Title: The Forest Stewardship Council and the Marine Stewardship Council
Abstract: Certification and labelling emerged on the international policy agenda in the late 1980s in a context of increased public concern over food scares, 'unfair' trade, deforestation, child and sweatshop labour and other ecologically and socially damaging practices. In 1988, following many years by Oxfam and other Alternative Trading Organisation, the first large-scale fair trade certification and labelling scheme was set up in the Netherlands. Taking its name from a nineteenth century Dutch novel critical of the country's colonial practices, the Max Havelaar programme initiated a new era for fair trade by enabling consumers to confidently purchase products that guaranteed a living wage to peasant and artisanal producers. At about the same time as the Max Havelaar scheme was being established the UK-based Friends of the Earth group were promoting a 'Good Wood Guide' and developing a proposal to certify tropical timber certification. And, in advance of negotiations at the UNCED in 1992, business agreed to sponsor the development of an environmental management standard through the ISO leading to the launch of its 14000 series in 1996.
Publication Year: 2011
Publication Date: 2011-01-01
Language: en
Type: book-chapter
Indexed In: ['crossref']
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Cited By Count: 1
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