Letter to the editor

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Francesco Vitale; Dino Vella Briffa; Denise Whitby; Ivana Maida; Alicia Grochowska; A. Levin; Nino Romano; James J. Goedert
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'antigens,': [115, 952], 'seroepidemiological': [116], 'studies': [117, 1028], 'have': [118, 862, 940, 1013, 1029, 1200, 1259, 1269, 1459, 1467], 'found': [119], 'increased': [120, 982, 998], 'seroprevalence': [122, 162, 171, 192, 573, 599, 616, 633, 654, 833, 891, 912, 917, 1034, 1055, 1067, 1087, 1289, 1338, 1356, 1498], 'rates': [123, 163, 193, 198, 574, 600, 617, 693, 747, 790, 810, 918, 1035, 1056, 1068, 1290, 1294, 1308, 1345, 1357, 1443, 1499, 1662, 1689, 1713, 1724, 1736, 1743, 1769], 'individuals': [125], 'at': [126, 386, 400, 768, 1503], 'high': [127, 1032, 1442], 'risk': [128, 769, 1392], 'for': [129, 381, 512, 679, 779, 925, 931, 950, 963, 988, 1020, 1272, 1397, 1400, 1439, 1444, 1579, 1865, 1872], 'sexually': [130], 'transmitted': [131], 'diseases': [132, 1458], 'general': [136], 'populations': [137, 840, 1224, 1433, 1557], 'several': [139, 1445], 'African': [140], 'countries.3,': [143], '4': [144], 'In': [145, 182, 217, 736, 853, 1060, 1134], 'countries,': [147], 'infection': [149, 836, 896, 1788], 'seems': [150], 'begin': [152], 'childhood': [154], 'increase': [157, 1390], 'age,': [159], 'reaching': [160], 'peak': [161], 'people': [165, 201], 'older': [166, 1504], 'than': [167, 673, 1018, 1096, 1399, 1491, 1601, 1703], '50': [168], 'years.': [169], 'its': [176, 1404], 'relationship': [177], 'remain': [180], 'undefined.': [181], 'our': [183, 909, 961, 1284, 1730], 'study,': [184], 'we': [185, 906, 1065], 'investigated': [186, 825], 'whether': [187], 'age-': [188], 'sex-specific': [190, 1366, 1422, 1645, 1773], 'paralleled': [194], 'among': [199, 643, 697, 748, 1016, 1057, 1221, 1489, 1500, 1670, 1685, 1709, 1714, 1726, 1738], 'living': [202], '3': [204, 219, 842, 860, 1062, 1350], 'islands': [205, 843, 861, 1063, 1351, 1657], 'located': [206], 'central': [209], 'sea,': [211], 'i.e.,': [212], 'Malta,': [213, 559, 578, 604, 621, 814, 1316, 1916, 1945], 'Sicily': [214, 253, 318, 563, 581, 607, 624, 663, 704, 817, 926, 1041, 1098, 1136, 1154, 1185, 1217, 1546], 'Sardinia.': [216, 611, 628, 1100, 1277], 'all': [218, 1580], 'populations,': [220], 'residual': [221], 'sera': [222, 358, 378, 435, 990], 'samples': [223, 376, 436], 'were': [224, 321, 332, 359, 379, 414, 444, 453, 465, 555, 575, 601, 618, 701, 811, 1139, 1346, 1522], 'obtained': [225, 322], 'following': [226], 'completion': [228], 'routine': [230], 'chemistry': [231], 'analyses': [232], 'consecutive,': [234], '(age': [236], '65': [237, 1073], 'older)': [239], 'hospital': [240], 'Malta': [243, 331, 721, 1095, 1138, 1156, 1163, 1275, 1408, 1565, 1590, 1611], '(100': [244], 'males,': [245, 255, 262], '100': [246], 'females)': [247, 257], 'outpatients': [250], 'Palermo,': [252, 1906], '(93': [254], '60': [256], 'Sassari,': [259, 1934, 1935], 'Sardinia': [260, 320, 568, 585, 672, 713, 821, 928, 1120, 1531, 1605], '(51': [261], '53': [263], 'females).': [264], 'The': [265, 534, 1151, 1278, 1711, 1821], 'study': [266, 1052, 1285, 1510], 'was': [267, 425, 472, 494, 634, 655, 739, 