Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2467730695', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1353/cat.1995.0160', 'title': 'Who Was the First Counter-Reformation Pope?', 'display_name': 'Who Was the First Counter-Reformation Pope?', 'publication_year': 1995, 'publication_date': '1995-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2467730695', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1353/cat.1995.0160', 'mag': '2467730695'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1353/cat.1995.0160', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S59789293', 'display_name': '\x98The \x9cCatholic historical review', 'issn_l': '0008-8080', 'issn': ['0008-8080', '1534-0708'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315953', 'host_organization_name': 'The Catholic University of America Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315953'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['The Catholic University of America Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5042841809', 'display_name': 'Elisabeth G. Gleason', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Elisabeth G. Gleason', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5042841809'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.0, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 3, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.715101, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 65, 'max': 68}, 'biblio': {'volume': '81', 'issue': '2', 'first_page': 'vi', 'last_page': '184'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12862', 'display_name': 'Catholicism and Religious Studies', 'score': 0.9943, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1202', 'display_name': 'History'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/12', 'display_name': 'Arts and Humanities'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12862', 'display_name': 'Catholicism and Religious Studies', 'score': 0.9943, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1202', 'display_name': 'History'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/12', 'display_name': 'Arts and Humanities'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12409', 'display_name': 'Reformation and Early Modern Christianity', 'score': 0.9938, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1202', 'display_name': 'History'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/12', 'display_name': 'Arts and Humanities'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13356', 'display_name': 'Early Modern Women Writers', 'score': 0.969, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1212', 'display_name': 'Religious studies'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/12', 'display_name': 'Arts and Humanities'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/counter-reformation', 'display_name': 'Counter-Reformation', 'score': 0.7485709}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/bishops', 'display_name': 'Bishops', 'score': 0.5250081}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/english-reformation', 'display_name': 'English Reformation', 'score': 0.5043093}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/offensive', 'display_name': 'Offensive', 'score': 0.4544282}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111021475', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23540', 'display_name': 'Protestantism', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8064736}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780868508', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128168', 'display_name': 'Counter-Reformation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7485709}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C95457728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309', 'display_name': 'History', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5519485}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779627614', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2309992', 'display_name': 'Bishops', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5250081}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781129162', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1645505', 