Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2322480672', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2307/1941447', 'title': 'The Problem of Pattern and Scale in Ecology: The Robert H. MacArthur Award Lecture', 'display_name': 'The Problem of Pattern and Scale in Ecology: The Robert H. MacArthur Award Lecture', 'publication_year': 1992, 'publication_date': '1992-12-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2322480672', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2307/1941447', 'mag': '2322480672'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2307/1941447', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.2307/1941447', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S35917800', 'display_name': 'Ecology', 'issn_l': '0012-9658', 'issn': ['0012-9658', '1939-9170'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'bronze', 'oa_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.2307/1941447', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5077712228', 'display_name': 'Simon A. Levin', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8216-5639'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I20089843', 'display_name': 'Princeton University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00hx57361', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I20089843']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Simon A. Levin', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544-1003 USA,'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544-1003 USA,', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I20089843']}]}], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5077712228'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I20089843'], 'apc_list': {'value': 3600, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 3600, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 56.355, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 6448, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999627, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '73', 'issue': '6', 'first_page': '1943', 'last_page': '1967'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10005', 'display_name': 'Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Management', 'score': 0.9616, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2309', 'display_name': 'Nature and Landscape Conservation'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10005', 'display_name': 'Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Management', 'score': 0.9616, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2309', 'display_name': 'Nature and Landscape Conservation'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10643', 'display_name': 'Ecological Dynamics of Marine Environments', 'score': 0.9609, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1910', 'display_name': 'Oceanography'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10487', 'display_name': 'Impact of Pollinator Decline on Ecosystems and Agriculture', 'score': 0.9539, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1105', 'display_name': 'Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/11', 'display_name': 'Agricultural and Biological Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/community-ecology', 'display_name': 'Community Ecology', 'score': 0.528038}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/ecosystem', 'display_name': 'Ecosystem', 'score': 0.522457}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/ecosystem-resilience', 'display_name': 'Ecosystem Resilience', 'score': 0.522088}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-scales', 'display_name': 'Temporal scales', 'score': 0.50394577}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/population-ecology', 'display_name': 'Population ecology', 'score': 0.45441353}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-ecology', 'display_name': 'Systems ecology', 'score': 0.4312064}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C18903297', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150', 'display_name': 'Ecology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.7379971}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778755073', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537', 'display_name': 'Scale (ratio)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5363231}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C47559259', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778143', 'display_name': 'Biological