The Effect of Fertility Decline on Economic Growth in Africa: A Macrosimulation Model

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Mahesh Karra; David Canning; Joshua Wilde
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2574224367', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12009', 'title': 'The Effect of Fertility Decline on Economic Growth in Africa: A Macrosimulation Model', 'display_name': 'The Effect of Fertility Decline on Economic Growth in Africa: A Macrosimulation Model', 'publication_year': 2017, 'publication_date': '2017-01-20', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2574224367', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12009', 'mag': '2574224367'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12009', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/padr.12009', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S32314625', 'display_name': 'Population and Development Review', 'issn_l': '0098-7921', 'issn': ['0098-7921', '1728-4457'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'bronze', 'oa_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/padr.12009', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5021824076', 'display_name': 'Mahesh Karra', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0962-092X'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Mahesh Karra', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5007317974', 'display_name': 'David Canning', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4041-1229'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'David Canning', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5064732601', 'display_name': 'Joshua Wilde', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3389-2028'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Joshua Wilde', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 3190, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 3190, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 14.231, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 63, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.99998, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 97, 'max': 98}, 'biblio': {'volume': '43', 'issue': 'S1', 'first_page': '237', 'last_page': '263'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12781', 'display_name': 'Global Health Care Issues', 'score': 0.9872, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3600', 'display_name': 'General Health Professions'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/36', 'display_name': 'Health Professions'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12781', 'display_name': 'Global Health Care Issues', 'score': 0.9872, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3600', 'display_name': 'General Health Professions'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/36', 'display_name': 'Health Professions'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10209', 'display_name': 'Global Maternal and Child Health', 'score': 0.9848, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2735', 'display_name': 'Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12011', 'display_name': 'Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management', 'score': 0.9846, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3317', 'display_name': 'Demography'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/demographic-dividend', 'display_name': 'Demographic dividend', 'score': 0.6650733}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/total-fertility-rate', 'display_name': 'Total fertility rate', 'score': 0.60636824}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency-ratio', 'display_name': 'Dependency ratio', 'score': 0.4758063}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/investment', 'display_name': 'Investment', 'score': 0.41045487}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C518429986', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964401', 'display_name': 'Fertility', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.808627}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.6891197}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C143845886', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381763', 'display_name': 'Demographic transition', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.6708787}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C135877308', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3634022', 'display_name': 'Demographic dividend', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6650733}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C47122089', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285897', 'display_name': 'Total fertility rate', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.60636824}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2908647359', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603', 'display_name': 'Population', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48766315}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C22541086', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4350180', 'display_name': 'Dependency ratio', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.4758063}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C204983608', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958', 'display_name': 'Productivity', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.45398843}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C4249254', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431', 'display_name': 'Demographic economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.43882725}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C27548731', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272', 'display_name': 'Investment (military)', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.41045487}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C145236788', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161', 'display_name': 'Labour economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3651237}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C149923435', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732', 'display_name': 'Demography', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.22610927}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C50522688', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833', 'display_name': 'Economic growth', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.1912533}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779076696', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1280670', 'display_name': 'Family planning', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.12494147}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.10492027}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C94625758', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163', 'display_name': 