'display_name': 'English Reformation', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5043093}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C197487636', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49892', 'display_name': 'Presidential system', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.47465593}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C176856949', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001676', 'display_name': 'Offensive', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4544282}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C74916050', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090', 'display_name': 'Classics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3637703}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C24667770', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34187', 'display_name': 'Religious studies', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.34561154}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.27635092}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.25604808}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C94625758', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163', 'display_name': 'Politics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.20213109}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.15752223}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C166957645', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498', 'display_name': 'Archaeology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.1437966}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C42475967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292', 'display_name': 'Operations research', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.10413334}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1353/cat.1995.0160', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S59789293', 'display_name': '\x98The \x9cCatholic historical review', 'issn_l': '0008-8080', 'issn': ['0008-8080', '1534-0708'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315953', 'host_organization_name': 'The Catholic University of America Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315953'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['The Catholic University of America Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16', 'score': 0.58, 'display_name': 'Peace, justice, and strong institutions'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 12, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W2037892896', 'https://openalex.org/W2048301101', 'https://openalex.org/W2121310492', 'https://openalex.org/W2135753460', 'https://openalex.org/W2137358168', 'https://openalex.org/W2144852571', 'https://openalex.org/W2323071583', 'https://openalex.org/W2768592777', 'https://openalex.org/W2797509474', 'https://openalex.org/W2797646101', 'https://openalex.org/W2970214499', 'https://openalex.org/W3176525927'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4249953466', 'https://openalex.org/W4235116121', 'https://openalex.org/W4230749698', 'https://openalex.org/W2766476934', 'https://openalex.org/W2364924342', 'https://openalex.org/W2335505609', 'https://openalex.org/W2334666076', 'https://openalex.org/W2076192865', 'https://openalex.org/W1977558906', 'https://openalex.org/W1126614859'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'ELISABETH': [0], 'G.': [1, 30, 616], 'GLEASON': [2, 617], 'President': [3], 'of': [4, 39, 99, 115, 123, 133, 144, 152, 170, 175, 205, 221, 229, 261, 266, 272, 292, 305, 325, 350, 359, 375, 401, 425, 436, 455, 483, 591, 596, 599, 622, 643], 'the': [5, 35, 51, 68, 73, 76, 88, 97, 104, 113, 121, 130, 153, 163, 173, 191, 201, 206, 224, 230, 242, 246, 249, 259, 264, 275, 280, 284, 290, 302, 306, 326, 347, 351, 370, 381, 398, 434, 437, 452, 456, 459, 470, 496, 544, 592, 597, 600, 603, 619, 641], 'American': [6, 207], 'Catholic': [7, 12, 40, 61, 127, 208, 371, 405], 'Historical': [8, 13, 209], 'Association': [9], '1994': [10], 'The': [11, 32, 422, 448, 562], 'Review': [14], 'VOL.': [15], 'LXXXI': [16], 'APRIL,': [17], '1995': [18], 'No.': [19], '2': [20], 