dispersal', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.53459924}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777489503', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698936', 'display_name': 'Temporal scales', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.50394577}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C158709400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3578586', 'display_name': 'Spatial ecology', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4798205}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2908647359', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603', 'display_name': 'Population', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4576927}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C59598135', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049866', 'display_name': 'Population ecology', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.45441353}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111662179', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3076438', 'display_name': 'Systems ecology', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.4312064}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C204323151', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424', 'display_name': 'Range (aeronautics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4197815}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.30126888}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C205649164', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071', 'display_name': 'Geography', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.28785872}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C513806601', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3737629', 'display_name': 'Applied ecology', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.19935486}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.13175502}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C130217890', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041', 'display_name': 'Biodiversity', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.12771219}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C58640448', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515', 'display_name': 'Cartography', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.09388736}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C192562407', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736', 'display_name': 'Materials science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C149923435', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732', 'display_name': 'Demography', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C159985019', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790', 'display_name': 'Composite material', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2307/1941447', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.2307/1941447', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S35917800', 'display_name': 'Ecology', 'issn_l': '0012-9658', 'issn': ['0012-9658', '1939-9170'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2307/1941447', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.2307/1941447', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S35917800', 'display_name': 'Ecology', 'issn_l': '0012-9658', 'issn': ['0012-9658', '1939-9170'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.74, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14', 'display_name': 'Life below water'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 287, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W106409292', 'https://openalex.org/W129831482', 'https://openalex.org/W139512107', 'https://openalex.org/W144913852', 'https://openalex.org/W146019166', 'https://openalex.org/W1483692695', 'https://openalex.org/W1488054175', 'https://openalex.org/W1488393970', 'https://openalex.org/W1488595547', 'https://openalex.org/W1490978425', 'https://openalex.org/W1502660521', 'https://openalex.org/W1503525225', 'https://openalex.org/W1505542987', 'https://openalex.org/W1508554172', 'https://openalex.org/W1511955905', 'https://openalex.org/W1515687500', 'https://openalex.org/W1517138230', 'https://openalex.org/W1520011513', 'https://openalex.org/W152986251', 'https://openalex.org/W1531584886', 'https://openalex.org/W1543383288', 'https://openalex.org/W1543540805', 'https://openalex.org/W1549386224', 'https://openalex.org/W1555533958', 'https://openalex.org/W1558456135', 'https://openalex.org/W1558678982', 'https://openalex.org/W1565747255', 'https://openalex.org/W1576847343', 'https://openalex.org/W1583614192', 