Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2336959482', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2138/am-1998-11-1218', 'title': 'Prevalence and origin of birefringence in 48 garnets from the pyrope-almandine-grossularite-spessartine quaternary', 'display_name': 'Prevalence and origin of birefringence in 48 garnets from the pyrope-almandine-grossularite-spessartine quaternary', 'publication_year': 1998, 'publication_date': '1998-12-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2336959482', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2138/am-1998-11-1218', 'mag': '2336959482'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2138/am-1998-11-1218', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S80733542', 'display_name': 'American Mineralogist', 'issn_l': '0003-004X', 'issn': ['0003-004X', '1945-3027'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_indexed_in_scopus': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319932', 'host_organization_name': 'Mineralogical Society of America', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319932'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Mineralogical Society of America'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5105298796', 'display_name': 'Anne M. Hofmeister', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Anne M. Hofmeister', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Washington University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Saint Louis, MO, United States'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Washington University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Saint Louis, MO, United States', 'institution_ids': []}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5059520480', 'display_name': 'R. B. Schaal', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Rand B. Schaal', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5059434458', 'display_name': 'Karla R. Campbell', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Karla R. Campbell', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5110288510', 'display_name': 'Sandra L. Berry', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Sandra L. Berry', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5102783726', 'display_name': 'T. J. Fagan', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1510-9618'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Timothy J. Fagan', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Washington University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Saint Louis, MO, United States'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Washington University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Saint Louis, MO, United States', 'institution_ids': []}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 3.463, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 34, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.837961, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 89, 'max': 90}, 'biblio': {'volume': '83', 'issue': '11-12 Part 1', 'first_page': '1293', 'last_page': '1301'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13443', 'display_name': 'Mineralogy and Gemology Studies', 'score': 0.9991, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1906', 'display_name': 'Geochemistry and Petrology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13443', 'display_name': 'Mineralogy and Gemology Studies', 'score': 0.9991, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1906', 'display_name': 'Geochemistry and Petrology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10939', 'display_name': 'Crystal Structures and Properties', 'score': 0.9991, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2504', 'display_name': 'Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/25', 'display_name': 'Materials Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10544', 'display_name': 'Glass properties and applications', 'score': 0.9976, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2503', 'display_name': 'Ceramics and Composites'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/25', 'display_name': 'Materials Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/fagan-inspection', 'display_name': 'Fagan inspection', 'score': 0.44953823}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/almandine', 'display_name': 'Almandine', 'score': 0.43487257}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778805511', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713', 'display_name': 'Citation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5811536}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154446701', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4209964', 'display_name': 'Fagan inspection', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44953823}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781374366', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273663', 'display_name': 