Lipoprotein (a): Coming of Age at Last

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Joseph L. Witztum; Henry N. Ginsberg
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2311548160', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.e066985', 'title': 'Lipoprotein (a): Coming of Age at Last', 'display_name': 'Lipoprotein (a): Coming of Age at Last', 'publication_year': 2016, 'publication_date': '2016-03-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2311548160', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.e066985', 'mag': '2311548160', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26839334', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4766984'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.e066985', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S11400418', 'display_name': 'Journal of Lipid Research', 'issn_l': '0022-2275', 'issn': ['0022-2275', '1539-7262'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'doaj', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'hybrid', 'oa_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.e066985', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5037079092', 'display_name': 'Joseph L. Witztum', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5195-6614'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I36258959', 'display_name': 'University of California, San Diego', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0168r3w48', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I36258959']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Joseph L. Witztum', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I36258959']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5007048045', 'display_name': 'Henry N. Ginsberg', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4103-3592'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I78577930', 'display_name': 'Columbia University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00hj8s172', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I78577930']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Henry N. Ginsberg', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I78577930']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5037079092'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I36258959'], 'apc_list': {'value': 2500, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 2500, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': {'value': 2500, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 2500, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'fwci': 1.327, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 21, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.509466, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 91, 'max': 92}, 'biblio': {'volume': '57', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '336', 'last_page': '339'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10394', 'display_name': 'Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health', 'score': 0.9987, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2746', 'display_name': 'Surgery'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10394', 'display_name': 'Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health', 'score': 0.9987, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2746', 'display_name': 'Surgery'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12955', 'display_name': 'Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases', 'score': 0.988, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2403', 'display_name': 'Immunology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/24', 'display_name': 'Immunology and Microbiology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10308', 'display_name': 'Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research', 'score': 0.9373, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2745', 'display_name': 'Rheumatology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/lipoprotein', 'display_name': 'Lipoprotein(a)', 'score': 0.61816925}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/trait', 'display_name': 'Trait', 'score': 0.44094574}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/confusion', 