'Politics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2986817661', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185698', 'display_name': 'Research methodology', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12009', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/padr.12009', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S32314625', 'display_name': 'Population and Development Review', 'issn_l': '0098-7921', 'issn': ['0098-7921', '1728-4457'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12009', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/padr.12009', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S32314625', 'display_name': 'Population and Development Review', 'issn_l': '0098-7921', 'issn': ['0098-7921', '1728-4457'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8', 'score': 0.55, 'display_name': 'Decent work and economic growth'}], 'grants': [{'funder': 'https://openalex.org/F4320307855', 'funder_display_name': 'World Bank Group', 'award_id': None}], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 78, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1483391833', 'https://openalex.org/W1568034094', 'https://openalex.org/W1593890766', 'https://openalex.org/W1642411461', 'https://openalex.org/W1874539837', 'https://openalex.org/W188506232', 'https://openalex.org/W1967617189', 'https://openalex.org/W1980801036', 'https://openalex.org/W1981298602', 'https://openalex.org/W2001021105', 'https://openalex.org/W2003755677', 'https://openalex.org/W2006469742', 'https://openalex.org/W2007271675', 'https://openalex.org/W2023320687', 'https://openalex.org/W2025341449', 'https://openalex.org/W2026718579', 'https://openalex.org/W2041373056', 'https://openalex.org/W2044597883', 'https://openalex.org/W2057095946', 'https://openalex.org/W2066823663', 'https://openalex.org/W2068218435', 'https://openalex.org/W2069939401', 'https://openalex.org/W2070415764', 'https://openalex.org/W2070871338', 'https://openalex.org/W2075269447', 'https://openalex.org/W2075623847', 'https://openalex.org/W2075633131', 'https://openalex.org/W2081425896', 'https://openalex.org/W2082817443', 'https://openalex.org/W2088260576', 'https://openalex.org/W2089926373', 'https://openalex.org/W2099986668', 'https://openalex.org/W2105717288', 'https://openalex.org/W2107430910', 'https://openalex.org/W2124322871', 'https://openalex.org/W2130638487', 'https://openalex.org/W2134388821', 'https://openalex.org/W2134486244', 'https://openalex.org/W2139698269', 'https://openalex.org/W2144251413', 'https://openalex.org/W2146607332', 'https://openalex.org/W2151176003', 'https://openalex.org/W2160065942', 'https://openalex.org/W2161041152', 'https://openalex.org/W2164283518', 'https://openalex.org/W2165264807', 'https://openalex.org/W2166974667', 'https://openalex.org/W2216067175', 'https://openalex.org/W2314540839', 'https://openalex.org/W2340959483', 'https://openalex.org/W2343559692', 'https://openalex.org/W2403172787', 'https://openalex.org/W2415262984', 'https://openalex.org/W2890025299', 'https://openalex.org/W3024833799', 'https://openalex.org/W3121277628', 'https://openalex.org/W3122143132', 'https://openalex.org/W3122705141', 'https://openalex.org/W3123001494', 'https://openalex.org/W3123156274', 'https://openalex.org/W3123248539', 'https://openalex.org/W3123497818', 'https://openalex.org/W3123989234', 'https://openalex.org/W3124349608', 'https://openalex.org/W3125454730', 'https://openalex.org/W3165064679', 'https://openalex.org/W3176682987', 'https://openalex.org/W3191682518', 'https://openalex.org/W4229697700', 'https://openalex.org/W4230234275', 'https://openalex.org/W4230809332', 'https://openalex.org/W4233220200', 'https://openalex.org/W4285719527', 'https://openalex.org/W4298380140', 'https://openalex.org/W577069581', 'https://openalex.org/W603943191', 'https://openalex.org/W610591442', 'https://openalex.org/W639904162'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W57684420', 'https://openalex.org/W3204515507', 'https://openalex.org/W3121354450', 'https://openalex.org/W2967802711', 'https://openalex.org/W2774929234', 'https://openalex.org/W2412826157', 'https://openalex.org/W2350929139', 'https://openalex.org/W2321309940', 'https://openalex.org/W2289888416', 'https://openalex.org/W2235558309'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Population': [0, 1542, 1843, 1904, 4535], 'and': [1, 111, 115, 127, 134, 153, 168, 174, 183, 216, 238, 286, 303, 311, 325, 340, 343, 354, 367, 376, 381, 397, 427, 447, 450, 486, 558, 578, 581, 589, 594, 668, 700, 721, 777, 791, 802, 808, 819, 843, 904, 929, 934, 938, 970, 980, 1001, 1135, 1183, 1219, 1229, 1240, 1246, 1279, 1294, 1304, 1313, 1382, 1400, 1430, 1604, 1610, 1640, 1652, 1656, 1687, 1725, 1744, 1824, 1832, 1834, 1844, 1859, 1873, 1989, 1999, 2006, 2023, 2048, 2078, 2143, 2148, 2165, 2175, 2191, 2202, 2213, 2230, 2245, 2260, 2270, 2330, 2348, 2381, 2415, 2449, 2469, 2486, 2497, 2524, 2543, 2571, 2609, 2611, 2645, 2650, 2659, 2675, 2683, 2709, 2760, 2769, 2799, 2825, 2848, 2886, 2927, 2957, 2959, 2966, 3038, 3040, 3050, 3069, 3086, 3117, 3132, 3190, 3256, 3259, 3270, 3302, 3335, 3360, 3468, 3479, 3494, 3524, 3544, 3558, 3579, 3591, 3627, 3643, 3654, 3657, 3674, 3676, 3681, 3701, 3704, 3706, 3721, 3776, 3792, 3831, 3844, 3850, 3868, 3874, 3878, 3893, 3920, 3939, 3948, 3959, 3963, 3965, 3973, 4007, 4015, 4061, 4098, 4147, 4166, 4217, 4286, 4289, 4302, 4327, 4353, 4361, 4364, 4400, 4434, 4471, 4475, 4489, 4516, 4527, 4543, 4565, 4569, 4573, 4584, 4597, 4605, 4610, 4620], 'Development': [2, 4578], 'ReviewVolume': [3], '43,': [4], 'Issue': [5], 'S1': [6], 'p.': [7], '237-263': [8], 'CONSEQUENCES': [9], 'OF': [10], 'FERTILITY': [11], 'DECLINEFree': [12], 'Access': [13], 'The': [14, 162, 1192, 1258, 1286, 1419, 1756, 1847, 2053, 2581, 2712, 2938, 3158], 'Effect': [15], 'of': [16, 113, 123, 136, 147, 205, 219, 244, 288, 365, 424, 460, 470, 509, 522, 524, 655, 680, 725, 729, 737, 754, 763, 788, 794, 838, 869, 885, 900, 953, 977, 996, 1047, 1111, 1116, 1145, 1180, 1189, 1194, 1204, 1238, 1273, 1284, 1291, 1317, 1321, 1398, 1469, 1527, 1533, 1537, 1555, 1569, 1615, 1627, 1630, 1702, 1741, 1763, 1768, 1783, 1849, 1856, 1893, 1900, 1970, 1979, 2016, 2065, 2140, 2173, 2209, 2228, 2266, 2287, 2328, 2342, 2346, 2351, 2368, 2390, 2393, 2443, 2446, 2515, 2530, 2533, 2546, 2583, 2615, 2623, 2631, 2653, 2700, 2716, 2751, 2781, 2794, 2821, 2850, 2853, 2856, 2870, 2877, 2884, 2892, 2895, 2940, 3048, 3066, 3091, 3104, 3175, 3188, 3198, 3216, 3237, 3265, 3382, 3405, 3427, 3435, 3455, 3500, 3534, 3691, 3742, 3744, 3754, 3768, 3784, 3798, 3810, 3818, 3887, 3915, 3934, 3953, 3971, 3976, 3995, 4024, 4036, 4066, 4073, 4082, 4104, 4120, 4142, 4150, 4163, 4189, 4228, 4241, 4255, 4277, 4283, 4294, 4298, 4311, 4317, 4320, 4345, 4370, 4398, 4412, 4425, 4448, 4484, 4531], 'Fertility': [17], 'Decline': [18], 'on': [19, 370, 457, 534, 651, 683, 823, 999, 1024, 1409, 1415, 1691, 2150, 2178, 2187, 2840, 2916, 2946, 2989, 3210, 3346, 3693, 3711, 3770, 3884, 3889, 3917, 3936, 3945, 