770': [2323], '©': [2324], 'Chicago.': [2330], 'All': [2331], 'rights': [2332], 'reserved.': [2333], 'For': [2334], 'permission': [2335], 'reuse': [2337], 'book': [2339], 'review': [2340], 'section,': [2343], 'please': [2344], 'contact': [2345], '[email': [2346], 'protected]PDF': [2347], 'download': [2348], 'Crossref': [2349], 'reports': [2350], 'citing': [2353], 'article.': [2355]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2603118154', 'counts_by_year': [], 'updated_date': '2024-08-27T04:50:46.626214', 'created_date': '2017-04-07'}