'WHO': [21, 213], 'WAS': [22, 214], 'THE': [23, 215], 'FIRST': [24, 216], 'COUNTER': [25], 'REFORMATION': [26], 'POPE?': [27, 218], 'BY': [28, 614], 'Elisabeth': [29], 'Gleason*': [31], 'Counter-Reformation,': [33, 247, 327], 'once': [34], 'almost': [36], 'exclusive': [37], 'preserve': [38], 'scholars,': [41], 'has': [42, 331, 379, 396, 414, 439, 461], 'assumed': [43], 'a': [44, 91, 142, 168, 187, 333, 365, 484], 'different': [45], 'physiognomy': [46], 'in': [47, 90, 172, 190, 336, 419, 501, 573, 663], 'studies': [48, 139], 'published': [49], 'during': [50, 200, 223], 'last': [52], 'ten': [53], 'or': [54, 263, 301], 'fifteen': [55], 'years.': [56], 'Older': [57], 'schemes': [58], 'divided': [59], 'sixteenth-century': [60, 360], 'church': [62], 'history': [63, 171, 435], 'into': [64, 148, 241], 'two': [65], 'distinct': [66], 'periods,': [67], 'pre-': [69], 'and': [70, 101, 126, 135, 146, 162, 226, 248, 268, 282, 316, 390, 403, 466, 648, 664, 668], 'post-Tridentine,': [71], 'with': [72, 632], 'Council': [74, 98], 'as': [75, 95, 103, 182, 314, 355, 364], 'watershed': [77], 'between': [78, 219, 388], 'them.': [79], 'Adopting': [80], 'this': [81, 149, 180], 'division,': [82], 'it': [83, 413], 'was': [84], 'easy': [85], 'to': [86, 321, 345, 408, 430, 492, 507, 588], 'define': [87], 'CounterReformation': [89, 497], 'straightforward': [92], 'fashion': [93], 'chronologically': [94], 'following': [96], 'Trent,': [100], 'structurally': [102], 'great': [105, 659], 'offensive': [106], 'movement': [107], 'aimed': [108], 'not': [109], 'only': [110, 369], 'at': [111, 119, 186], 'stopping': [112], 'tide': [114], 'Protestantism,': [116], 'but': [117], 'also': [118], 'reversing': [120], 'patterns': [122], 'Protestant': [124], 'gains': [125], 'losses': [128], 'on': [129, 195, 323, 386, 519, 640], 'religious': [131], 'map': [132], 'Western': [134], 'Central': [136], 'Europe.': [137], 'Recent': [138], 'have': [140, 159, 233, 238, 318, 479], 'introduced': [141, 240], 'number': [143], 'changes': [145], 'refinements': [147], 'older': [150], 'image': [151], 'Counter-Reformation.': [154], 'Continuities': [155], 'rather': [156, 362], 'than': [157, 363, 412], 'discontinuities': [158], 'been': [160, 234, 239, 319, 380], 'stressed,': [161], 'connections': [164], '•Mrs.': [165], 'Gleason': [166], 'is': [167, 258], 'professor': [169], 'University': [174], 'San': [176], 'Francisco.': [177], 'She': [178], 'read': [179], 'paper': [181], 'her': [183], 'presidential': [184], 'address': [185], 'luncheon': [188], 'held': [189], 'Chicago': [192], 'Hilton': [193], 'Hotel': [194], 'Saturday,': [196], 'January': [197], '7,': [198], '1995,': [199], 'seventy-fifth': [202], 'annual': [203], 'meeting': [204], 'Association.': [210], '173': [211], '174': [212], 'COUNTER-REFORMATION': [217], 'ideas': [220], 'reform': [222], 'first': [225], 'second': [227], 'half': [228], 'sixteenth': [231], 'century': [232], 'established.1': [235], 'New': [236], 'concepts': [237], 'way': [243], 'scholars': [244], 'approach': [245], 'kind': [250], 'ofquestions': [251], 'they': [252], 'pursue.': [253], 'Foremost': [254], 'among': [255], 'them': [256], 'probably': [257], 'concept': [260], 'Sozialdisziplinierung,': [262], 'exploration': [265], 'new': [267, 334, 432, 481, 628], 'more': [269, 409, 473], 'pervasive': [270], 'forms': [271], 'control': [273], 'over': [274], 'Christian': [276], 'people': [277], 'exercised': [278], 'by': [279, 565], 'Church': [281], 'later,': [283], 'state.2': [285], 'They': [286], 'included,': [287], 'for': [288, 341, 417, 472, 665], 'example,': [289, 342], 'requirement': [291], 'proof': [293], 'that': [294, 654], 'laypeople': [295], 'had': [296], 'fulfilled': [297], 'their': [298, 655, 658], 'Easter': [299], 'duty,': [300], 'increasing': [303], 'bureaucratization': [304], 'parish': [307], 'clergy.': [308], 'Methods': [309], 'from': [310, 669], 'other': [311, 666], 'disciplines': [312], 'such': [313], 'sociology': [315], 'anthropology': [317], 'brought': [320], 'bear': [322], 'analyses': [324], 'which,': [328], 'interestingly': [329], 'enough,': [330], 'become': [332], 'frontier': [335], 'early': [337], 'modern': [338], 'history.': [339], 'Witness,': [340], 'recent': [343, 545, 620], 'attempts': [344], 