784, 954, 1078, 1088, 1164, 1186], 'reviewed': [268], 'approved': [270], 'by': [271, 285, 384, 396, 416, 467, 474, 480, 636, 641, 686, 742, 794, 960, 1143, 1170, 1180, 1745, 1802, 1854], 'Office': [273], 'Human': [275, 1840], 'Subjects': [276], 'Research': [277, 296, 1811], 'National': [280, 292, 347, 1576, 1803, 1961], 'Institutes': [281], 'Health': [283, 1838], 'Institutional': [287], 'Review': [288], 'Boards': [289], 'Cancer': [293, 348, 366, 1542, 1577, 1804, 1921, 1962], 'Institute,': [294, 1922, 1963], 'Triangle': [297, 1812], 'Institute': [298, 367, 1805], 'University': [301, 1904], 'Palermo.': [303], 'Data': [304, 1563], 'on': [305, 427, 1615], 'per': [311, 706, 715, 723, 732, 751, 799, 1311, 1319, 1327], '100,000': [312], 'person-years': [313], '(105': [314], '·': [315, 708, 717, 725, 734, 753, 1313, 1321, 1329, 1692], 'year)': [316, 709, 718, 1693], 'published': [325], 'literature.5,': [326], '6': [327], 'Comparable': [328], 'data': [329, 1268, 1521, 1588, 1612, 1731, 1751], 'calculated': [333], 'using': [334, 408, 430, 929], '1990': [336], 'census': [337], 'cases': [340], 'reported': [341, 923, 1210, 1242, 1261, 1271, 1461], 'histopathology': [344], 'database,': [345], 'Registry': [349, 1543, 1578], 'survey': [352, 1570], 'local': [354], 'physicians.7': [355], 'Aliquots': [356], 'frozen': [360], 'sent': [362], 'SAIC-National': [365, 1920], 'Viral': [368, 1917, 1958], 'Epidemiology': [369, 1918, 1959], 'Laboratory': [370], '(Frederick,': [371], 'MD).': [372], 'As': [373], 'previously': [374, 924], 'described,8': [375], 'tested': [380], 'EIA': [385, 962, 981, 1011], '1:20': [388], 'dilution': [389, 403], 'against': [390, 404, 965], 'K8.1': [392, 431, 439, 450, 459, 529, 593, 974, 980, 1010], 'recombinant': [393, 975], 'protein': [394], 'immunofluorescence': [397], 'assay': [398], '(IFA)': [399], '1:100': [402], 'latent': [405, 934, 951], 'nuclear': [406], 'antigens': [407, 970], 'uninduced': [409], 'BCP-1': [410], 'cells.9': [411], 'Mean': [412, 553], 'ages': [413, 554], 'compared': [415, 719], 'ANOVA': [417], '2-sided': [419], 'p': [420, 550], 'values.': [421], 'Primary': [422], 'analysis': [424], 'based': [426, 1614], 'an': [428, 527], 'algorithm': [429], 'IFA.8': [433], 'Specifically,': [434, 977, 1684], 'optical': [440], 'density': [441], '(OD)': [442], '≥1.5': [443], 'scored': [445, 454, 466], 'positive,': [446], 'those': [447, 457, 922, 1603], 'OD': [451, 460], '<0.5': [452], 'negative': [455], '0.5': [462], '1.5': [464], 'their': [468, 857], 'IFA': [469, 523, 613, 949, 987, 1003], 'result.': [470], 'Seroprevalence': [471], 'determined': [473, 900], 'island': [475, 743, 795], 'and,': [476, 1218], 'within': [477], 'each': [478, 630], 'island,': [479, 513, 631, 680], 'sex': [481, 514, 637, 687, 1746], 'age': [483, 517, 545, 642, 689, 1072], 'group': [484], '(65–74': [485], 'years,': [486, 488, 549], '75–84': [487], '≥85': [489], 'years).': [490, 519], 'Multivariate': [491], 'logistic': [492, 651], 'regression': [493], 'used': [495], 'estimate': [497], 'odds': [499], '(OR)': [501], '95%': [503, 728], 'confidence': [504], 'interval': [505], '(95%': [506, 657, 666], 'CI)': [507], 'seropositivity': [510], 'adjusted': [511], 'median': [516], '(76': [518, 546], 'Results': [520], 