3956, 3978, 4070, 4084, 4322, 4330, 4372, 4380, 4442, 4539, 4602], 'Economic': [20], 'Growth': [21], 'in': [22, 186, 189, 198, 229, 234, 241, 249, 253, 283, 301, 333, 346, 352, 407, 415, 432, 475, 483, 488, 506, 569, 572, 586, 610, 710, 714, 741, 748, 775, 841, 861, 864, 874, 889, 911, 1005, 1058, 1064, 1081, 1106, 1159, 1164, 1352, 1356, 1374, 1378, 1391, 1421, 1435, 1440, 1453, 1485, 1522, 1582, 1621, 1634, 1637, 1641, 1644, 1665, 1667, 1674, 1676, 1733, 1776, 1787, 1801, 1866, 1913, 1921, 2025, 2059, 2070, 2084, 2133, 2157, 2206, 2253, 2258, 2307, 2333, 2360, 2412, 2429, 2501, 2527, 2535, 2556, 2604, 2686, 2692, 2704, 2721, 2723, 2796, 2810, 2815, 2889, 2905, 2948, 3016, 3144, 3161, 3165, 3177, 3193, 3226, 3247, 3250, 3293, 3307, 3312, 3320, 3350, 3356, 3362, 3397, 3400, 3412, 3495, 3513, 3560, 3576, 3622, 3640, 3662, 3719, 3728, 3758, 3790, 3838, 4038, 4089, 4095, 4101, 4124, 4160, 4169, 4215, 4252, 4279, 4296, 4325, 4467], 'Africa:': [23], 'A': [24, 3416], 'Macrosimulation': [25], 'Model': [26], 'Mahesh': [27, 29, 57, 59], 'Karra,': [28, 58], 'KarraSearch': [30, 60], 'for': [31, 40, 51, 61, 70, 81, 212, 221, 271, 550, 565, 695, 697, 1033, 1049, 1056, 1092, 1102, 1244, 1465, 1808, 2105, 2234, 2374, 2378, 2408, 2541, 2552, 2737, 2832, 2961, 3001, 3181, 3474, 3585, 3604, 3631, 3687, 3821, 3909, 4056, 4079, 4262, 4405, 4563], 'more': [32, 41, 52, 62, 71, 82, 829, 959, 1153, 1499, 2612, 3056, 3120, 3504], 'papers': [33, 42, 53, 63, 72, 83], 'by': [34, 43, 54, 64, 73, 84, 442, 745, 893, 967, 1037, 1232, 1589, 1966, 2019, 2037, 2057, 2075, 2163, 2337, 2507, 2563, 2844, 3233, 3599, 3746, 3803, 3823, 3829, 3926, 3929, 4026, 4042, 4132, 4220, 4230, 4507, 4608], 'this': [35, 44, 55, 65, 74, 85, 148, 416, 507, 553, 1141, 1225, 1348, 2119, 2755, 2772, 2797, 2906, 3449, 3469, 3943, 4244], 'authorDavid': [36, 66], 'Canning,': [37, 67, 659, 1457, 2861, 2978], 'David': [38, 68], 'CanningSearch': [39, 69], 'authorJoshua': [45, 75], 'Wilde,': [46, 76], 'Joshua': [47, 77], 'Wilde': [48, 78, 451, 971, 1860, 3580], '[email protected]': [49, 79], 'Search': [50, 80], 'author': [56, 86], 'First': [87], 'published:': [88], '20': [89, 2047, 3747], 'January': [90], '2017': [91], 'https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12009Citations:': [92], '20AboutSectionsPDF': [93], 'ToolsRequest': [94], 'permissionExport': [95], 'citationAdd': [96], 'to': [97, 119, 142, 171, 226, 258, 280, 349, 403, 419, 428, 517, 546, 576, 584, 616, 688, 772, 831, 858, 897, 943, 956, 1029, 1054, 1070, 1083, 1099, 1124, 1151, 1168, 1199, 1254, 1264, 1474, 1482, 1498, 1574, 1577, 1672, 1697, 1729, 1793, 1854, 1869, 1887, 1927, 1975, 2013, 2136, 2248, 2279, 2298, 2312, 2364, 2397, 2520, 2574, 2588, 2600, 2638, 2643, 2679, 2719, 2898, 2931, 3006, 3061, 3083, 3115, 3171, 3340, 3378, 3393, 3410, 3420, 3430, 3520, 3565, 3734, 3756, 3805, 3852, 3865, 3905, 4092, 4115, 4184, 4193, 4205, 4338, 4350, 4374, 4385, 4429, 4502], 'favoritesTrack': [98], 'citation': [99], 'ShareShare': [100], 'Give': [101], 'accessShare': [102, 105], 'full': [103, 987, 2440], 'text': [104], 'full-text': [106, 121, 145], 'accessPlease': [107], 'review': [108], 'our': [109, 493, 1357, 1496, 1513, 1722, 1727, 1772, 1850, 1867, 1943, 1971, 2004, 2388, 2413, 2439, 2453, 2464, 3017, 3475, 3815, 3907, 4057, 4402, 4556], 'Terms': [110, 133], 'Conditions': [112, 135], 'Use': [114], 'check': [116], 'box': [117], 'below': [118, 141], 'share': [120, 143, 243, 3254, 4276, 4293], 'version': [122, 146], 'article.I': [124], 'have': [125, 501, 799, 816, 1698], 'read': [126], 'accept': [128], 'the': [129, 139, 181, 196, 202, 206, 210, 227, 232, 239, 245, 247, 284, 298, 323, 391, 401, 430, 433, 439, 458, 467, 489, 519, 608, 611, 628, 646, 652, 656, 693, 717, 723, 735, 761, 848, 875, 883, 886, 918, 950, 954, 965, 978, 993, 1015, 1025, 1034, 1038, 1059, 1114, 1128, 1143, 1176, 1185, 1201, 1205, 1220, 1236, 1266, 1270, 1274, 1322, 1353, 1375, 1379, 1389, 1396, 1410, 1416, 1422, 1436, 1441, 1524, 1530, 1534, 1538, 1550, 1553, 1567, 1570, 1578, 1584, 1613, 1616, 1628, 1638, 1645, 1683, 1689, 1692, 1731, 1742, 1761, 1764, 1769, 1784, 1876, 1891, 1897, 1901, 1929, 1939, 1963, 1976, 1980, 1995, 2017, 2034, 2042, 2063, 2066, 2076, 2094, 2106, 2126, 2138, 2171, 2225, 2243, 2250, 2264, 2285, 2304, 2308, 2313, 2343, 2357, 2366, 2375, 2391, 2394, 2406, 2417, 2495, 2502, 2521, 2528, 2536, 2547, 2557, 2575, 2620, 2640, 2646, 2665, 2687, 2697, 2717, 2845, 2851, 2854, 2868, 2871, 2878, 2882, 2890, 2893, 2899, 2910, 2932, 2935, 3004, 3063, 3089, 3102, 3105, 3113, 3152, 3162, 3172, 3178, 3204, 3222, 3227, 3234, 3294, 3300, 3305, 3309, 3313, 3321, 3351, 3357, 3370, 3401, 3413, 3421, 3425, 3428, 3432, 3440, 3443, 3472, 3510, 3514, 3516, 3522, 3525, 3539, 3554, 3572, 3586, 3615, 3634, 3641, 3663, 3688, 3751, 3762, 3765, 3781, 3826, 3842, 3885, 3913, 3932, 3951, 3969, 3974, 3990, 3996, 4003, 4022, 4034, 4052, 4071, 4102, 4136, 4140, 4148, 4161, 4173, 4177, 4187, 4225, 4268, 4273, 4280, 4290, 4309, 4318, 4335, 4346, 4365, 4381, 4406, 4422, 4446, 4462, 4468, 4479, 4505, 4528, 4532, 4549, 4591, 4616], 'Wiley': [130], 'Online': [131], 'Library': [132], 'UseShareable': [137], 'LinkUse': [138], 'link': [140], 'a': [144, 159, 213, 217, 318, 421, 514, 540, 604, 635, 792, 813, 974, 991, 1084, 1332, 1385, 1446, 1470, 1506, 1519, 1700, 1709, 1781, 1809, 1813, 1826, 1835, 1948, 2010, 2196, 2292, 2361, 2473, 2480, 2483, 2487, 2508, 2539, 2550, 2564, 2629, 2738, 2778, 2792, 2806, 2829, 2875, 3032, 3046, 3055, 3109, 3166, 3244, 3263, 3498, 3669, 3677, 3715, 3724, 3785, 3808, 3836, 3986, 4099, 4125, 4194, 4213, 4396, 4410, 4456], 'article': [149], 'with': [150, 632, 634, 921, 1509, 1518, 1625, 1812, 1890, 1938, 2387, 2424, 2467, 2477, 2513, 2568, 2694, 2929, 3185, 3614, 3647, 4046, 4461], 'your': [151], 'friends': [152], 'colleagues.': [154], 'Learn': [155], 'more.Copy': [156], 'URL': [157], 'Share': [158], 'linkShare': [160], 'onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat': [161], 'demographic': [163, 207, 214, 324, 997, 1016, 1743, 1785, 1997, 2176, 2454, 3106, 3422, 3444, 4494], 'transition': [164], 'from': [165, 231, 435, 686, 708, 847, 1010, 1612, 1716, 1896, 2093, 2295, 2452, 2771, 2777, 2802, 2991, 3031, 3368, 3527, 3549, 3588, 3699, 3714, 3774, 3858, 4012, 4112, 4182, 4202, 4267, 4450, 4496, 4525, 4548, 4576, 4590, 4615], 'high': [166, 169, 3626], 'mortality': [167, 173, 1885, 1911, 2007, 3876, 4476], 'fertility': [170, 176, 250, 262, 302, 329, 353, 366, 395, 471, 544, 617, 682, 711, 742, 766, 769, 789, 801, 818, 845, 850, 855, 873, 890, 1528, 1576, 1586, 1622, 1666, 1675, 1694, 1719, 1737, 1754, 1954, 2005, 2030, 2141, 2174, 2288, 2305, 3543, 3692, 3755, 3802, 3839, 3873, 3888, 3916, 3935, 3972, 4083, 4090, 4216, 4449, 4474, 4541], 'low': [172, 175, 1133, 2703, 2727, 3044], 'is': [177, 193, 418, 455, 784, 909, 986, 1018, 1132, 1187, 1345, 1424, 1451, 1477, 1572, 1623, 1852, 2062, 2372, 2492, 2505, 2560, 2586, 2636, 2691, 2702, 2764, 2953, 3024, 3081, 3169, 3207, 3424, 3489, 3612, 3624, 3638, 3668, 3732, 3897, 