'https://openalex.org/W1585990646', 'https://openalex.org/W1597359858', 'https://openalex.org/W1604895190', 'https://openalex.org/W1608815502', 'https://openalex.org/W166875825', 'https://openalex.org/W170161335', 'https://openalex.org/W1729826386', 'https://openalex.org/W173540440', 'https://openalex.org/W189520581', 'https://openalex.org/W1920826756', 'https://openalex.org/W1936774573', 'https://openalex.org/W1964379948', 'https://openalex.org/W1965191844', 'https://openalex.org/W1965835931', 'https://openalex.org/W1966081590', 'https://openalex.org/W1966206981', 'https://openalex.org/W1966231659', 'https://openalex.org/W1966350797', 'https://openalex.org/W1966532532', 'https://openalex.org/W1966612419', 'https://openalex.org/W1967319785', 'https://openalex.org/W1968786866', 'https://openalex.org/W1969914952', 'https://openalex.org/W1969923418', 'https://openalex.org/W1970034531', 'https://openalex.org/W1970376929', 'https://openalex.org/W1970863391', 'https://openalex.org/W197276577', 'https://openalex.org/W1976540573', 'https://openalex.org/W1976683712', 'https://openalex.org/W1978370289', 'https://openalex.org/W1978439030', 'https://openalex.org/W1978948864', 'https://openalex.org/W1980661496', 'https://openalex.org/W1982802844', 'https://openalex.org/W1983096747', 'https://openalex.org/W1983633846', 'https://openalex.org/W1985720140', 'https://openalex.org/W1987290851', 'https://openalex.org/W1987297716', 'https://openalex.org/W1987570156', 'https://openalex.org/W1988240917', 'https://openalex.org/W1990437463', 'https://openalex.org/W1992615748', 'https://openalex.org/W1993584143', 'https://openalex.org/W1993749151', 'https://openalex.org/W1994719890', 'https://openalex.org/W1995687461', 'https://openalex.org/W1996305944', 'https://openalex.org/W1996670866', 'https://openalex.org/W1997910719', 'https://openalex.org/W1999058068', 'https://openalex.org/W1999550793', 'https://openalex.org/W2000704081', 'https://openalex.org/W2000902737', 'https://openalex.org/W2001454048', 'https://openalex.org/W2001845570', 'https://openalex.org/W2003273023', 'https://openalex.org/W2004761497', 'https://openalex.org/W2009597329', 'https://openalex.org/W2010710067', 'https://openalex.org/W2012824483', 'https://openalex.org/W2012926794', 'https://openalex.org/W2012986017', 'https://openalex.org/W2013501805', 'https://openalex.org/W2014467368', 'https://openalex.org/W2017337704', 'https://openalex.org/W2017402613', 'https://openalex.org/W2021468335', 'https://openalex.org/W2022751627', 'https://openalex.org/W2023553163', 'https://openalex.org/W2024637807', 'https://openalex.org/W2024873856', 'https://openalex.org/W2026572668', 'https://openalex.org/W2029900515', 'https://openalex.org/W2030284287', 'https://openalex.org/W2030877421', 'https://openalex.org/W2031413263', 'https://openalex.org/W2032602360', 'https://openalex.org/W2033940836', 'https://openalex.org/W2034284535', 'https://openalex.org/W2036974279', 'https://openalex.org/W2040199098', 'https://openalex.org/W2040766929', 'https://openalex.org/W2041132213', 'https://openalex.org/W2042110694', 'https://openalex.org/W2043147909', 'https://openalex.org/W2043357151', 'https://openalex.org/W2044175740', 'https://openalex.org/W2044918464', 'https://openalex.org/W2044985126', 'https://openalex.org/W2047493227', 'https://openalex.org/W2047880376', 'https://openalex.org/W2051895482', 'https://openalex.org/W2051915547', 'https://openalex.org/W2052131805', 'https://openalex.org/W2052983872', 'https://openalex.org/W2053150903', 'https://openalex.org/W2053861007', 'https://openalex.org/W2054637019', 'https://openalex.org/W2054743811', 'https://openalex.org/W2059280394', 'https://openalex.org/W2061652299', 'https://openalex.org/W2061805033', 'https://openalex.org/W2061867342', 'https://openalex.org/W2062178442', 'https://openalex.org/W2063272694', 'https://openalex.org/W2065132073', 'https://openalex.org/W2066347815', 'https://openalex.org/W2066666269', 'https://openalex.org/W2066697709', 'https://openalex.org/W2067324612', 'https://openalex.org/W2067813367', 'https://openalex.org/W2068757102', 'https://openalex.org/W2068814354', 'https://openalex.org/W2070136747', 'https://openalex.org/W2070982694', 'https://openalex.org/W2072663634', 'https://openalex.org/W2073701242', 'https://openalex.org/W2074095044', 'https://openalex.org/W2076490543', 'https://openalex.org/W2078421633', 'https://openalex.org/W2078535099', 'https://openalex.org/W2079949023', 'https://openalex.org/W2080943457', 'https://openalex.org/W2081192483', 'https://openalex.org/W2081229386', 'https://openalex.org/W2081757068', 'https://openalex.org/W2081776730', 