Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2522482464', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2016.06.035', 'title': 'Handwashing, but how? Microbial effectiveness of existing handwashing practices in high-density suburbs of Harare, Zimbabwe', 'display_name': 'Handwashing, but how? Microbial effectiveness of existing handwashing practices in high-density suburbs of Harare, Zimbabwe', 'publication_year': 2016, 'publication_date': '2016-09-24', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2522482464', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2016.06.035', 'mag': '2522482464', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27671363'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2016.06.035', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S154451576', 'display_name': 'American Journal of Infection Control', 'issn_l': '0196-6553', 'issn': ['0196-6553', '1527-3296'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5034879068', 'display_name': 'Max Friedrich', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8208-1286'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63664421', 'display_name': 'Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00pc48d59', 'country_code': 'CH', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2799323385', 'https://openalex.org/I63664421']}], 'countries': ['CH'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Max N.D. Friedrich', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Environmental Social Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Environmental Social Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I63664421']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5048095051', 'display_name': 'Timothy R. Julian', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-0306'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63664421', 'display_name': 'Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00pc48d59', 'country_code': 'CH', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2799323385', 'https://openalex.org/I63664421']}], 'countries': ['CH'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Timothy R. Julian', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I63664421']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5066752579', 'display_name': 'Andreas Kappler', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-9500'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I8087733', 'display_name': 'University of Tübingen', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03a1kwz48', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I8087733']}], 'countries': ['DE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Andreas Kappler', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I8087733']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5084865138', 'display_name': 'Tamuka Nhiwatiwa', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5295-0724'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I153455119', 'display_name': 'University of Zimbabwe', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04ze6rb18', 'country_code': 'ZW', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I153455119']}], 'countries': ['ZW'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Tamuka Nhiwatiwa', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Biology, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Biology, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I153455119']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5026752189', 'display_name': 'Hans‐Joachim Mosler', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3532-6487'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63664421', 'display_name': 'Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00pc48d59', 'country_code': 'CH', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2799323385', 'https://openalex.org/I63664421']}], 'countries': ['CH'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Hans-Joachim Mosler', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Environmental Social Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Environmental Social Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I63664421']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 3, 'institutions_distinct_count': 3, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5034879068'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I63664421'], 'apc_list': {'value': 3090, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 3090, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 2.27, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 25, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.802681, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 92, 'max': 93}, 'biblio': {'volume': '45', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '228', 'last_page': '233'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10596', 'display_name': 'Child Nutrition and Water Access', 'score': 0.9992, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2916', 'display_name': 'Nutrition and Dietetics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/29', 'display_name': 'Nursing'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10596', 'display_name': 'Child Nutrition and Water Access', 'score': 0.9992, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2916', 'display_name': 'Nutrition and Dietetics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/29', 'display_name': 'Nursing'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11610', 'display_name': 'Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations', 'score': 0.9735, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3600', 'display_name': 'General Health Professions'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/36', 'display_name': 'Health Professions'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11331', 'display_name': 'Fecal contamination and water quality', 'score': 0.9548, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2312', 'display_name': 'Water Science and Technology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/hand-washing', 'display_name': 'Hand washing', 'score': 0.7475638}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/washing-hands', 'display_name': 'Washing hands', 'score': 0.72001326}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/hand-sanitizer', 'display_name': 'Hand sanitizer', 'score': 0.62717485}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/toilet', 'display_name': 'Toilet', 'score': 0.51942587}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/disinfectant', 'display_name': 'Disinfectant', 'score': 0.44386196}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-hygiene', 'display_name': 'Personal hygiene', 'score': 0.42582512}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.874894}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C547646559', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162297', 'display_name': 