4077, 4342, 4378, 4409, 4440], 'well': [178, 529], 'underway': [179], 'around': [180, 4231], 'world': [182], 'has': [184, 2942, 3450, 3628, 4145, 4152, 4180, 4200], 'started': [185], 'sub-Saharan': [187, 1107, 1112, 1487, 1502, 1788, 2705, 2724, 3020, 3447, 3981], 'Africa': [188, 2706, 2725, 3623], 'recent': [190], 'decades.': [191], 'There': [192, 673], 'evidence': [194, 1009, 2695, 2715, 3713, 3883], 'that': [195, 255, 500, 542, 642, 882, 984, 1014, 1062, 1120, 1207, 1215, 1251, 1276, 1365, 1406, 1427, 1450, 1561, 1566, 1679, 1796, 1818, 1829, 1839, 1855, 1952, 2039, 2071, 2085, 2111, 2195, 2235, 2371, 2379, 2594, 2664, 2696, 2747, 2836, 2912, 2968, 2985, 3079, 3097, 3130, 3155, 3203, 3238, 3277, 3283, 3343, 3537, 3593, 3617, 3666, 3723, 3794, 3835, 3861, 4017, 4033, 4117, 4168, 4212, 4444, 4473], 'decline': [197, 233, 248, 330, 472, 545, 618, 740, 856, 888, 1918], 'fertility,': [199, 1935, 2161, 3730, 3771], 'which': [200, 394, 412, 607, 1261, 1336, 1394, 1444, 1476, 1523, 1583, 1790, 2182, 2224, 2254, 2456, 3135, 3251, 3398, 3528, 3731, 3911, 4341, 4377, 4508], 'accompanies': [201], 'latter': [203], 'stages': [204], 'transition,': [208], 'creates': [209], 'potential': [211], 'dividend': [215, 1017, 1786, 3107, 3423], 'window': [218], 'opportunity': [220], 'economic': [222, 326, 341, 356, 371, 425, 468, 778, 803, 824, 951, 1027, 1745, 4269, 4348, 4557], 'growth.': [223], 'In': [224, 492, 623, 780, 852, 941, 989, 1109, 1140, 1224, 1359, 1512, 1804, 2277, 2618, 3019, 3324, 3446, 3482, 3633, 4391], 'addition': [225, 942], 'increase': [228, 620, 747, 860, 3101, 3841, 4224, 4251], 'income': [230, 1484, 2770, 2941, 2972, 3000], 'youth': [235, 274, 3487], 'dependency': [236, 275], 'rates': [237, 276, 310, 626, 707, 712, 1886, 1912, 2083, 2090, 2115, 4524, 4542], 'rise': [240, 1792], 'working-age': [242, 730, 2900], 'population,': [246], 'promotes': [251], 'changes': [252, 474, 774, 840, 1664, 1673, 3757], 'behavior': [254, 2914, 3065], 'can': [256, 263, 574, 582, 871, 1337, 2998, 3644], 'lead': [257, 279, 348, 583, 1069, 3851, 4091], 'higher': [259, 265, 867, 1075, 1373, 1434], 'income.': [260], 'Lower': [261], 'induce': [264], 'labor': [266, 337, 479, 1000, 1065, 1087, 1230, 1278, 1846, 2035, 2043, 2054, 2080, 2129, 2153, 2166, 2395, 2400, 2411, 2434, 2450, 2518, 2572, 2761, 2767, 3141, 3148, 3176, 3278, 3334, 3383, 3561, 3596, 3619, 4571], 'force': [267, 480, 2036, 2044, 2081, 2088, 2130, 2396], 'participation': [268, 2082, 2089, 2114, 2131, 3563, 3621], 'rates,': [269], 'particularly': [270, 1163, 2655], 'women.': [272], 'Reduced': [273], 'may': [277, 306, 315, 563, 619, 674, 1067, 1089, 1149, 2596, 2626, 3327, 3659], 'also': [278, 316, 675, 759, 1330, 2561, 2983, 3376], 'increased': [281, 922, 1006, 2317, 4041], 'investment': [282, 482, 2255, 2838, 3080, 3119], 'health': [285, 548, 567, 2190, 2203, 2261, 3843, 3855, 3870, 3892, 3919, 3921, 4366, 4371], 'education': [287, 783, 797, 842, 870, 902, 1239, 2259, 2297, 2319, 2421, 3189, 3769, 3788, 4336], 'each': [289, 523, 1392, 1736, 1740, 1864, 1914, 1922, 1932, 1969, 1986, 2026, 2029, 2060, 2134, 2334, 2352, 3605, 3795, 4047, 4118], 'child,': [290, 3568], 'thereby': [291], 'increasing': [292, 692, 1086, 3492], "children's": [293, 484, 3740, 3891], 'productivity': [294, 592, 821, 1429, 3311, 3896, 3958, 4310], 'when': [295, 917, 1492, 2922], 'they': [296, 398, 1130, 3984], 'enter': [297, 2041, 3439], 'workforce.': [299], 'Changes': [300], 'age': [304, 368, 476, 613, 653, 927, 1880, 1894, 1987, 2021, 2046, 2051, 2072, 2221, 2887, 2930, 4465, 4611], 'structure': [305, 369, 614, 654, 952, 1762, 2888, 4466], 'affect': [307], 'national': [308, 647, 1483], 'savings': [309, 621, 625, 644, 696, 706, 2826, 2846, 2872, 2880, 2904, 2913, 2920, 2986, 3029, 3042, 3064], 'investment.': [312], 'Finally,': [313, 1462, 2734, 3072], 'there': [314, 985, 2595, 2952, 3326, 3667, 4076], 'be': [317, 676, 828, 1053, 1090, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1315, 1799, 1870, 1888, 1928, 2589, 2597, 3060, 3231, 3317, 3328, 3503, 3645, 3660, 4339, 4375], 'positive': [319, 363], 'feedback': [320, 879, 2293, 2301], 'effect': [321, 679, 724, 736, 1144, 1349, 1629, 1690, 3611, 3690, 3767, 3886, 3933, 3944, 3952, 3970, 3997, 4319, 4369], 'between': [322, 561, 1388, 2146, 2494, 2648, 3280, 3391, 3542, 3672, 3679], 'transitions,': [327], 'whereby': [328], 'induces': [331], 'improvements': [332, 345], 'health,': [334, 2448], 'education,': [335, 485, 2447, 3759], 'female': [336, 478, 782, 796, 901, 2128, 2152, 2296, 2318, 3595, 3618, 3799], 'market': [338, 1050, 3211, 3562, 3620], 'participation,': [339, 481], 'growth,': [342, 825], 'these': [344, 384, 525, 866, 945, 1195, 1717, 2383, 3496, 3529, 4209], 'turn': [347, 3145], 'further': [350, 765, 894, 1752, 2302], 'reductions': [351, 709, 767, 895, 4088], 'additional': [355, 566, 678, 3076, 3183, 3567, 3606, 3796, 4048], 'benefits.': [357], 'While': [358, 1077, 2754, 3983], 'cross-country': [359, 1011], 'regression': [360], 'models': [361, 386], 'suggest': [362], 'effects': [364, 469, 805, 822, 884, 995, 1341, 2172, 2186, 4065, 4081], 'growth': [372, 426, 804, 1148, 1344, 4270], '(Barro': [373], '1991;': [374], 'Bloom': [375], 'Canning': [377], '2008;': [378], 'Mankiw,': [379], 'Romer,': [380], 'Weil': [382, 703], '1992),': [383], 'aggregate': [385, 643, 2841, 3991], 'do': [387, 1362, 4419], 'not': [388, 502, 1019, 1097, 1363, 1414, 1681, 1798, 2669, 2765, 3014, 3208, 3303, 3355, 4420], 'usually': [389], 'identify': [390, 3553], 'channels': [392, 2419, 4511], 'through': [393, 473, 606, 751, 1739, 2185, 2291, 2602], 'works,': [396], 'often': [399, 1478, 3639], 'lack': [400, 1115], 'ability': [402, 3426], 'model': [404, 423, 434, 955, 966, 976, 1060, 1172, 1179, 1423, 1497, 1508, 1723, 1757, 1782, 1811, 1851, 1868, 1998, 2012, 2170, 2414, 2442, 2465, 2677, 2820, 2867, 3062, 3127, 3197, 3477, 3499, 4416], 'country-specific': [405], 'factors': [406, 1283, 2652, 3546, 4428], 'detail.': [408], 'An': [409], 'alternative': [410, 4490, 4517], 'approach,': [411], 'we': [413, 495, 538, 602, 733, 948, 1174, 1197, 1262, 1329, 1361, 1383, 1463, 1516, 1806, 1874, 1936, 1973, 2002, 2124, 2183, 2283, 2592, 2676, 2735, 2866, 2908, 3073, 3087, 3201, 3570, 3760, 4235, 4314, 4418, 4559, 4585], 'follow': [414, 1175, 3571, 4478], 'study,': [417], 'construct': [420], 'macrosimulation': [422, 2281], 'parameterize': [429, 2242, 3761], 'mechanisms': [431, 499, 1746, 3212], 'microeconomic': [436], 'studies': [437, 1012, 4114], 'along': [438, 2466, 4455], 'lines': [440], 'used': [441, 3512, 3519, 4009], 'Moreland': [443], 'et': [444, 462, 598, 661, 1042, 1459, 1648, 1660, 2863, 2980, 4107, 4155, 4414], 'al.': [445, 463, 599, 662, 1043, 1460, 1649, 1661, 2864, 2981, 4108, 4156], '(2014)': [446], 'Ashraf,': [448, 968, 1857, 3577], 'Weil,': [449, 969, 1858, 3578], '(2013).': [452, 1861], 'Our': [453, 3126, 4438, 4513], 'approach': [454, 3058, 3574, 3904, 4499], 'based': [456, 3209, 4379], 'work': [459, 1125, 2149, 3637, 3675], 'Ashraf': [461], '(2013),': [464, 