Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2397631832', 'doi': None, 'title': '[Malaria and drug resistance].', 'display_name': '[Malaria and drug resistance].', 'publication_year': 1996, 'publication_date': '1996-01-20', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2397631832', 'mag': '2397631832', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8618636'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8618636', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5108092983', 'display_name': 'Piet A. Kager', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210088893', 'display_name': 'Geneeskundige en Gezondheidsdienst', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/006xsx833', 'country_code': 'NL', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210088893']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2802928900', 'display_name': 'Academic Medical Center', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03t4gr691', 'country_code': 'NL', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2802928900', 'https://openalex.org/I4210151833']}], 'countries': ['NL'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'P. A. Kager', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Academisch Medisch Centrum, afd. Inwendige Geneeskunde, Amsterdam.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Academisch Medisch Centrum, afd. Inwendige Geneeskunde, Amsterdam.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210088893', 'https://openalex.org/I2802928900']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5110259199', 'display_name': 'J. C. F. M. Wetsteyn', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'J. C. F. M. Wetsteyn', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.975, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 15, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.790898, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 81, 'max': 82}, 'biblio': {'volume': '140', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '151', 'last_page': '5'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10091', 'display_name': 'Malaria Research and Control', 'score': 0.7398, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2739', 'display_name': 'Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10091', 'display_name': 'Malaria Research and Control', 'score': 0.7398, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2739', 'display_name': 'Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/halofantrine', 'display_name': 'Halofantrine', 'score': 0.7968801}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/quinine', 'display_name': 'Quinine', 'score': 0.64350194}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/proguanil', 'display_name': 'Proguanil', 'score': 0.5012269}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/sulfadoxine', 'display_name': 'Sulfadoxine', 'score': 0.4225037}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777199930', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736270', 'display_name': 'Mefloquine', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.8915528}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778048844', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12156', 'display_name': 'Malaria', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.82174575}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777498558', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947595', 'display_name': 'Halofantrine', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.7968801}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C114851261', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12147416', 'display_name': 'Drug resistance', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7061574}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777425658', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422438', 'display_name': 'Chloroquine', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6969827}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778371730', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311383', 'display_name': 'Plasmodium falciparum', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.64878434}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777617192', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189522', 'display_name': 'Quinine', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.64350194}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.61564493}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779636613', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420607', 'display_name': 'Proguanil', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.5012269}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C159047783', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215', 'display_name': 'Virology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4510599}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778301690', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411557', 'display_name': 'Sulfadoxine', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.4225037}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777035104', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421072', 'display_name': 'Pyrimethamine', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.38494015}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C98274493', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406', 'display_name': 'Pharmacology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.37909034}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.23302612}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C203014093', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929', 'display_name': 'Immunology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.15633819}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C89423630', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193', 'display_name': 