'https://openalex.org/W2081999515', 'https://openalex.org/W2082850015', 'https://openalex.org/W2083219124', 'https://openalex.org/W2083433101', 'https://openalex.org/W2083769247', 'https://openalex.org/W2084409220', 'https://openalex.org/W2084935120', 'https://openalex.org/W2086053402', 'https://openalex.org/W2086165162', 'https://openalex.org/W2090037674', 'https://openalex.org/W2090293022', 'https://openalex.org/W2091818139', 'https://openalex.org/W2091885613', 'https://openalex.org/W2092157825', 'https://openalex.org/W2092987689', 'https://openalex.org/W2092989417', 'https://openalex.org/W2099422126', 'https://openalex.org/W2103425042', 'https://openalex.org/W2105950028', 'https://openalex.org/W2106837814', 'https://openalex.org/W2110798438', 'https://openalex.org/W2112803409', 'https://openalex.org/W2114181376', 'https://openalex.org/W2118069045', 'https://openalex.org/W2119259345', 'https://openalex.org/W2125437547', 'https://openalex.org/W2126455177', 'https://openalex.org/W2132145325', 'https://openalex.org/W2135234236', 'https://openalex.org/W2141088880', 'https://openalex.org/W2143375128', 'https://openalex.org/W2154790454', 'https://openalex.org/W2155515432', 'https://openalex.org/W2157503452', 'https://openalex.org/W2158683657', 'https://openalex.org/W2160207098', 'https://openalex.org/W2169806208', 'https://openalex.org/W2176022620', 'https://openalex.org/W2261336659', 'https://openalex.org/W2296900697', 'https://openalex.org/W2307072262', 'https://openalex.org/W2312451000', 'https://openalex.org/W2314060633', 'https://openalex.org/W2315386399', 'https://openalex.org/W2315990401', 'https://openalex.org/W2316178217', 'https://openalex.org/W2316863032', 'https://openalex.org/W2317865341', 'https://openalex.org/W2319160783', 'https://openalex.org/W2320732820', 'https://openalex.org/W2322480672', 'https://openalex.org/W2322847136', 'https://openalex.org/W2324630329', 'https://openalex.org/W2326626565', 'https://openalex.org/W2327126048', 'https://openalex.org/W2328856811', 'https://openalex.org/W2328947822', 'https://openalex.org/W2331136025', 'https://openalex.org/W2331203503', 'https://openalex.org/W2331245998', 'https://openalex.org/W2332014906', 'https://openalex.org/W2333695806', 'https://openalex.org/W2334731585', 'https://openalex.org/W2335663788', 'https://openalex.org/W2345274285', 'https://openalex.org/W24279246', 'https://openalex.org/W2475676390', 'https://openalex.org/W2479766333', 'https://openalex.org/W2483925676', 'https://openalex.org/W2486922495', 'https://openalex.org/W2487081141', 'https://openalex.org/W2488124948', 'https://openalex.org/W2488930111', 'https://openalex.org/W2490741937', 'https://openalex.org/W2492703958', 'https://openalex.org/W2498317673', 'https://openalex.org/W2498390348', 'https://openalex.org/W2502606480', 'https://openalex.org/W2506536256', 'https://openalex.org/W2506654496', 'https://openalex.org/W2540891886', 'https://openalex.org/W256194221', 'https://openalex.org/W2591869995', 'https://openalex.org/W2605760202', 'https://openalex.org/W2612322017', 'https://openalex.org/W2626073668', 'https://openalex.org/W2795371766', 'https://openalex.org/W283586729', 'https://openalex.org/W2892158308', 'https://openalex.org/W2971318137', 'https://openalex.org/W2981788175', 'https://openalex.org/W3003173440', 'https://openalex.org/W3036383388', 'https://openalex.org/W3137224376', 'https://openalex.org/W3149737190', 'https://openalex.org/W3166868886', 'https://openalex.org/W317026414', 'https://openalex.org/W374894223', 'https://openalex.org/W384841532', 'https://openalex.org/W392695989', 'https://openalex.org/W4205502210', 'https://openalex.org/W4230304092', 'https://openalex.org/W4230362492', 'https://openalex.org/W4230964971', 'https://openalex.org/W4232095703', 'https://openalex.org/W4241747092', 'https://openalex.org/W4243129016', 'https://openalex.org/W4244898263', 'https://openalex.org/W4245484858', 'https://openalex.org/W4248722194', 'https://openalex.org/W4248774726', 'https://openalex.org/W4249236528', 'https://openalex.org/W4249706015', 'https://openalex.org/W4253134331', 'https://openalex.org/W4255028792', 'https://openalex.org/W4285719527', 'https://openalex.org/W4291174900', 'https://openalex.org/W4298389959', 'https://openalex.org/W4299953498', 'https://openalex.org/W4300545355', 'https://openalex.org/W4388245928', 'https://openalex.org/W575704858', 'https://openalex.org/W637480730', 'https://openalex.org/W64779844', 'https://openalex.org/W64812259', 'https://openalex.org/W652070765', 'https://openalex.org/W76152643', 'https://openalex.org/W767485240', 