972, 3581], 'who': [465, 3438, 3582, 3709, 3779], 'examine': [466, 4487], 'structure,': [477], 'increases': [487, 585, 1063, 3112, 3739, 4021, 4094], 'capital–labor': [490, 718], 'ratio.': [491], 'modeling,': [494, 2282], 'add': [496, 539, 760], 'three': [497, 946, 1190, 2478], 'key': [498, 535, 3417, 3535], 'been': [503, 1699, 3452], 'previously': [504], 'considered': [505], 'body': [508], 'work.': [510], 'We': [511, 758, 833, 1547, 1564, 1713, 1758, 1779, 1862, 1882, 1945, 2032, 2109, 2168, 2193, 2240, 2324, 2354, 2471, 2662, 2786, 2827, 3275, 3386, 3813, 3833, 3899, 4050, 4333, 4459, 4486], 'then': [512, 1548, 1946, 2169, 2241, 2355, 3941], 'conduct': [513], 'decomposition': [515], 'analysis': [516], 'assess': [518], 'relative': [520, 2311], 'impact': [521, 2139, 2945, 3783, 3914], 'added': [526], 'mechanisms,': [527, 947], 'as': [528, 530, 768, 913, 1212, 1265, 1281, 1298, 1318, 1404, 1942, 1958, 2263, 2316, 2339, 2578, 2628, 2791, 2805, 2874, 3045, 3262, 3331, 4395], 'other': [531, 1401, 2651, 2752, 3051, 3545, 4426], 'included': [532], 'channels,': [533], 'outcomes.': [536, 3856], 'First,': [537], 'channel': [541, 880, 2294], 'links': [543], 'improved': [547, 590, 3853, 3863, 4146, 4181], 'outcomes': [549, 1551, 1734], 'children.': [551, 3684], 'Through': [552], 'channel,': [554], 'smaller': [555, 727], 'family': [556, 755, 1558, 1631, 1684, 1949, 3219, 3252, 3716, 3866], 'sizes': [557], 'longer': [559], 'intervals': [560, 4069, 4097], 'births': [562, 1591, 1598], 'allow': [564, 1055, 1464, 1495, 1807, 2736], 'investments': [568, 863], 'children,': [570, 865], 'which,': [571], 'turn,': [573, 715, 3363], 'contribute': [575, 3377], 'physical': [577, 1227, 1308, 1820, 2516, 2671], 'cognitive': [579], 'development': [580, 2475], 'human': [587, 1233, 1310, 1822, 2179, 2369, 2384, 2525, 2673, 3922, 4312], 'capital': [588, 1002, 1228, 1234, 1311, 2180, 2370, 2385, 2468, 2526, 2698, 2759, 2783, 2833, 2857, 3093, 3116, 3923, 4275, 4587], 'worker': [591, 1428, 3184, 3225, 3895, 3957], '(Canning': [593], 'Schultz': [595, 1653, 3707, 3879], '2012;': [596], 'Cleland': [597], '2012).': [600, 2785], 'Second,': [601], 'incorporate': [603], 'mechanism': [605, 908], 'change': [609, 998, 2142, 2177, 2627], 'population': [612, 657, 1147, 1343, 1877, 1964, 2011, 2018, 2069, 2162, 2632, 4464], 'due': [615, 3564], 'rates.': [622], 'particular,': [624, 853, 1805], 'at': [627, 645, 1983, 2045, 2050, 2118, 3299, 3304, 3989, 4002], 'household': [629, 4004], 'level': [630, 648, 2120, 2227, 2367, 2855, 2883, 2939], 'vary': [631], 'age,': [633, 2164, 2917], 'peak': [636, 2919], 'during': [637, 3442], "people's": [638], 'working': [639, 3680], 'lives,': [640], 'so': [641, 983, 1061, 3282, 4075], 'will': [649, 798, 815, 827, 3143, 3230, 3316, 3364, 3375, 3389, 3840, 4477], 'depend': [650], '(Bloom,': [658, 1456], 'Mansfield': [660, 2862, 2979], '2007;': [663, 1654], 'Higgins': [664], '1998;': [665], 'Lee,': [666], 'Mason,': [667], 'Miller': [669, 1655], '2001;': [670], 'Leff': [671], '1969).': [672], 'an': [677, 738, 746, 752, 785, 859, 1466, 1479, 1556, 2943, 3075, 3182, 3379, 3395, 3453, 3491, 3566, 3600, 3902, 4018, 4237, 4250, 4343], 'lower': [681, 2322, 3318], 'expected': [684], 'transfers': [685], 'children': [687, 2267], 'their': [689, 1255, 3139, 3993], 'elderly': [690], 'parents,': [691], 'need': [694, 3005], 'retirement': [698, 2958, 2962, 3002], '(Smith': [699], 'Orcutt': [701], '1980;': [702], '1994).': [704, 1139], 'Higher': [705], 'may,': [713], 'boost': [716], 'ratio': [719, 1982, 2894], 'over': [720, 1708, 1919, 1956, 1990, 2121, 2289, 2401, 2660, 4172], 'above': [722], 'having': [726, 3735], 'inflows': [728], 'people.': [731], 'Third,': [732], 'consider': [734, 1780, 1947, 2472, 4421], 'initial': [739, 849, 887], 'brought': [743], 'about': [744, 1703, 4027, 4043, 4256], 'contraceptive': [749], 'use': [750, 2614, 2670, 4051, 4315, 4586], 'expansion': [753], 'planning': [756, 1559, 1632, 1685, 1950, 3717, 3867], 'programs.': [757], 'possibility': [762], 'subsequent': [764, 3894], 'reacts': [770], 'endogenously': [771, 3136], 'induced': [773, 839, 1753], 'social': [776, 2992], 'conditions.': [779], 'Africa,': [781, 1113, 1789, 3021, 3448], 'important': [786, 1480, 2944], 'driver': [787], 'decline,': [790], 'policy': [793, 814], 'expanding': [795], 'large': [800, 3036, 3110, 3433, 4064], '(Canning,': [806], 'Raja,': [807], 'Yazbeck': [809], '2015).': [810, 4599], 'Because': [811], 'such': [812, 990, 1211, 1297, 1403, 3098, 3330], 'both': [817, 2188, 2758, 4093], 'direct': [820, 3540, 3555, 3689, 3766, 3882], 'it': [826, 914, 958, 1095, 2635, 2678, 2763, 3023, 3658], 'difficult': [830, 2637], 'analyze.': [832], 'do,': [834], 'however,': [835, 1347, 2634, 3022, 3485, 3881, 4059], 'take': [836, 1198, 3901, 4334], 'account': [837], 'future': [844, 1915], 'resulting': [846], 'decline.': [851, 1755], 'if': [854, 1127, 1342, 4087], 'leads': [857], 'educational': [862, 923, 2200, 3694], 'levels': [868, 899, 2973, 3187], 'reduce': [872, 1575], 'next': [876], 'generation.': [877], 'This': [878, 907, 1619, 2300, 2690, 3240, 3608, 4498], 'implies': [881, 1119], 'are': [891, 1122, 1242, 1248, 1252, 1306, 1372, 1407, 1433, 1774, 1925, 2091, 2116, 2217, 2237, 2461, 2924, 2963, 2974, 2987, 3013, 3043, 3287, 3297, 3344, 3408, 3547, 3697, 3999, 4265, 4520, 4546, 4613], 'compounded': [892], 'attributable': [896], 'rising': [898, 3486], '(Drèze': [903], 'Murthi': [905], '2001).': [906], 'slow': [910], 'coming,': [912], 'occurs': [915, 1350], 'only': [916, 1351, 2970, 3661], 'child': [919, 1705, 2189, 2257, 3849, 3854, 3869, 3875, 3918, 3937, 3979, 4085, 4143, 4190], 'cohorts': [920], 'attainment': [924, 2201], 'reach': [925], 'childbearing': [926], '(Cleland': [928], 'Rodríguez': [930], '1988;': [931], 'Diamond,': [932], 'Newby,': [933], 'Varle': [935], '1999;': [936], 'Osili': [937, 3775, 3830], 'Long': [939, 3777], '2008).': [940], 'incorporating': [944], 'develop': [949], 'make': [957, 3074], 'realistic.': [960], 'Previous': [961], 'simulation': [962, 1514, 1728, 4439], 'approaches,': [963], 'including': [964, 1749, 1771, 4272, 4431], 'assume': [973, 1184, 1364, 1565, 2110, 2194, 2663, 3202, 3276, 3387, 4236, 4472], 'one-sector': [975], 'economy': [979, 1186, 1206, 1275, 2476, 3429, 3441], 'perfect': [981], 'markets': [982], 'employment.': [988], 'model,': [992, 1770, 3515, 3523, 4558], 'supply-side': [994], 'automatically': [1003], 'result': [1004, 2630, 3047], 'output.': [1007, 1076, 2812], 'However,': [1008, 3192], 'shows': [1013, 2000], 'automatic': [1020], 'but': [1021, 1413, 1924, 2123, 2591, 3213, 3354], 'rather': [1022, 1073, 1166, 3462], 'depends': [1023, 2839, 2915], 'appropriate': [1026, 1091, 1101], 'policies': [1028], 'produce': [1030], 'adequate': [1031], 'demand': [1032, 1216], 'resources': [1035, 3261, 3846], 'produced': [1036], 'supply': [1039, 1066, 1088, 2055, 2167, 2451, 3149, 3597], 'side': [1040], '(Bloom': [1041], '2007).': [1044], 'One': [1045], 'way': [1046], 'allowing': [1048], 'imperfections': [1051], 'would': [1052, 