'alone': [524], 'alternative': [528], 'cutoff': [530], 'are': [531, 919, 1209, 1365, 1486, 1552, 1566, 1591, 1602, 1613, 1622, 1694, 1716, 1755], 'presented': [532], 'briefly.': [533], '457': [535], 'subjects': [536, 646], 'included': [537], '244': [538], 'men': [539, 698, 1082, 1280, 1398], '213': [541], 'women': [542, 749, 1282, 1490, 1501, 1715], 'similar': [544, 635, 920, 1080, 1287, 1347], 'vs.': [547], '77': [548], '=': [551, 659, 668, 730], '0.21).': [552], '79': [556], 'years': [557, 561, 566, 1314, 1322, 1330], '76': [560], '73': [565], '(p': [569], '<': [570], '0.0001).': [571], '8.5%': [576], '20.3%': [579], '25.0%': [583], 'K8.1-IFA': [588], 'algorithm.': [589], 'Using': [590], 'only': [591, 761, 1524, 1553, 1616], 'result': [594, 1759], '(OD': [595], '1.0': [596], 'cutoff),': [597], 'estimated': [598, 615, 772], '9.0%': [602], '19.6%': [605], '27.9%': [609], 'By': [612, 649, 1085], 'alone,': [614], '16.0%': [619], '27.5%': [622], '20.2%': [626], 'Within': [629], 'differed': [639], 'little': [640, 1070, 1415], '(Table': [647, 690, 699, 822], 'I).': [648], 'multivariate': [650], 'regression,': [652], '3.25-fold': [656], 'CI': [658, 667, 729], '1.89–5.57)': [660], 'higher': [661, 670, 702, 1014, 1496], '4.07-fold': [665], '2.25–7.34)': [669], 'Malta.': [675, 1359], 'With': [676, 776], 'adjustment': [678], 'it': [681, 997, 1077, 1126], 'did': [682], 'not': [683, 1673, 1756, 1827], 'vary': [684, 1375, 1668, 1725, 1737, 1744], 'significantly': [685, 1092, 1353], 'II).': [691], 'Incidence': [692], 'III)': [700], '(6.2': [705], '105': [707, 716, 724, 733, 752, 1312, 1320, 1328, 1691], 'especially': [711], '(8.8': [714], '(2.2': [722], 'year': [726], '[upper': [727], '4.8': [731], 'year]).': [735], 'contrast,': [737, 1135], 'there': [738, 783, 1364], 'no': [740, 785, 1241, 1266], 'difference': [741, 786], '(1.8–2.5': [750], 'year).': [754], 'If': [755], 'assumed': [758], 'develop': [760], 'KSHV-seropositive': [763, 780, 804], 'persons,': [764], 'seropositive': [766], 'population': [767, 1535, 1600], 'can': [770], 'Table': [774, 801], 'I.': [775], 'denominators': [778], 'men,': [782, 1728], 'annual': [789, 807], '(each': [796], 'about': [797], '1:3,300': [798], 'year,': [800], 'III).': [802, 823], 'Among': [803, 1340], 'women,': [805, 1341], 'however,': [806, 1048, 1240, 1342], '1:4,866': [812], '1:8,000': [815], '1:10,970': [819], 'We': [824, 939, 1493, 1858], 'enclose': [845], 'central-western': [847], 'part': [848, 1801], 'Sea.': [852], 'addition': [854], 'sharing': [856], 'location,': [858], 'number': [864], 'similarities': [866], 'differences': [868, 1102, 1116, 1248, 1423, 1761], 'culture,': [870], 'economy': [871], 'history': [873, 1785], 'may': [875, 1420, 1466, 1652], 'provide': [876], 'insight': [877], 'into': [878], 'distribution': [880], 'pathogenesis': [885, 1791], 'KS.': [888, 1297], 'Exact': [889], 'rates,': [892, 897], 'much': [893], 'less': [894], 'exact': [895], 'cannot': [898], 'current': [903], 'assays.': [904], 'Nonetheless,': [905], 'believe': [907], 'results': [910], 'approximate': [911], 'reasonably': [913], 'well.': [914], 'Our': [915, 1464, 1642], 'crude': [916], 'IFAs': [930], 'lytic': [932, 968], 'antigens.4,': [936], '9,': [937, 1044], '10': [938], 'shown': [941], 