'https://openalex.org/W88920456'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W587871353', 'https://openalex.org/W4249678454', 'https://openalex.org/W4239845313', 'https://openalex.org/W2964233976', 'https://openalex.org/W2773721044', 'https://openalex.org/W2375823105', 'https://openalex.org/W2365361152', 'https://openalex.org/W2141417058', 'https://openalex.org/W2035651628', 'https://openalex.org/W2020077787'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'It': [0, 137], 'is': [1, 10, 63, 101, 111, 223], 'argued': [2], 'that': [3, 49, 152], 'the': [4, 11, 32, 35, 45, 99, 115, 127, 131, 134, 150, 175, 193, 200, 208, 221, 234, 243, 248, 261], 'problem': [5, 13], 'of': [6, 34, 40, 47, 55, 83, 114, 130, 146, 158, 177, 211, 214, 230, 236, 245, 250], 'pattern': [7, 222, 238], 'and': [8, 19, 22, 25, 38, 58, 86, 117, 124, 133, 164, 171, 239, 247, 255, 263], 'scale': [9, 67, 216, 227, 244], 'central': [12], 'in': [14, 174, 197], 'ecology,': [15], 'unifying': [16], 'population': [17], 'biology': [18], 'ecosystems': [20], 'science,': [21], 'marrying': [23], 'basic': [24], 'applied': [26], 'ecology.': [27], 'Applied': [28], 'challenges,': [29], 'such': [30, 121, 231], 'as': [31, 122, 205], 'prediction': [33, 170], 'ecological': [36, 59, 70, 147], 'causes': [37, 163], 'consequences': [39], 'global': [41], 'climate': [42], 'change,': [43], 'require': [44], 'interfacing': [46], 'phenomena': [48, 71, 232], 'occur': [50], 'on': [51, 80, 191], 'very': [52], 'different': [53, 187], 'scales': [54, 129, 159, 188], 'space,': [56], 'time,': [57], 'organization.': [60], 'Furthermore,': [61], 'there': [62], 'no': [64], 'single': [65], 'natural': [66], 'at': [68, 186], 'which': [69, 98, 192], 'should': [72], 'be': [73, 203], 'studied;': [74], 'systems': [75], 'generally': [76], 'show': [77], 'characteristic': [78], 'variability': [79, 240], 'a': [81, 92, 95], 'range': [82, 157], 'spatial,': [84], 'temporal,': [85], 'organizational': [87], 'scales.': [88], 'The': [89, 167], 'observer': [90], 'imposes': [91], 'perceptual': [93, 128], 'bias,': [94], 'filter': [96], 'through': [97], 'system': [100], 'viewed.': [102], 'This': [103], 'has': [104, 139], 'fundamental': [105, 140], 'evolutionary': [106], 'significance,': [107], 'since': [108, 149], 'every': [109], 'organism': [110], 'an': [112], '"observer"': [113], 'environment,': [116], 'life': [118], 'history': [119], 'adaptations': [120], 'dispersal': [123], 'dormancy': [125], 'alter': [126], 'species,': [132], 'observed': [135, 180], 'variability.': [136], 'likewise': [138], 'significance': [141], 'for': [142, 252], 'our': [143], 'own': [144], 'study': [145, 235], 'systems,': [148], 'patterns': [151, 194, 201], 'are': [153, 195, 258], 'unique': [154, 162], 'to': [155, 169], 'any': [156], 'will': [160], 'have': [161], 'biological': [165], 'consequences.': [166], 'key': [168], 'understanding': [172], 'lies': [173], 'elucidation': [176], 'mechanisms': [178, 184], 'underlying': [179], 'patterns.': [181], 'Typically,': [182], 'these': [183], 'operate': [185], 'than': [189], 'those': [190], 'observed;': [196], 'some': [198], 'cases,': [199, 220], 'must': [202], 'understood': [204], 'emerging': [206], 'form': [207], 'collective': [209], 'behaviors': [210], 'large': [212], 'ensembles': [213], 'smaller': [215], 'units.': [217], 'In': [218], 'other': [219], 'imposed': [224], 'by': [225], 'larger': [226], 'constraints.': [228], 'Examination': [229], 'requires': [233], 'how': [237], 'change': [241], 'with': [242], 'description,': [246], 'development': [249], 'laws': [251], 'simplification,': [253], 'aggregation,': [254], 'scaling.': [256], 'Examples': [257], 'given': [259], 'from': [260], 'marine': [262], 'terrestrial': [264], 'literatures.': [265]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2322480672', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 136}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 218}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 234}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 291}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 292}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 321}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 274}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 217}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 276}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 256}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 271}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 262}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 244}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-13T12:59:16.754835', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}