3059, 3502, 4223, 4247, 4452], 'unemployment': [1057, 1072, 1080, 1117, 3488, 3501], 'potentially': [1068], 'mass': [1071, 1079], 'than': [1074, 1167, 1377, 1439, 1505, 3319, 3463, 4198], 'modeling': [1078, 2789, 2903, 4392], 'response': [1082, 3753], 'rapidly': [1085], 'developed': [1093, 1802], 'countries,': [1094, 2951, 3484], 'does': [1096, 2668], 'appear': [1098], 'poor': [1103, 2950], 'developing': [1104, 1181, 1454, 4170], 'countries': [1105, 1455, 2658, 3249, 4014, 4040, 4171], 'Africa.': [1108, 3982], 'most': [1110, 3028], 'insurance': [1118], 'people': [1121, 2923], 'compelled': [1123], 'even': [1126, 2729], 'wage': [1129, 3159, 3223, 3241, 4383], 'earn': [1131], '(Bigsten': [1134], 'Horton': [1136], '2009;': [1137, 3272], 'Goldin': [1138], 'setting,': [1142], 'rapid': [1146], 'drive': [1152], 'workers': [1154, 1247, 2926, 3347, 3367, 3388, 3437, 3456], 'into': [1155, 1721, 1751, 1878, 2009, 2321, 2463, 3459, 3466, 4249], 'low-wage,': [1156], 'low-productivity': [1157, 3460], 'jobs': [1158], 'labor-intensive': [1160, 1271], 'traditional': [1161, 1267, 1287, 1354, 1380, 1417, 1442, 1827, 2484, 2498, 2558, 2576, 2666, 3205, 3228, 3295, 3314, 3358, 3414, 3635, 4407], 'sectors,': [1162], 'agriculture,': [1165], 'create': [1169], 'unemployment.': [1170], 'To': [1171, 3552], 'this,': [1173], 'Lewis': [1177, 2271, 2474, 3273], '(1954)': [1178], 'economies': [1182, 1504], 'comprised': [1188], 'sectors.': [1191, 1369, 2499, 3290, 3385], 'first': [1193, 3930], 'sectors': [1196, 1210, 1214, 3125, 3154, 3281, 3392, 3461], 'modern': [1202, 1323, 1376, 1411, 1437, 1816, 2481, 2496, 2503, 2522, 3163, 3179, 3322, 3352, 3371, 3402, 3664, 4281], 'part': [1203, 1272, 1320], 'encompasses': [1208], 'industrial': [1209], 'manufacturing,': [1213], 'skilled': [1217], 'labor,': [1218, 1825, 1833, 2460, 3200, 4401], 'formal': [1221], 'service': [1222], 'industries.': [1223], 'sector,': [1226, 1260, 1268, 1381, 1393, 1443, 2482, 2485, 2523, 3403, 3636], 'augmented': [1231], '(in': [1235], 'form': [1237, 2529, 2891], 'health)': [1241, 2423], 'inputs': [1243, 2514, 2795], 'production,': [1245, 2654], 'paid': [1249], 'wages': [1250, 1366, 1371, 1432, 3292, 3399, 3411], 'equal': [1253, 3170, 3409], 'marginal': [1256, 3173, 3310], 'product.': [1257], 'second': [1259], 'refer': [1263], 'represents': [1269], 'uses': [1277, 1819, 1830], 'land': [1280, 1831, 2570, 2585, 2601, 2607, 2624, 2644, 2649, 4292, 4399, 4575], 'input': [1282], 'production.': [1285, 2444], 'sector': [1288, 1355, 1412, 1438, 1473, 1817, 1828, 1838, 2504, 2559, 2577, 2667, 2741, 2756, 2773, 2798, 3164, 3180, 3206, 3229, 3296, 3315, 3353, 3359, 3665, 4282, 4408], 'consists': [1289], 'mainly': [1290, 3451], 'subsistence': [1292, 2681], 'agriculture': [1293, 1303, 2605, 2701, 2722, 4297], 'low-skilled': [1295], 'services': [1296, 1305, 3871], 'roadside': [1299], 'trading,': [1300], 'though': [1301], 'some': [1302, 1794, 3483], 'either': [1307], 'or': [1309, 2672, 2728, 2744, 3338, 3348], 'intensive': [1312, 1557], 'should': [1314], 'thought': [1316], 'being': [1319, 3457, 3464], 'sector.': [1324, 1418, 2490, 2689, 3239, 3323, 3372, 3415], 'Like': [1325], 'prior': [1326], 'single-sector': [1327, 1507], 'models,': [1328], 'include': [1331, 2800], 'fixed': [1333, 1386, 2117], 'factor,': [1334], 'land,': [1335], 'generate': [1338, 2999], 'Malthusian': [1339], 'crowding': [1340], 'rapid;': [1346], 'model.': [1358, 1765, 3018], 'addition,': [1360, 2619, 3325], 'equalize': [1367], 'across': [1368, 1931, 2656, 3124, 3151, 3289, 3384, 3825], 'Rather,': [1370], 'impose': [1384], 'wedge': [1387], 'earnings': [1390, 3286], 'reflects': [1395, 1445], 'cost': [1397, 3557], 'migration': [1399, 3332], 'distortions': [1402], 'taxes': [1405], 'levied': [1408, 3345], 'equilibrium': [1420, 3147, 3308, 3396], 'inefficient,': [1425], 'given': [1426, 1775, 2197, 2506, 3167, 4457], 'real': [1431, 3008], 'standard': [1447, 2509, 4122], 'stylized': [1448], 'fact': [1449, 3616], 'observed': [1452], 'Hu': [1458], '2010).': [1461, 1546, 1908, 4554], 'exogenous': [1467], 'contribution': [1468, 1481, 2056], 'raw': [1471, 1836, 2488, 2739, 2803], 'materials': [1472, 1837, 2489, 2740, 2804], 'output,': [1475, 4430], 'many': [1486], 'African': [1488, 1503], 'countries.': [1489, 1803], 'These': [1490, 1909, 3373], 'additions,': [1491], 'taken': [1493, 4547], 'together,': [1494], 'realistically': [1500], 'reflect': [1501, 2137], 'complete': [1510], 'efficiency.': [1511], 'analysis,': [1515], 'begin': [1517, 1937], 'baseline': [1520, 4469, 4481, 4488, 4514, 4561], 'scenario': [1521, 1738, 1941, 2310, 2315, 4470], 'time': [1525, 1711, 1920, 1957, 2290, 3556], 'path': [1526, 4447], 'follows': [1529], 'high-variant': [1531, 1940, 4482], 'forecast': [1532, 4483], '2010': [1535, 1898, 4529, 4550], 'Revision': [1536, 1899, 4530, 4551], 'United': [1539], 'Nations': [1540, 1545, 1907, 4553], 'World': [1541, 1903, 4534, 4577, 4593], 'Prospects': [1543, 1905], '(United': [1544, 1906, 4552], 'compare': [1549], 'under': [1552, 1735, 1968, 2028], 'introduction': [1554], 'program': [1560, 1571, 3789], 'lowers': [1562], 'fertility.': [1563, 2299, 2323, 4485], 'intensity': [1568, 2699], 'sufficient': [1573], 'UN': [1579, 1902, 1977], 'low-variant': [1580], 'forecast,': [1581], 'total': [1585, 1693, 2151, 2811, 3729], 'rate': [1587, 1695, 2132, 2306, 2847, 2873], 'falls': [1588, 2268], '0.5': [1590], 'per': [1592, 1599, 1706, 2211, 2256, 3224, 3848], 'woman': [1593, 1600, 1707], 'after': [1594, 1601, 1607, 2223, 3683], '5': [1595], 'years,': [1596, 1603, 1872, 4139, 4176], '0.8': [1597], '10': [1602], 'one': [1605, 1704, 3736, 4121, 4221], 'birth': [1606, 1984, 4068, 4096, 4222], '15': [1608, 3725, 3819], 'years': [1609, 2208, 2327, 2345, 2532, 3743, 4326], 'thereafter': [1611], 'start': [1614, 4460], 'projection': [1617, 2389], 'period.': [1618, 2086], 'reduction': [1620, 1701, 3559, 3727, 3809, 3837, 4100, 4119, 4214, 4246], 'consistent': [1624, 1889, 3613], 'estimates': [1626, 2015, 2359, 2386, 3686, 3828, 3994, 4210, 4316, 4580, 4589], 'programs': [1633], 'Matlab,': [1635], 'Bangladesh': [1636], '1980s': [1639], 'Navrongo,': [1642], 'Ghana': [1643], '1990s': [1646], '(Debpuur': [1647], '2002;': [1650], 'Joshi': [1651, 3705], 'Babiarz': [1657], '2016;': [1658], 'Phillips': [1659], '2012),': [1662, 4583], 'where': [1663, 1688, 2918, 2934], 'treatment': [1668], 'areas': [1669, 1678], 'were': [1670, 3531], 'compared': [1671], 'control': [1677], 'did': [1680], 'receive': [1682], 'intervention,': [1686], 'appeared': [1696], 'similar': [1710, 1853], 'horizon.': [1712], 'feed': [1714, 2003], 'data': [1715, 3584, 4011, 4495, 4538, 4562, 4601], 'two': [1718, 3153], 'scenarios': [1720, 4491, 4519], 'framework': [1724, 2831], 'run': [1726], 'observe': [1730], 'differences': [1732], 'outlined': [1747, 1959], 'above,': [1748], 'feedbacks': [1750], 'now': [1759], 'outline': [1760], 'Additional': [1766], 'details': [1767], 'equations,': [1773], 'Appendix': [1777], '1.1': [1778], 'gives': [1791], 'issues': [1795], 'might': [1797, 