'Almandine', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.43487257}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.3172416}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127313418', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069', 'display_name': 'Geology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.25924596}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C161191863', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655', 'display_name': 'Library science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.24263823}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17409809', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764', 'display_name': 'Geochemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.19609725}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C112764850', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380971', 'display_name': 'Metamorphism', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.08818972}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C115903868', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993', 'display_name': 'Software engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2138/am-1998-11-1218', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S80733542', 'display_name': 'American Mineralogist', 'issn_l': '0003-004X', 'issn': ['0003-004X', '1945-3027'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_indexed_in_scopus': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319932', 'host_organization_name': 'Mineralogical Society of America', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319932'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Mineralogical Society of America'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 50, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W148585451', 'https://openalex.org/W155715546', 'https://openalex.org/W1966738964', 'https://openalex.org/W1979059758', 'https://openalex.org/W1980419960', 'https://openalex.org/W1983947396', 'https://openalex.org/W1986399886', 'https://openalex.org/W1988519508', 'https://openalex.org/W2011385651', 'https://openalex.org/W2040557527', 'https://openalex.org/W2047230097', 'https://openalex.org/W2059260764', 'https://openalex.org/W2081024303', 'https://openalex.org/W2082590397', 'https://openalex.org/W2132231460', 'https://openalex.org/W2138285262', 'https://openalex.org/W2142682716', 'https://openalex.org/W2145537433', 'https://openalex.org/W2153863709', 'https://openalex.org/W2165994680', 'https://openalex.org/W2167056863', 'https://openalex.org/W2169145544', 'https://openalex.org/W2183345299', 'https://openalex.org/W2188025712', 'https://openalex.org/W2272400032', 'https://openalex.org/W2328557404', 'https://openalex.org/W2329555576', 'https://openalex.org/W2335299103', 'https://openalex.org/W2339199286', 'https://openalex.org/W2339716613', 'https://openalex.org/W2342943161', 'https://openalex.org/W2355690456', 'https://openalex.org/W2460222268', 'https://openalex.org/W2466343417', 'https://openalex.org/W2468282546', 'https://openalex.org/W2476634556', 'https://openalex.org/W2549851640', 'https://openalex.org/W2563767153', 'https://openalex.org/W2591220804', 'https://openalex.org/W2592101952', 'https://openalex.org/W2596925028', 'https://openalex.org/W2604382954', 'https://openalex.org/W2798900357', 'https://openalex.org/W2922100816', 'https://openalex.org/W2922679489', 'https://openalex.org/W2924066510', 'https://openalex.org/W2936969888', 'https://openalex.org/W2965915012', 'https://openalex.org/W3158394773', 'https://openalex.org/W617353587'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4253254194', 'https://openalex.org/W4230907856', 'https://openalex.org/W2904443890', 'https://openalex.org/W2808248417', 'https://openalex.org/W2748952813', 'https://openalex.org/W2129799971', 'https://openalex.org/W2128472034', 'https://openalex.org/W2057403804', 'https://openalex.org/W2019115342', 'https://openalex.org/W1975329949'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Other|': [0], 'December': [1], '01,': [2], '1998': [3], 'Prevalence': [4, 166], 'and': [5, 27, 167, 300, 347, 403, 441], 'origin': [6, 168], 'of': [7, 25, 169, 282, 345, 409, 430, 454], 'birefringence': [8, 170, 346, 386], 'in': [9, 171, 229, 288, 302, 309, 397, 427, 445], '48': [10, 172, 228], 'garnets': [11, 173, 224, 292, 356], 'from': [12, 174, 357, 379, 389, 456], 'the': [13, 175, 233, 289, 313, 328, 368, 381, 395, 428, 431, 446, 450, 467], 'pyrope-almandine-grossularite-spessartine': [14, 176], 'quaternary': [15, 234, 310], 'Anne': [16, 19, 151], 'M.': [17, 20, 152], 'Hofmeister;': [18], 'Hofmeister': [21], 'Washington': [22], 'University,': [23], 'Department': [24], 'Earth': [26], 'Planetary': [28], 'Sciences,': [29], 'Saint': [30], 'Louis,': [31], 'MO,': [32], 'United': [33], 'States': [34], 'Search': [35, 52, 69, 86, 103, 148, 201, 208, 219, 221], 'for': [36, 53, 70, 87, 104, 280, 327, 425, 438], 'other': [37, 54, 71, 88, 105], 'works': [38, 55, 72, 89, 106], 'by': [39, 56, 73, 90, 107, 449], 'this': [40, 57, 74, 91, 108, 483], 'author': [41, 58, 75, 92, 109], 'on:': [42, 59, 76, 93, 110], 