'Microbiology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.14625925}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D000962', 'descriptor_name': 'Antimalarials', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000494', 'qualifier_name': 'pharmacology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008288', 'descriptor_name': 'Malaria', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000469', 'qualifier_name': 'parasitology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008288', 'descriptor_name': 'Malaria', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000188', 'qualifier_name': 'drug therapy', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010961', 'descriptor_name': 'Plasmodium', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000187', 'qualifier_name': 'drug effects', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000962', 'descriptor_name': 'Antimalarials', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000627', 'qualifier_name': 'therapeutic use', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000962', 'descriptor_name': 'Antimalarials', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002738', 'descriptor_name': 'Chloroquine', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000627', 'qualifier_name': 'therapeutic use', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002738', 'descriptor_name': 'Chloroquine', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004351', 'descriptor_name': 'Drug Resistance', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004351', 'descriptor_name': 'Drug Resistance', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008288', 'descriptor_name': 'Malaria', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008826', 'descriptor_name': 'Microbial Sensitivity Tests', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010961', 'descriptor_name': 'Plasmodium', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002727', 'descriptor_name': 'Proguanil', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002727', 'descriptor_name': 'Proguanil', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000627', 'qualifier_name': 'therapeutic use', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011739', 'descriptor_name': 'Pyrimethamine', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000627', 'qualifier_name': 'therapeutic use', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011739', 'descriptor_name': 'Pyrimethamine', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8618636', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.87, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3', 'display_name': 'Good health and well-being'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W49352801', 'https://openalex.org/W2466060711', 'https://openalex.org/W2418598325', 'https://openalex.org/W2410056375', 'https://openalex.org/W2397631832', 'https://openalex.org/W2106891922', 'https://openalex.org/W2089765100', 'https://openalex.org/W2057305837', 'https://openalex.org/W2051072666', 'https://openalex.org/W2048350387'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Drug': [0], 'resistance': [1, 9, 24, 91, 127, 138, 204], 'is': [2, 74, 107, 121, 128, 136, 175, 205], 'a': [3, 129, 206], 'major': [4], 'problem': [5, 130], 'in': [6, 59, 82, 92, 96, 112, 123, 160, 193, 198], 'malaria.': [7], 'The': [8, 62], 'mechanism': [10], 'remains': [11, 153], 'unresolved': [12], 'but': [13, 151], 'contributing': [14], 'factors': [15], 'are': [16, 35, 80], 'probably': [17], 'heavy': [18], 'drug': [19, 195, 203], 'use,': [20], 'parasite': [21], 'selection,': [22], 'cross': [23, 137], 'and': [25, 56, 72, 95, 116, 141], 'genetic': [26], 'influences': [27], 'of': [28, 65, 99, 168, 200, 208], 'drugs.': [29, 41], 'Plasmodium': [30], 'ovale': [31], 'en': [32], 'P.': [33, 42, 66], 'malariae': [34], 'sensitive': [36], 'to': [37, 70, 133, 145, 181], 'the': [38, 60, 86, 100, 117, 177, 201], 'current': [39], 'antimalarial': [40, 194], 'vivax': [43], 'has': [44, 183], 'some': [45], 'chloroquine': [46], 'resistant': [47, 69], 'strains,': [48], 'notably': [49, 157], 'on': [50], 'Papua': [51], 'New': [52], 'Guinea,': [53], 'Irian': [54], 'Jaya': [55], 'other': [57], 'islands': [58], 'Pacific.': [61], 'geographical': [63], 'distribution': [64], 'falciparum': [67], 'strains': [68, 79], 'proguanil': [71], 'pyrimethamine': [73], 'not': [75, 103, 108, 184], 'well': [76], 'known.': [77], 'Chloroquine-resistant': [78], 'found': [81], 'South': [83, 113], 'East': [84, 114], 'Asia,': [85], 'Amazon': [87, 118], 'region': [88], '(almost': [89], '100%': [90], 'both': [93], 'regions)': [94], 'Africa': [97], 'south': [98], 'Sahara': [101], '(resistance': [102], 'everywhere': [104], '100%).': [105], 'Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine': [106], 'an': [109, 154], 'effective': [110, 155], 'treatment': [111], 'Asia': [115], 'region;': [119], 'it': [120, 152], 'useful': [122], 'tropical': [124], 'Africa.': [125], 'Mefloquine': [126], 'mainly': [131], 'confined': [132], 'Thailand.': [134], 'There': [135], 'between': [139], 'halofantrine': [140], 'mefloquine.': [142], 'Decreased': [143], 'sensitivity': [144], 'quinine': [146, 174], 'was': [147], 'reported': [148], 'from': [149], 'Thailand,': [150], 'drug,': [156], 'when': [158], 'given': [159], 'combination': [161], 'with': [162], 'tetracycline': [163], 'or': [164, 170], 'doxycycline.': [165], 'In': [166], 'cases': [167], 'severe': [169], 'complicated': [171], 'malaria': [172], 'intravenous': [173], 'still': [176], 'preferred': [178], 'therapy.': [179], 'Resistance': [180], 'artemisinine': [182], 'yet': [185], 'been': [186], 'reported.': [187], 'Pharmaceutical': [188], 'companies': [189], 'show': [190], 'little': [191], 'interest': [192], 'development,': [196], 'which': [197], 'view': [199], 'increasing': [202], 'matter': [207], 'great': [209], 'concern.': [210]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2397631832', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-27T21:50:38.201234', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}