3100], 'present': [1800], 'three-sector': [1810], 'highly': [1814], 'productive': [1815], 'capital,': [1821, 1823, 2517, 2674, 4313], 'requires': [1840, 2757, 3129], 'no': [1841], 'inputs.': [1842, 2580, 2753], 'effective': [1845, 2399, 2410, 2433, 2459, 2613, 3285], 'base': [1848], 'define': [1863], 'period': [1865, 1917, 2027, 2061, 2135, 2335, 3168], 'five': [1871], 'divide': [1875, 3260], 'five-year': [1879, 1916, 2020], 'groups.': [1881], 'calibrate': [1883, 3521, 3906], 'age-specific': [1884, 2112, 2127, 4540], 'evolution': [1892, 2286, 2869], 'groups': [1895], 'age-group-specific': [1910, 2079], 'country': [1923], 'assumed': [1926, 2587], 'same': [1930], 'scenario.': [1933, 2031], 'For': [1934, 4308, 4555], 'baseline.': [1944, 4458], 'intervention': [1951, 3718], 'reduces': [1953, 2303, 4129], 'gradually': [1955], 'above.': [1960], 'When': [1961, 3749], 'calculating': [1962], 'distribution': [1965, 4141, 4162], 'sex': [1967, 1981, 2024, 2058, 2338, 4609], 'scenarios,': [1972], 'adhere': [1974], 'projections': [1978, 2008], 'within': [1985, 3138], 'group': [1988, 2022, 2073, 4612], 'time.': [1991, 2402, 2661], 'Figure': [1992, 2155, 2403, 2427, 2436, 2813], '1': [1993], 'illustrates': [1994], 'main': [1996], 'how': [2001], 'obtain': [2014, 3814], 'calculate': [2033, 2325], 'assuming': [2038, 2835], 'adults': [2040, 4229], 'leave': [2049], '65.': [2052], 'size': [2064, 2392, 3103, 3998], 'projected': [2067, 4544], 'sex-specific': [2068, 2198, 2358], 'weighted': [2074, 2340, 2362, 2843], 'sex-': [2077], 'Labor': [2087, 2491, 3122], 'obtained': [2092, 3698, 4614], 'International': [2095], 'Labour': [2096, 2101], "Office's": [2097], 'ILOSTAT': [2098], 'database': [2099], '(International': [2100], 'Office': [2102], '(ILO)': [2103], '2013)': [2104], 'year': [2107, 3797], '2010.': [2108], 'male': [2113], 'time,': [2122], 'modify': [2125], "women's": [2144], 'substitution': [2145], 'childcare': [2147, 3648], 'supply.': [2154], '1Open': [2156], 'figure': [2158, 2430, 2816], 'viewerPowerPoint': [2159, 2431, 2817], 'Modeling': [2160, 2432], 'accumulation,': [2181, 2834], 'capture': [2184, 2249, 2680, 2909], 'education.': [2192], "cohort's": [2199], 'stock': [2204, 2582, 4588], '(quantified': [2205], 'average': [2207, 2226, 2231, 2326, 2331, 2344, 2349, 2363, 2531, 2544, 3186, 3235, 3301, 4178, 4226, 4238, 4344, 4603, 4606], 'schooling': [2210, 2229, 2329, 2347, 2534, 2720, 3745, 3800, 4321, 4351, 4604], 'individual': [2212], 'adult': [2214, 2232, 3927, 3946, 3954, 4130, 4239, 4253, 4386], 'height,': [2215, 3947], 'respectively)': [2216, 4329], 'entirely': [2218, 2776], 'amassed': [2219], 'before': [2220], '20,': [2222], 'height': [2233, 2332, 2350, 2545, 3938, 3955, 4086, 4131, 4227, 4240, 4254, 4323, 4387, 4607], 'cohort': [2236], 'held': [2238], 'constant.': [2239], 'fertility-to-education': [2244], 'fertility-to-health': [2246], 'relationships': [2247, 3541], 'quality–quantity': [2251], 'trade-off': [2252], 'rises': [2262], 'number': [2265, 3741, 3975, 4103], '(Becker': [2269], '1973;': [2272], 'Becker': [2273], '1981;': [2274], 'Lam': [2275], '2003).': [2276], 'contrast': [2278], 'previous': [2280], 'endogenize': [2284], 'low-fertility': [2309], 'high-fertility': [2314], 'feeds': [2320], 'separately': [2336], 'sums': [2341], 'cohort.': [2353], 'combine': [2356, 2382], 'estimate': [2365, 2639, 3908, 4055, 4116], 'accumulated': [2373], 'entire': [2376], 'workforce': [2377, 2537, 2548, 3111], 'period,': [2380], 'predict': [2398], '2': [2404, 3602, 4028, 4053], 'outlines': [2405], 'process': [2407], 'deriving': [2409], 'highlights': [2416], 'new': [2418], '(endogenous': [2420], 'feedback,': [2422], 'bold': [2425], 'arrows.': [2426], '2Open': [2428], 'Production': [2435, 2500], '3': [2437, 4044], 'presents': [2438], 'demographic–economic': [2441, 2819, 4510], 'Estimates': [2445, 3533], 'simulations,': [2455], 'together': [2457], 'comprise': [2458], 'fed': [2462], 'land.': [2470], 'sectors:': [2479], 'shared': [2493], 'Cobb–Douglas': [2510, 2565], 'production': [2511, 2555, 2566, 2685, 2801, 2822, 4403], 'function,': [2512, 2567], 'allocated': [2519, 2573], '(as': [2538, 2549, 3924], 'proxy': [2540, 2551], 'education)': [2542], 'health).': [2553], 'Aggregate': [2554], 'modeled': [2562], 'agricultural': [2569, 2584, 2682], 'factor': [2579], 'fixed,': [2590], 'acknowledge': [2593], 'variable': [2598, 2641], 'returns': [2599, 2642, 2718, 2731, 4349, 4384], 'advances': [2603], 'technologies,': [2606], 'reclamation': [2608], 'improvement,': [2610], 'natural': [2616, 2782], 'resources.': [2617], 'extensive': [2621], 'margin': [2622], 'cultivation': [2625], 'pressure;': [2633], 'substitutability': [2647], 'different': [2657, 4509], 'low-skill': [2684], 'informal': [2688], 'line': [2693], '(Schmidhuber,': [2707], 'Bruinsma,': [2708], 'Boedeker': [2710], '2009).': [2711], 'very': [2713, 2766, 2949, 3625], 'limited': [2714, 3082], 'suggests': [2726, 3860, 4211], 'zero': [2730], '(Glewwe': [2732], '2002).': [2733, 4307], '(e.g.,': [2742], 'oil': [2743], 'mineral': [2745], 'production)': [2746], 'produces': [2748], 'output': [2749, 2790, 2842, 3217, 4278, 4394], 'exogenously': [2750], 'inputs,': [2762, 4572], 'intensive,': [2768], 'comes': [2774], 'almost': [2775], "country's": [2779], 'endowment': [2780], '(Ross': [2784], 'therefore': [2787, 3900], 'avoid': [2788], 'function': [2793, 2876, 4397, 4404], 'constant': [2807], 'additive': [2808], 'term': [2809], '3Open': [2814], 'Full': [2818], 'Capital': [2823], 'accumulation': [2824], 'replicate': [2828], 'Solow': [2830], 'net': [2837, 2849, 3284, 3404], 'depreciation': [2852], 'stock.': [2858], 'Following': [2859], 'Bloom,': [2860, 2977], '(2007),': [2865, 3708], 'past': [2879], 'rate,': [2881], 'income,': [2885], 'old-age': [2896], 'dependents': [2897], 'population.': [2901], 'By': [2902], 'manner,': [2907], 'idea': [2911], 'occur': [2921, 4454], 'prime-age': [2925], 'declines': [2928, 3598], 'point': [2933], 'old': [2936], 'dis-save.': [2937], 'savings;': [2947], 'little': [2954, 3629], 'life-cycle': [2955], 'saving,': [2956, 3085], 'saving': [2960], 'luxury': [2964], 'goods': [2965], 'behaviors': [2967], 'emerge': [2969], 'once': [2971], 'sufficiently': [2975], 'high.': [2976], '(2007)': [2982], 'emphasize': [2984], 'dependent': [2988], 'incentives': [2990], 'security': [2993], 'systems;': [2994], 'pay-as-you-go': [2995], 'pension': [2996, 3011], 'systems': [2997, 3012], 'without': [3003], 'accumulate': [3007], 'savings.': [3009], 'Such': [3010], 'operational': [3015], 'likely': [3025], 'that:': [3026], '1)': [3027], 'come': [3030], 'few': [3033], 'well-off': [3034], 'households,': [3035, 3067], 'firms,': [3037, 3068], 'governments;': [3039], '2)': [3041], 'corruption': [3049], 'institutional': [3052], 'inefficiencies.': [3053], 'Hence,': [3054, 3221], 'detailed': [3057], 'governments': [3070], 'separately.': [3071], 'simplifying': [3077], 'assumption': [3078, 3470], 'domestic': [3084], 'ignore': [3088], 'role': [3090], 'international': [3092], 'flows': [3094, 3099], 