'display_name': 'Confusion', 'score': 0.43518853}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62746215', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14890615', 'display_name': 'Apolipoprotein B', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6751288}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776104379', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21112670', 'display_name': 'Lipoprotein(a)', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.61816925}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780072125', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28350', 'display_name': 'Lipoprotein', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.59783995}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C147483822', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103537', 'display_name': 'Antigen', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.59729135}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C547195049', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664', 'display_name': 'Terminology', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5829356}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.48794502}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C106934330', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971873', 'display_name': 'Trait', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44094574}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781140086', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945', 'display_name': 'Confusion', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.43518853}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.3989188}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.38099486}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C203014093', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929', 'display_name': 'Immunology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.37177345}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778163477', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43656', 'display_name': 'Cholesterol', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.28401113}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.27766997}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134018914', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606', 'display_name': 'Endocrinology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.20932743}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.16308028}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.12737149}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C11171543', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630', 'display_name': 'Psychoanalysis', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.076569766}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41895202', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162', 'display_name': 'Linguistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199360897', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143', 'display_name': 'Programming language', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D017270', 'descriptor_name': 'Lipoprotein(a)', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002318', 'descriptor_name': 'Cardiovascular Diseases', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000188', 'qualifier_name': 'drug therapy', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002318', 'descriptor_name': 'Cardiovascular Diseases', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002318', 'descriptor_name': 'Cardiovascular Diseases', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D017270', 'descriptor_name': 'Lipoprotein(a)', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000737', 'qualifier_name': 'chemistry', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D017270', 'descriptor_name': 'Lipoprotein(a)', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 5, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.e066985', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S11400418', 'display_name': 'Journal of Lipid Research', 'issn_l': '0022-2275', 'issn': ['0022-2275', '1539-7262'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doaj.org/article/2bf705d40a36485aa700e6c9cc5424bb', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401280', 'display_name': 'DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4766984', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4766984?