'recently': [942], 'one': [944], 'assays,': [947], 'which': [953, 1204], 'developed': [955], '1995,': [957], 'complemented': [959], 'cycle': [969], 'represented': [971], 'protein.8': [976], 'adding': [978], 'sensitivity': [984], '86%': [992], '90%;': [994], 'more': [995, 1140, 1396, 1469, 1487, 1595, 1702], 'importantly,': [996], 'specificity': [1000], '88%': [1005], '95%.': [1007], 'Whether': [1008], 'will': [1012], 'reproducibility': [1015], 'laboratories': [1017], 'noted': [1019, 1030], 'IFA11': [1022], 'remains': [1023], 'seen.': [1026], 'Previous': [1027], 'relatively': [1031, 1123], 'Italy,': [1037, 1908, 1937], 'particularly': [1039, 1431], 'Sardinia.4,': [1043], '10,': [1045], '12': [1046, 1617], 'Ours,': [1047], 'first': [1051], 'elderly.': [1059], 'studied,': [1066], 'varied': [1069], '99,': [1075], 'quite': [1079], 'women.': [1084, 1401, 1740], 'geography,': [1086], 'substantially': [1089, 1669], 'statistically': [1091], 'lower': [1093, 1354, 1405], 'Geographical': [1101], 'likely': [1103, 1592], 'reflect': [1104, 1829], 'variety': [1106], 'behavioral,': [1108], 'cultural,': [1109], 'historical,': [1110], 'host': [1111], 'genetic': [1112, 1425, 1436, 1446], 'perhaps': [1114, 1795], 'virological': [1115], 'populations.': [1119], 'has': [1121, 1441, 1474], 'been': [1122, 1201, 1260, 1270, 1460], 'isolated,': [1124], 'enabling': [1125], 'maintain': [1128], 'distinct': [1130], 'ethnicity': [1131], 'culture.': [1133], 'extensively': [1141], 'colonized': [1142], 'Phoenicians,': [1144], 'Carthaginians,': [1145], 'Romans,': [1146], 'Byzantines,': [1147], 'Arabs': [1148], 'Normans.': [1150], 'histories': [1152], 'diverged': [1157], 'over': [1158], 'past': [1160], '5': [1161], 'centuries.': [1162], 'ruled': [1165], '1530': [1167], '1798': [1169], 'Knights': [1172], 'Order': [1175], 'St.': [1177, 1942, 1950], 'John': [1178], 'British': [1182], 'until': [1183], '1964.': [1184], 'joined': [1187], 'politically': [1188], 'mainland': [1190, 1263], 'Italy': [1191], '19th': [1194], 'century.': [1195], 'Five': [1196], 'genotypes': [1197, 1205], 'described,': [1202], 'A': [1206], 'C': [1208], 'most': [1214], 'common': [1215], 'Israel,': [1220], 'Sephardic': [1222], 'Jewish': [1223], 'who': [1225], 'had': [1226, 1286], 'inhabited': [1227], 'regions': [1228], 'north': [1230], 'western': [1233], 'areas': [1235], 'Europe.13-15': [1237], 'There': [1238, 1298, 1418], 'are,': [1239], 'vivo': [1244], 'vitro': [1247], 'pathobiology': [1251], 'genotypes.': [1255], 'Numerous': [1256], 'variants': [1258], 'Italy,16': [1264], 'but': [1265, 1291, 1672, 1749], 'such': [1267, 1380, 1448], 'specimens': [1273], 'differing': [1292], 'appeared': [1299], 'gradient': [1303], 'male': [1305, 1336, 1671], '(from': [1309], '2.2': [1310], '6.2': [1318], 'Sicily,': [1324, 1907], '8.8': [1326], 'Sardinia)': [1332], 'mirrored': [1334, 1654], 'rates.': [1339], 'despite': [1352], 'These': [1360], 'findings': [1361, 1465], 'suggest': [1362, 1732], 'co-factors': [1367, 1374, 1774], 'geographically.': [1376], 'Certain': [1377], 'occupational': [1378], 'exposures,': [1379], 'cereal': [1382], 'farming': [1383], 'prolonged': [1385], 'water': [1386], 'exposure,17,': [1387], '18': [1388], 'could': [1389], 'Consistent': [1402], 'risk,': [1407], 