'while': [3095, 4030, 4186], 'recognizing': [3096], 'since': [3108, 4417], 'return': [3114], 'makes': [3118], 'attractive.': [3121], 'allocation': [3123, 3381], 'specification': [3128], 'modern-': [3131], 'traditional-sector': [3133, 3366, 4393, 4566, 4570], 'wages,': [3134], 'adjust': [3137], 'respective': [3140], 'markets,': [3142], 'determine': [3146], 'allocations': [3150], 'employ': [3156], 'workers.': [3157], 'rate2': [3160], 'product': [3174, 3236], 'health.': [3191], 'following': [3194], "Lewis's": [3195], 'dual-sector': [3196], 'surplus': [3199], 'involves': [3214], 'sharing': [3215], 'among': [3218], 'members.': [3220], 'determined': [3232, 3298], 'condition': [3242], 'captures': [3243, 3912], 'common': [3245], 'observation': [3246], 'low-income': [3248], 'members': [3253], 'incomes': [3255], 'communities': [3257], 'pool': [3258], 'means': [3264], 'insuring': [3266], 'against': [3267], 'risk': [3268, 4072], '(Cypher': [3269], 'Dietz': [3271], '1954).': [3274], 'moves': [3279], 'equalized': [3288], 'Since': [3291], 'margin,': [3306], 'costs,': [3329, 3333, 3407], 'employer': [3336], 'taxes,': [3337], 'bribes': [3339], 'corrupt': [3341], 'officials,': [3342], 'employers': [3349], 'that,': [3361], 'discourage': [3365], 'entering': [3369], 'costs': [3374], 'inefficient': [3380], 'migrate': [3390], 'establish': [3394], 'all': [3406], 'issue': [3418, 3454], 'related': [3419], 'absorb': [3431], 'numbers': [3434, 4219], 'young': [3436], 'transition.': [3445], 'forced': [3458], 'driven': [3465], 'unemployment,': [3467], 'drives': [3471], 'rationale': [3473], 'sectoral': [3476], '(Filmer': [3478], 'Fox': [3480], '2014).': [3481], 'becoming': [3490], 'concern,': [3493], 'cases': [3497], 'appropriate.': [3505], 'Calibration': [3506], 'Table': [3507], 'A1': [3508], 'describes': [3509], 'parameters': [3511, 3536], 'parameter': [3517, 3816, 4337, 4367], 'values': [3518, 3530, 4261], 'sources': [3526, 4437], 'obtained.': [3532], 'illustrate': [3538], 'drawn': [3548], 'several': [3550], 'sources.': [3551], 'π,': [3569], 'parameterization': [3573], 'described': [3575], 'interpolated': [3583], 'Philippines': [3587], 'Tiefenthaler': [3589], '(1997)': [3590], 'found': [3592, 3722, 3793, 3985, 4016, 4063, 4167], 'lifetime': [3594], 'estimated': [3601, 4032, 4260, 4274, 4291, 4347, 4382], 'percent': [3603, 3726, 3820, 4045, 4054, 4204], 'birth.': [3607], 'fairly': [3609], 'small': [3610, 4001], 'scope': [3630, 4078], 'increase.': [3632], 'home': [3642, 3673], 'combined': [3646], '(Goldin': [3649], '1994;': [3650, 4359], 'Verick': [3651], '2014;': [3652], 'Westeneng': [3653], "D'Exelle": [3655], '2011),': [3656], 'sharp': [3670], 'division': [3671], 'tradeoff': [3678], 'looking': [3682], 'Parameter': [3685], 'attainment,': [3695], ',': [3696, 3910, 4340, 4376], 'Rosenzweig': [3700], 'Wolpin': [3702], '(1980)': [3703], 'drew': [3710], 'quasi-experimental': [3712], 'Matlab': [3720, 3859], 'equivalent': [3733], 'less': [3737, 4197], 'birth,': [3738], 'percent.': [3748, 3812, 4207, 4258], 'considering': [3750], 'endogenous': [3752], 'coefficient': [3763], 'ψ,': [3764], 'using': [3772, 4493, 4522], 'results': [3773, 4111], '(2008),': [3778], 'examined': [3780, 3968, 4158], 'causal': [3782], 'universal': [3786], 'primary': [3787], 'Nigeria': [3791, 4526, 4618], 'reduced': [3801, 3872], '0.26': [3804], '0.48': [3806], 'births,': [3807], '11–19': [3811], 'value': [3817], 'ψ': [3822], 'averaging': [3824], 'various': [3827], 'Long.': [3832], 'expect': [3834], 'nutrition': [3845], 'available': [3847, 4574], 'Evidence': [3857], 'providing': [3862], 'access': [3864], '(Joshi': [3877], '2013);': [3880], 'surviving': [3890], 'limited.': [3898], 'indirect': [3903], 'proxied': [3925], 'height),': [3928], 'examining': [3931], 'stunting,': [3940, 4074], 'inferring': [3942], 'finally': [3949], 'estimating': [3950], 'wages.': [3960, 4332], 'Giroux': [3961, 4031], '(2008)': [3962, 4109], 'Kravdal': [3964, 4006, 4060], 'Kodzi': [3966, 4008, 4062], '(2011)': [3967], 'siblings': [3977], 'stunting': [3980, 4025, 4037, 4151, 4191], 'strong': [3987], 'association': [3988], 'level,': [3992], 'quite': [4000], 'level.': [4005], 'household-level': [4010], '23': [4013], 'extra': [4019], 'sibling': [4020, 4218], 'odds': [4023, 4035], 'percent,': [4029], 'six': [4039], 'child.': [4049], 'calibration;': [4058], 'short': [4067], 'larger': [4080], 'siblings.': [4105], 'Victora': [4106], 'pooled': [4110], 'longitudinal': [4113], 'deviation': [4123], "child's": [4126], 'height-for-age': [4127, 4144, 4164, 4195], 'score': [4128, 4179, 4196], '3.23': [4133], 'centimeters.': [4134, 4233], 'Over': [4135], 'last': [4137, 4174], '30': [4138, 4175, 4206], 'prevalence': [4149, 4188], 'declined.': [4153], 'Stevens': [4154], '(2012)': [4157], 'trends': [4159], 'scores': [4165], '–1.86': [4183], '–1.16': [4185], '(equivalent': [4192], '–2)': [4199], 'fallen': [4201], '47': [4203], 'Combining': [4208], '0.10': [4232], 'If': [4234], '150': [4242], 'centimeters,': [4243], 'one-birth': [4245], 'translate': [4248], '0.067': [4257], 'Standard': [4259], 'production-factor': [4263], 'shares': [4264], 'extracted': [4266], 'literature,': [4271], 'one-third': [4284], '(Hall': [4285], 'Jones': [4287], '1999)': [4288], 'output3': [4295], 'one-sixth': [4299], '(Kawagoe,': [4300], 'Hayami,': [4301], 'Ruttan': [4303], '1985;': [4304], 'Williamson': [4305], '1998,': [4306], '(measured': [4324], 'centimeters': [4328], 'log': [4331], '(Banerjee': [4352], 'Duflo': [4354], '2005;': [4355], 'Oyelere': [4356], '2010;': [4357], 'Psacharopoulos': [4358, 4360], 'Patrinos': [4362], '2004),': [4363], '(the': [4368], 'ouput)': [4373], '(Schultz': [4388], '2002,': [4389], '2005).': [4390], 'simplification': [4411], 'Kawagoe': [4413], "al.'s": [4415], 'significant': [4423], 'contributions': [4424], 'reproducible': [4427], 'livestock,': [4432], 'fertilizer,': [4433], 'machinery.': [4435], 'Data': [4436], 'focused': [4441], 'interventions': [4443], 'alter': [4445], 'what': [4451], 'otherwise': [4453], 'current': [4463], "UN's": [4480, 4533], 'constructed': [4492, 4521], 'Nigeria.': [4497], 'allows': [4500], 'us': [4501], 'better': [4503], 'understand': [4504], 'timing': [4506], 'operate.': [4512], '(high-variant)': [4515], '(low-variant)': [4518], 'vital': [4523], 'Prospects.': [4536], 'Baseline': [4537, 4600], 'populations': [4545], 'collect': [4560], 'modern-sector': [4564, 4568], 'outputs,': [4567], 'Indicators': [4579], '(World': [4581], 'Bank': [4582], 'Penn': [4592], 'Tables': [4594], '(Feenstra,': [4595], 'Inklaar,': [4596], 'Timmer': [4598], '2008': [4617], 'Demographic': [4619], 'Health': [4621], 'Survey': [4622], '(Na': [4623]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2574224367', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 17}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-15T02:23:22.572167', 'created_date': '2017-01-26'}
Publication Information

Basic Information

Access and Citation

AI Researcher Chatbot

Primary Location

Authors

Topics

Keywords

Related Works