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4766984', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26839334', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.e066985', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S11400418', 'display_name': 'Journal of Lipid Research', 'issn_l': '0022-2275', 'issn': ['0022-2275', '1539-7262'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.79, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3', 'display_name': 'Good health and well-being'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 26, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1609565130', 'https://openalex.org/W1708837772', 'https://openalex.org/W1984684688', 'https://openalex.org/W1990204315', 'https://openalex.org/W2019295985', 'https://openalex.org/W2023349357', 'https://openalex.org/W2034576901', 'https://openalex.org/W2036075350', 'https://openalex.org/W2036170644', 'https://openalex.org/W2060008696', 'https://openalex.org/W2083516336', 'https://openalex.org/W2084829562', 'https://openalex.org/W2086153196', 'https://openalex.org/W2090464684', 'https://openalex.org/W2098230963', 'https://openalex.org/W2098890974', 'https://openalex.org/W2102920246', 'https://openalex.org/W2103480977', 'https://openalex.org/W2104158008', 'https://openalex.org/W2104355263', 'https://openalex.org/W2106951652', 'https://openalex.org/W2107134698', 'https://openalex.org/W2142686113', 'https://openalex.org/W2146846603', 'https://openalex.org/W66857733', 'https://openalex.org/W98619866'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4206582562', 'https://openalex.org/W2570447', 'https://openalex.org/W2228325854', 'https://openalex.org/W2184636034', 'https://openalex.org/W2102920246', 'https://openalex.org/W2093869783', 'https://openalex.org/W1978747192', 'https://openalex.org/W1965746743', 'https://openalex.org/W1964048448', 'https://openalex.org/W1551526463'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'In': [0, 1212, 1610, 2447, 2660, 2748, 2815, 2854], '1963,': [1], 'the': [2, 80, 84, 87, 95, 111, 116, 120, 125, 142, 149, 158, 164, 170, 177, 180, 221, 240, 262, 306, 321, 480, 488, 514, 526, 529, 537, 545, 550, 553, 570, 584, 593, 598, 723, 773, 782, 797, 805, 813, 818, 821, 831, 868, 918, 1017, 1038, 1109, 1113, 1118, 1134, 1177, 1181, 1218, 1250, 1274, 1328, 1407, 1443, 1501, 1509, 1657, 1707, 1711, 1720, 1725, 1799, 1857, 1951, 1988, 2041, 2072, 2091, 2259, 2277, 2289, 2302, 2403, 2410, 2428, 2450, 2458, 2484, 2509, 2517, 2533, 2537, 2541, 2544, 2563, 2625, 2651, 2661, 2673, 2727, 2754, 2758, 2800, 2804, 2811, 2827, 2836, 2842, 2863, 2882, 2887, 2920, 2945, 2980, 2987, 3012, 3025, 3036, 3043, 3050, 3071, 3077, 3089, 3102, 3107, 3128, 3146, 3154, 3166, 3173, 3184, 3197, 3199, 3203, 3217, 3227, 3231, 3239], 'geneticist': [3], 'Kare': [4, 3041], 'Berg': [5, 254, 359], 'was': [6, 34, 70, 94, 192, 212, 314, 325, 572, 714, 875, 2312, 2763, 3106], 'seeking': [7], 'to': [8, 83, 115, 138, 168, 174, 239, 349, 418, 455, 535, 574, 613, 618, 638, 780, 991, 1046, 1067, 1071, 1085, 1133, 1226, 1242, 1265, 1279, 1289, 1298, 1327, 1494, 1633, 1646, 1662, 1671, 1691, 1872, 1946, 1974, 2005, 2008, 2015, 2121, 2150, 2267, 2282, 2297, 2314, 2385, 2392, 2396, 2401, 2408, 2477, 2528, 2535, 2543, 2568, 2607, 2624, 2630, 2649, 2655, 2677, 2698, 2700, 2780, 2793, 2904, 2959, 3114, 3140, 3150, 3165, 3186, 3196, 3245], 'define': [9, 781], 'lipoprotein': [10, 127, 282, 915, 960, 1540, 1687, 2610, 3108], 'differences': [11], 'between': [12], 'individual': [13], 'human': [14, 27, 105, 451, 970, 2656], 'sera,': [15, 28], 'and': [16, 74, 86, 123, 144, 209, 249, 255, 283, 381, 389, 468, 492, 557, 729, 789, 816, 1016, 1040, 1058, 1061, 1074, 1079, 1094, 1154, 1170, 1187, 1228, 1232, 1260, 1321, 1334, 1380, 1406, 1414, 1442, 1475, 1491, 1542, 1567, 1670, 1770, 1792, 1837, 1861, 1874, 1954, 1968, 1978, 1998, 2294, 2378, 2390, 2399, 2416, 2427, 2433, 2454, 2471, 2512, 2577, 2595, 2599, 2632, 