'Hygiene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7892779}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777919664', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552461', 'display_name': 'Hand washing', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.7475638}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C3019775288', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552461', 'display_name': 'Washing hands', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.72001326}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C143432726', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q520181', 'display_name': 'Hand sanitizer', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.62717485}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778357586', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7857', 'display_name': 'Toilet', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.51942587}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C99454951', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068', 'display_name': 'Environmental health', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4991622}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779802037', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40878', 'display_name': 'Diarrhea', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4812762}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781221799', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q73984', 'display_name': 'Disinfectant', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44386196}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C3019613579', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162297', 'display_name': 'Personal hygiene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.42582512}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33070731', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218', 'display_name': 'Toxicology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.32520193}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C512399662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712', 'display_name': 'Family medicine', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.061544687}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142724271', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208', 'display_name': 'Pathology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126322002', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180', 'display_name': 'Internal medicine', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D058491', 'descriptor_name': 'Bacterial Load', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004755', 'descriptor_name': 'Enterobacteriaceae', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000302', 'qualifier_name': 'isolation & purification', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004926', 'descriptor_name': 'Escherichia coli', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000302', 'qualifier_name': 'isolation & purification', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005192', 'descriptor_name': 'Family Health', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006225', 'descriptor_name': 'Hand', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000382', 'qualifier_name': 'microbiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006235', 'descriptor_name': 'Hand Disinfection', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D017053', 'descriptor_name': 'Infection Control', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000328', 'descriptor_name': 'Adult', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004755', 'descriptor_name': 'Enterobacteriaceae', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004926', 'descriptor_name': 'Escherichia coli', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005191', 'descriptor_name': 'Family Characteristics', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005260', 'descriptor_name': 'Female', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006225', 'descriptor_name': 'Hand', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006235', 'descriptor_name': 'Hand Disinfection', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D017053', 'descriptor_name': 'Infection Control', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008297', 'descriptor_name': 'Male', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008875', 'descriptor_name': 'Middle Aged', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013383', 'descriptor_name': 'Suburban Population', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D015030', 'descriptor_name': 'Zimbabwe', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2016.06.035', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S154451576', 'display_name': 'American Journal of Infection Control', 'issn_l': '0196-6553', 'issn': ['0196-6553', '1527-3296'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27671363', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.6, 'display_name': 'Good health and well-being', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 38, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W128181486', 'https://openalex.org/W137642630', 'https://openalex.org/W1481539336', 'https://openalex.org/W1670816734', 'https://openalex.org/W1693491227', 'https://openalex.org/W1964470889', 'https://openalex.org/W1986917472', 'https://openalex.org/W1988706622', 'https://openalex.org/W2008322148', 'https://openalex.org/W2010837682', 'https://openalex.org/W2013382931', 'https://openalex.org/W2014524503', 'https://openalex.org/W2016762895', 'https://openalex.org/W2067186062', 'https://openalex.org/W2073112795', 'https://openalex.org/W2074029700', 'https://openalex.org/W2074226012', 'https://openalex.org/W2088260351', 'https://openalex.org/W2093487930', 'https://openalex.org/W2097445759', 'https://openalex.org/W2110878250', 'https://openalex.org/W2122389907', 'https://openalex.org/W2123927481', 'https://openalex.org/W2125475163', 'https://openalex.org/W2126716927', 'https://openalex.org/W2131679208', 'https://openalex.org/W2135962256', 'https://openalex.org/W2138220874', 'https://openalex.org/W2139789488', 'https://openalex.org/W2145367526', 'https://openalex.org/W2163140539', 'https://openalex.org/W2165211498', 'https://openalex.org/W2179500652', 'https://openalex.org/W2222799119', 'https://openalex.org/W2463387178', 'https://openalex.org/W2465608195', 'https://openalex.org/W4249014913', 'https://openalex.org/W4253868811'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4384470406', 'https://openalex.org/W4311441057', 'https://openalex.org/W4246456340', 'https://openalex.org/W3196441771', 'https://openalex.org/W3148328760', 'https://openalex.org/W3093709190', 'https://openalex.org/W2522482464', 'https://openalex.org/W2329293730', 'https://openalex.org/W2261406594', 'https://openalex.org/W155665212'], 'abstract_inverted_index': None, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2522482464', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 2}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-25T15:55:13.807584', 'created_date': '2016-09-30'}