'GSW': [43, 60, 77, 94, 111], 'Google': [44, 61, 78, 95, 112], 'Scholar': [45, 62, 79, 96, 113], 'Rand': [46, 49, 154], 'B.': [47, 50, 155], 'Schaal;': [48], 'Schaal': [51], 'Karla': [63, 66, 157], 'R.': [64, 67, 158], 'Campbell;': [65], 'Campbell': [68], 'Sandra': [80, 83, 160], 'L.': [81, 84, 161], 'Berry;': [82], 'Berry': [85], 'Timothy': [97, 100, 163], 'J.': [98, 101, 164], 'Fagan': [99, 102], 'American': [114, 178], 'Mineralogist': [115, 179, 218], '(1998)': [116], '83': [117, 181], '(11-12_Part_1):': [118, 182], '1293–1301.': [119, 183], 'https://doi.org/10.2138/am-1998-11-1218': [120, 185], 'Article': [121], 'history': [122], 'first': [123], 'online:': [124], '02': [125], 'Mar': [126], '2017': [127], 'Cite': [128], 'View': [129], 'This': [130, 459], 'Citation': [131, 134, 150], 'Add': [132], 'to': [133, 298, 377, 470, 482, 487], 'Manager': [135], 'Share': [136, 138], 'Icon': [137, 144], 'Facebook': [139], 'Twitter': [140], 'LinkedIn': [141], 'MailTo': [142], 'Tools': [143, 145], 'Get': [146], 'Permissions': [147], 'Site': [149], 'Hofmeister,': [153], 'Schaal,': [156], 'Campbell,': [159], 'Berry,': [162], 'Fagan;': [165], 'quaternary.': [177], '1998;;': [180], 'doi:': [184], 'Download': [186], 'citation': [187], 'file:': [188], 'Ris': [189], '(Zotero)': [190], 'Refmanager': [191], 'EasyBib': [192], 'Bookends': [193], 'Mendeley': [194], 'Papers': [195], 'EndNote': [196], 'RefWorks': [197], 'BibTex': [198], 'toolbar': [199, 204], 'search': [200, 205, 206, 214], 'Dropdown': [202], 'Menu': [203], 'input': [207, 209], 'auto': [210], 'suggest': [211], 'filter': [212], 'your': [213, 488], 'All': [215], 'ContentBy': [216], 'SocietyAmerican': [217], 'Advanced': [220], 'Abstract': [222], 'Forty': [223], 'are': [225, 275, 324, 443], 'anisotropic': [226], 'among': [227], 'a': [230, 434], 'suite': [231], 'spanning': [232], 'system': [235], 'Mg': [236, 404], '3': [237, 241, 246, 250, 255, 259, 263, 267], 'Al': [238, 247, 256, 264, 362], '2': [239, 248, 257, 265], 'Si': [240, 249, 258, 266], 'O': [242, 251, 260, 268], '12': [243, 252, 261, 269], '-': [244, 253], 'Fe': [245], 'Ca': [254, 400], '-Mn': [262], '(Py-Al-Gr-Sp).': [270], 'The': [271], 'eight': [272], 'isotropic': [273], 'specimens': [274], 'too': [276], 'thin': [277], '(>0.4': [278], 'mm)': [279], 'detection': [281], 'weak': [283], 'anisotropy.': [284], 'Birefringence': [285], '(delta': [286, 295], ')': [287, 366], 'remaining': [290], '40': [291], 'is': [293, 375, 414, 461], 'low': [294], '=': [296], '0.0001': [297], '0.0006)': [299], 'undulatory': [301], 'appearance,': [303], 'suggesting': [304], 'that': [305, 385, 394], 'most': [306], 'optical': [307], 'anomalies': [308], 'garnets,': [311], 'including': [312], 'pyrope-almandine-spessartine': [314], 'ternary,': [315], 'originate': [316], 'through': [317], 'residual': [318, 410], 'strain.': [319, 411], 'Multiple': [320], 'or': [321, 335], 'alternate': [322], 'origins': [323], 'not': [325, 415, 479], 'precluded': [326, 444], 'few': [329], 'samples': [330, 448, 455], 'with': [331], 'nearly': [332], 'uniform': [333], 'retardation': [334], 'unusual': [336], 'sector': [337], 'twinning.': [338], 'An': [339], 'inverse': [340, 382], 'correlation': [341], 'exists': [342], 'between': [343, 399], 'degree': [344], 'stresses': [348], 'encountered': [349], 'during': [350], 'tectonic': [351], 'deformation.': [352], 'That': [353], 'is,': [354], 'mantle': [355], 'kimberlites': [358], '(e.g.,': [359], 'Py': [360], '37': [361], '36': [363], 'Gr': [364], '27': [365], 'have': [367, 480, 496], 'highest': [369], 'delta': [370], 'values.': [371], 'As': [372], 'geologic': [373], 'setting': [374], 'difficult': [376], 'separate': [378], 'composition,': [380], 'trend': [383], 'suggests': [384], 'arises': [387], 'partially': [388], 'internal': [390], 'factors.': [391], 'We': [392], 'propose': [393], 'mismatch': [396], 'size': [398], '(super': [401, 405], '2+)': [402, 406], 'exacerbates': [407], 'retention': [408], 'Short-range': [412], 'ordering': [413], 'entirely': [416], 'ruled': [417], 'out,': [418], 'but': [419], 'clustering': [420], 'has': [421], 'only': [422], 'been': [423], 'inferred': [424], 'synthetics': [426], 'middle': [429], 'Py-Gr': [432], 'binary,': [433], 'composition': [435], 'range': [436], 'unknown': [437], 'natural': [439, 447], 'samples,': [440], 'domains': [442], 'recent': [451], 'X-ray': [452], 'studies': [453], 'similar': [457], 'localities.': [458], 'content': [460], 'PDF': [462, 468], 'only.': [463], 'Please': [464], 'click': [465], 'on': [466], 'icon': [469], 'access.': [471, 497], 'First': [472], 'Page': [473], 'Preview': [474], 'Close': [475], 'Modal': [476], 'You': [477], 'do': [478], 'access': [481], 'content,': [484], 'please': [485], 'speak': [486], 'institutional': [489], 'administrator': [490], 'if': [491], 'you': [492, 494], 'feel': [493], 'should': [495]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2336959482', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 3}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-19T15:06:56.138564', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}