2658, 2666, 2680, 2694, 2736, 2799, 2821, 2844, 2852, 2859, 2867, 2889, 2893, 2901, 2912, 2924, 2933, 2936, 2969, 2979, 2996, 3003, 3059, 3081, 3119, 3149, 3163, 3178, 3181, 3209, 3234, 3241], 'through': [17], 'a': [18, 30, 71, 184, 206, 258, 330, 470, 508, 669, 679, 695, 703, 719, 791, 876, 963, 1031, 1103, 1121, 1127, 1143, 1195, 1344, 1362, 1468, 1489, 1635, 1673, 1866, 1876, 1892, 1918, 1993, 2021, 2054, 2183, 2284, 2349, 2463, 2487, 2502, 2647, 2687, 2741, 2764, 2816, 2879, 2916, 2941, 3021, 3142], 'simple': [19], 'but': [20, 338, 997], 'ingenious': [21], 'set': [22, 2465], 'of': [23, 26, 119, 148, 151, 155, 161, 166, 179, 186, 220, 261, 308, 362, 383, 411, 450, 473, 517, 528, 531, 568, 592, 603, 641, 662, 672, 807, 837, 878, 912, 920, 959, 966, 1004, 1034, 1042, 1069, 1123, 1130, 1183, 1301, 1347, 1359, 1365, 1374, 1409, 1445, 1450, 1470, 1570, 1638, 1656, 1660, 1710, 1794, 1839, 1869, 1940, 1948, 1999, 2013, 2030, 2038, 2043, 2074, 2082, 2087, 2132, 2186, 2232, 2261, 2291, 2304, 2405, 2423, 2431, 2445, 2449, 2466, 2468, 2474, 2486, 2494, 2501, 2504, 2516, 2525, 2565, 2575, 2604, 2653, 2675, 2683, 2690, 2704, 2729, 2813, 2835, 2838, 2865, 2881, 2884, 2891, 2947, 2983, 2990, 3028, 3038, 3052, 3079, 3091, 3110, 3145, 3175, 3205, 3230], 'immunological': [24], 'investigations': [25], 'discovered': [29, 3097], 'new': [31, 44, 68, 121, 471, 523, 2425, 2455, 2488, 3117, 3120], 'antigen': [32, 69, 122, 171], 'that': [33, 66, 99, 202, 242, 319, 327, 414, 479, 493, 512, 580, 722, 799, 823, 870, 993, 1044, 1220, 1235, 1283, 1330, 1482, 1505, 1589, 1621, 1719, 1882, 1944, 1990, 2050, 2093, 2271, 2287, 2307, 2436, 2439, 2640, 2756, 2761, 2806, 2847, 2870, 2926, 3104, 3112, 3193, 3211], 'associated': [35, 685, 706, 829, 1316, 1537, 1623, 2413, 2992], 'with': [36, 157, 267, 272, 287, 310, 668, 678, 686, 694, 702, 707, 804, 830, 999, 1010, 1180, 1209, 1317, 1376, 1497, 1538, 1592, 1624, 1738, 1767, 2129, 2176, 2236, 2414, 2571, 2964, 2993, 3020], 'low': [37], 'density': [38], 'lipoproteins': [39, 874], '(LDL)': [40], '(1Berg': [41], 'K.': [42, 216, 276, 360, 1900], 'A': [43], 'serum': [45], 'type': [46], 'system': [47], 'in': [48, 90, 104, 141, 265, 285, 367, 385, 475, 502, 540, 576, 644, 718, 790, 809, 909, 969, 1014, 1091, 1100, 1199, 1203, 1257, 1310, 1341, 1349, 1654, 1667, 1798, 1950, 1964, 1997, 2040, 2085, 2126, 2174, 2191, 2234, 2264, 2318, 2322, 2371, 2452, 2457, 2520, 2551, 2558, 2613, 2637, 2646, 2672, 2706, 2720, 2731, 2745, 2773, 2826, 2850, 2957, 2962, 2976, 2985, 3031, 3127, 3207], 'man–the': [49], 'LP': [50, 222], 'system.Acta': [51, 223], 'Pathol.': [52], 'Microbiol.': [53], 'Scand.': [54], '1963;': [55, 227], '59:': [56], '369-382Crossref': [57], 'PubMed': [58, 295, 374, 427, 460, 650, 767, 861, 930, 982, 1420, 1462, 1551, 1576, 1605, 1701, 1779, 1808, 1850, 1929, 2143, 2202, 2251, 2364], 'Scopus': [59, 296, 375, 428, 461, 651, 768, 862, 931, 983, 1421, 1463, 1552, 1577, 1606, 1702, 1780, 1809, 1851, 1930, 2144, 2203, 2252, 2365], '(1044)': [60], 'Google': [61, 230, 298, 377, 430, 463, 653, 770, 864, 933, 985, 1423, 1465, 1554, 1579, 1608, 1704, 1782, 1811, 1853, 1932, 2146, 2205, 2254, 2367], 'Scholar).': [62, 231, 299, 378, 654, 771, 865, 986, 1466, 1609, 1854, 1933, 2368], 'He': [63], 'shortly': [64], 'showed': [65, 478], 'this': [67, 93, 210, 1047, 1214, 1742, 1941, 2051, 2372, 2421, 2552, 2559, 2580, 2617, 2796, 3032, 3222, 3249], 'genetic': [72, 207, 1729, 2765, 2845], 'trait': [73], 'proposed': [75, 1881], 'it': [76, 129, 324, 415, 494, 713, 988, 1021, 1137, 1159, 1331], 'be': [77, 1086, 1262, 1299, 1634, 1972, 2095, 2283, 2315, 2397, 2645, 2718, 2905, 3133], 'called': [78], 'Lp(a):': [79], 'Lp': [81], 'referring': [82], 'lipoprotein,': [85], 'small': [88, 670, 720], '"a"': [89, 167], 'brackets': [91], 'as': [92, 108, 128, 195, 205, 250, 252, 505, 507, 609, 611, 962, 998, 1102, 1142, 1194, 1613, 1917, 2103, 3049, 3062, 3084, 3093, 3095], 'accepted': [96], 'terminology': [97, 134, 182], 'at': [98, 1205, 1269, 1957, 2057, 2238, 2442, 2496, 2546, 2641, 3188], 'time': [100], 'for': [101, 302, 336, 597, 757, 888, 1117, 1500, 1614, 1732, 2010, 2023, 2071, 2241, 2276, 2579, 2713, 2768, 2784, 2802, 2951, 3085, 3100, 3122], 'naming': [102], 'antigens': [103], 