'rocky': [1410], 'dry': [1412], 'very': [1414], 'ground': [1416], 'water.': [1417], 'susceptibility': [1426], 'resistance': [1428], 'disease,': [1430], 'limited': [1435], 'mixing.': [1437], 'Sardinia,': [1438, 1936], 'example,': [1440], 'diseases,': [1447], 'I': [1451, 1682], 'diabetes': [1452], 'mellitus,19': [1453], 'whereas': [1454, 1729], 'different': [1455], 'genetically': [1456], 'linked': [1457], 'Malta.20': [1463], 'trivial': [1470], 'explanation,': [1471], 'if': [1472, 1480], 'long': [1476], 'latency': [1477], 'period': [1478], 'seroconversions': [1482], 'frequent': [1488], 'men.': [1492, 1710], 'observed': [1494], 'non-significantly': [1495], 'ages.': [1505], 'However,': [1506, 1608], 'prospective': [1508], 'seroincidence': [1509], 'would': [1511, 1775], 'needed': [1513], 'test': [1515], 'this': [1516, 1584, 1824], 'hypothesis.': [1517], 'Published': [1518], 'available': [1523], '2': [1527, 1560], 'northeastern': [1528], 'districts': [1529], '(Sassari': [1532], 'Nuoro,': [1534], 'approximately': [1536, 1548], '700,000)': [1537], 'Ragusa': [1541], 'southeastern': [1545], '(population': [1547], '280,000).': [1549], 'Thus,': [1550, 1722], 'fractions': [1554], 'large': [1561], 'islands.': [1562], 'comprehensive': [1569], 'physicians': [1572], '380,000': [1581], 'inhabitants': [1582], 'country.7': [1585], 'Therefore,': [1586], 'representative': [1596], 'whole': [1599], 'Sicily.': [1607], 'because': [1609], 'cases,': [1620], 'they': [1621, 1754], 'susceptible': [1623], 'even': [1625], 'small': [1626], 'effects': [1627], 'delays': [1629], 'seeking': [1631], 'medical': [1632], 'attention,': [1633], 'inaccuracy': [1634], 'diagnosis': [1636], 'incompleteness': [1638], 'cancer': [1640], 'reporting.': [1641], 'observation': [1643], 'geographical': [1646], 'variation': [1647], 'Japan,': [1659], 'where': [1660], 'adult': [1664], 'T-cell': [1665, 1678], 'leukemia/lymphoma': [1666], '(ATL)': [1667], 'female': [1674], 'carriers': [1675], 'lymphotropic': [1679], '(HTLV-I).': [1683], 'HTLV-I': [1686], 'carriers,': [1687], 'ATL': [1688, 1723], '(per': [1690], '106': [1695], 'Kyushu,': [1697], '150': [1698], 'Shikoku': [1700], '138': [1704], 'Kamigoto': [1707], 'Islands': [1708], 'respective': [1712], '61,': [1717], '58': [1718], '53.21,': [1720], '22': [1721], 'HTLV-I–infected': [1727], 'KSHV-infected': [1739], 'Why': [1741], 'disease': [1742], 'unknown,': [1748], 'show': [1752], 'merely': [1757], 'prevalence.': [1764], 'Elucidation': [1765], 'identification': [1771], 'enable': [1776], 'deeper': [1778], 'understanding': [1779], 'epidemiology': [1782], 'natural': [1784], 'diseases.': [1797], 'Acknowledgments': [1798], 'Supported': [1799], 'contracts': [1806], 'NO2-CP-40521': [1807], 'NO2-CP-91027': [1809], '(with': [1810, 1816], 'Institute)': [1813], 'NO1-CO-56000': [1815], 'Scientific': [1817], 'Applications': [1818], 'International': [1819], 'Corporation).': [1820], 'content': [1822], 'publication': [1825], 'does': [1826, 1843], 'necessarily': [1828], 'views': [1831], 'policies': [1833], 'Department': [1836, 1897, 1909, 1939, 1947], 'Services,': [1841], 'nor': [1842], 'mention': [1844], 'trade': [1846], 'names,': [1847], 'commercial': [1848], 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