Title: Nanoparticles cyto and genotoxicity in plants: Mechanisms and abnormalities
Abstract: This report presents an overview related to genotoxicity and the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles in plants in order to better understanding of NPs (nanoparticles) interactions with DNA, chromosomes components, nuclear proteins and,etc. Genotoxicity of NPs has been poorly studied in plants, and majority of studies have focused on mammalian and bacteria cytotoxicity. Therefore further studies in plants field are required. Nanoparticles induce genotoxicity as either direct or indirect mechanisms. In direct genotoxicity NPs after passing through the cell and nucleus membrane through diffusion or endocytosis mechanisms could interact directly with the DNA mechanically or by chemical binding to DNA. Indirect genotoxicity resulting from interaction of NPs with the nuclear proteins (proteins involve in replication, transcription, translations, microtubule, microfilaments, and centrioles) or stress oxidative induced by reactive oxygen species and also by reduced DNA repair functions. Genotoxicity as a biotic response to NP exposure increases with decreasing in NPs size and increasing in concentration and exposer duration, which leads to an inhibitory effect on cell cycle. Micronuclei formation, disturbed chromosomes, chromosome fragments, stickiness, bridge, laggards’ chromosomes and decrease in mitotic index are the most obvious anomalies in plants exposer to silver, copper, titanium dioxide, zinc, zinc oxide, selenium oxide, multi wall carbon nano tube, Tetramethylammonium hydroxide and Bismuth (III) oxide nanoparticles. The severity of abnormalities depending on the concentration, duration time and particle size are different. Finally if the DNA repair mechanisms were not enough to overcome this crisis (genotoxicity), it can lead to loss of genetic material and mutation in DNA.
Publication Year: 2016
Publication Date: 2016-12-01
Language: en
Type: article
Indexed In: ['crossref']
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Cited By Count: 72
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