'see': [346, 499], 'remarkable': [348], 'clustering': [349], 'so-called': [352], '"New': [353], 'Orders"': [354], 'an': [356], 'integral': [357], 'part': [358], 'history,3': [361], 'phenomenon': [366], 'which': [367, 625], 'concerned': [368], 'Church.': [372], 'Another': [373], 'example': [374], 'methodologically': [376], 'innovative': [377, 447], 'works': [378, 474], 'result': [382], 'ofthe': [383, 549], 'current': [384], 'emphasis': [385], 'contacts': [387], 'European': [389], 'non-Western': [391], 'cultures.': [392], 'This': [393], 'vast': [394], 'topic': [395], 'reopened': [397], 'whole': [399], 'subject': [400], 'sixteenth-': [402], 'seventeenth-century': [404], 'missionary': [406], 'activity': [407], 'sophisticated': [410], 'analysis': [411], 'traditionally': [415], 'received,': [416], 'instance,': [418], 'Jonathan': [420], "Spence's": [421], 'Memory': [423], 'Palace': [424], 'Matteo': [426], 'Ricci.4': [427], 'When': [428], 'compared': [429], 'these': [431, 520], 'developments,': [433], 'papacy': [438], 'received': [440], 'relatively': [441], 'little': [442], 'attention.5': [443], 'Although': [444], 'Paolo': [445], "Prodi's": [446], 'Papal': [449], 'Prince6': [450], 'examined': [451], 'institutional': [453], 'aspects': [454], 'papal': [457], 'monarchy,': [458], 'book': [460], 'so': [462], 'far': [463], 'remained': [464], 'magisterial': [465], 'isolated': [467], 'without': [468, 652], 'becoming': [469], 'inspiration': [471], 'along': [475], 'similar': [476], 'lines.': [477], 'We': [478], 'no': [480, 627], 'biography': [482], 'Counter-Reformation': [485, 593], 'pope,': [486], 'except': [487], 'for¦For': [488], 'excellent': [489], 'bibliographical': [490], 'introductions': [491], 'major': [493], 'topics': [494, 521], 'concerning': [495], ',': [498], 'Catholicism': [500], 'Early': [502], 'Modem': [503], 'History:': [504], 'A': [505], 'Guide': [506], 'Research,': [508], 'ed': [509], 'John': [510], "O'Malley,": [511], 'SJ.': [512], '(St.': [513], 'Louis,': [514], '1988).': [515], '2The': [516], 'basic': [517], 'essay': [518, 564], 'remains': [522], 'Wolfgang': [523, 566], 'Reinhard,': [524, 567], '"Gegenreformation': [525], 'als': [526], 'Modernisierung?': [527], 'Prolegomena': [528], 'zu': [529], 'einer': [530], 'Theorie': [531], 'des': [532], 'konfessionellen': [533], 'Zeitalters,"': [534], 'Archiv': [535], 'für': [536], 'ReformationsgeschichtelArchivefor': [537], 'Reformation': [538], 'History,': [539], '68': [540], '(1977),': [541], '226-252.': [542], "'See": [543], 'volume': [546], 'onReligious': [547], 'Orders': [548], 'CatholicReformation,': [550], 'ed.': [551, 578], 'Richard': [552], 'L.': [553], 'De': [554], 'Molen': [555], '(New': [556], 'York,': [557, 560], '1994).': [558], '4New': [559], '1984.': [561], 'stimulating': [563], '"Reformpapsttum': [568], 'zwischen': [569], 'Renaissance': [570], 'und': [571], 'Barock,"': [572], 'Reformatio': [574], 'Ecclesiae.': [575], 'FestschriftfürErwin': [576], 'Iserloh,': [577], 'Remigius': [579], 'Bäumer': [580], '(Paderborn,': [581], '1980),': [582], 'pp.': [583], '779-796,': [584], 'offers': [585], 'numerous': [586], 'suggestions': [587], 'future': [589], 'historians': [590, 644], 'papacy.': [594], '^Because': [595], 'inadequacies': [598], 'English': [601], 'translation,': [602], 'original': [604], 'version': [605], 'should': [606], 'be': [607], 'consulted:': [608], '//': [609], 'sovrano': [610], 'Pontefice': [611], '(Bologna,': [612], '1982).': [613], 'EUSABETH': [615], '175': [618], 'one': [621], 'Pius': [623], 'V,7': [624], 'breaks': [626], 'ground.': [629], 'In': [630], 'dealing': [631], 'individual': [633], 'pontiffs,': [634], 'therefore,': [635], 'we': [636], 'still': [637], 'fall': [638], 'back': [639], 'work': [642], 'like': [645], 'Ranke,': [646], 'Pastor,': [647], 'Seppelt.': [649], 'It': [650], 'goes': [651], 'saying': [653], 'studies,': [656], 'despite': [657], 'merit,': [660], 'were': [661], 'written': [662], 'times,': [667], 'our': [670], 'perspective': [671], 'are...': [672]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2467730695', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 3}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-12T06:48:12.333563', 'created_date': '2016-07-22'}