'immunogenetics.': [106], 'Thus,': [107, 655], 'originally': [109], 'intended,': [110], 'term': [112], 'Lp(a)': [113, 126, 203, 281, 304, 309, 328, 344, 363, 542, 677, 701, 710, 727, 786, 871, 994, 1005, 1008, 1043, 1077, 1101, 1115, 1193, 1230, 1281, 1304, 1350, 1375, 1503, 1512, 1539, 1628, 1631, 1661, 1686, 1870, 1883, 1960, 1991, 2017, 2024, 2039, 2086, 2320, 2407, 2440, 2459, 2475, 2521, 2530, 2538, 2635, 2654, 2705, 2730, 2762, 2808, 2849, 2872, 2892, 2908, 2928, 2961, 2974, 2984, 3017, 3039, 3044, 3105, 3147, 3167, 3176, 3206, 3232], 'referred': [114], 'antigenic': [117], 'structure': [118, 2888], 'not': [124, 1139, 1191, 1246, 1255, 1336, 2002, 2026, 2065], 'is': [130, 416, 453, 636, 684, 989, 1063, 1082, 1138, 1282, 1285, 1296, 1315, 1332, 1723, 1992, 2263, 2419, 2441, 2556, 2585, 2600, 2620, 2899, 2953, 3009], 'used': [131, 1675, 2956], 'today.': [132], 'This': [133, 1353, 2481, 2583, 2716], 'has': [135, 595, 1215, 1322, 1351, 1354, 1880, 2064, 2532, 3046], 'subsequently': [136], 'led': [137, 238, 2753], 'much': [139, 1084, 1665, 1969], 'confusion': [140], 'literature': [143], 'among': [145, 872, 1126, 1147], 'clinicians': [146, 1277], 'because': [147], 'similarity': [150], '"apolipoprotein': [152, 159], 'A"': [153], '(apoA-I': [154], 'HDL)': [156], '(a)"': [160], 'Lp(a).': [162, 476, 2300], 'However,': [163, 1340, 1959, 2275], 'use': [165, 1314, 2303], 'describe': [169, 2562], 'protein': [172], 'linked': [173, 1066], 'LDL': [175, 832, 1070, 2948], 'predated': [176], 'development': [178, 2524, 2564, 2619, 2812], 'apolipoprotein': [181, 481, 2122, 2605], 'by': [183, 320, 387, 559, 784, 1019, 1357, 1360, 1617, 1676, 2273, 2514, 2587, 2722, 2733, 3015, 3040, 3054, 3098, 3134], 'number': [185, 600, 640, 754], 'years.': [187, 3218], "Berg's": [188], 'very': [189], 'first': [190, 2278, 2549], 'paper': [191], 'remarkably': [193], 'prescient,': [194], 'he': [196], 'already': [197], 'described': [198], 'family': [199], 'studies': [200, 778, 1093, 1452, 1473, 1485, 1740, 2825], 'showing': [201], 'behaved': [204], 'trait,': [208], 'work': [211, 233, 521], 'rapidly': [213], 'extended': [214], '(2Berg': [215], 'Mohr': [217], 'J.': [218, 900, 904, 1403, 1439, 1546, 1696, 1774, 1902, 1925, 2246], 'Genetics': [219], 'Genet.': [224, 291, 370], 'Stat.': [225], 'Med.': [226, 1547, 1697, 1775, 2247], '13:': [228], '349-360PubMed': [229], 'Early': [232], 'using': [234], 'relatively': [235, 347, 2079], 'insensitive': [236], 'techniques': [237, 301], 'concept': [241], 'people': [243], 'were': [244, 346, 2025], 'either': [245, 350], 'Lp(a)+': [246, 263], 'or': [247, 354, 834, 1151, 1208, 1238, 1307, 2099, 2207, 2237, 2268], 'Lp(a)−': [248], 'early': [251], '1974,': [253], 'colleagues': [256, 390, 2860, 2913], 'reported': [257], 'higher': [259, 2058], 'frequency': [260], 'phenotype': [264], 'patients': [266, 286, 2075, 2190, 2235], 'coronary': [268, 288, 758, 922, 1381, 1410, 1543, 2242], 'heart': [269, 289, 759, 1411, 2243], 'disease': [270, 312, 2978], 'compared': [271], 'healthy': [273], 'controls': [274], '(3Berg': [275], 'Dahlen': [277], 'G.': [278, 749, 1745, 2161], 'Frick': [279], 'M.H.': [280], 'pre-beta1-lipoprotein': [284], 'disease.Clin.': [290, 369], '1974;': [292], '6:': [293], '230-235Crossref': [294], '(265)': [297], 'As': [300, 1984, 3156], 'measuring': [303, 1192], 'improved,': [305], 'association': [307, 1472, 1743], 'cardiovascular': [311, 1919, 2746], '(CVD)': [313], 'more': [315, 589, 849, 1309, 2187, 2376], 'fully': [316], 'developed,': [317], 'so': [318, 1000, 3063], 'late': [322], '1980s': [323], 'clear': [326], 'represented': [329], 'highly': [331, 2316], 'prevalent': [332], 'inherited': [333], 'risk': [334, 342, 731, 756, 1105, 1145, 1197, 1207, 1408, 1444, 1496, 1569, 1693, 1730, 1793, 1894, 1920, 1995, 2240, 2412, 2766, 2989], 'factor': [335, 1106, 1146, 1198, 1731, 1996, 2744, 2767], 'CVD,': [337], 'unlike': [339], 'most': [340, 656, 1119, 1148, 1251, 1727], 'classical': [341], 'factors,': [343, 504], 'levels': [345, 728, 1241, 1305, 1871, 1961, 2018, 2321, 2531, 2612, 2636], 'unresponsive': [348], 'diet,': [351], 'environmental': [352, 2868], 'variables,': [353], 'available': [355, 1256], 'drugs': [356], '(4Djurovic': [357], 'S.': [358, 737, 892, 950, 1384, 1386, 1426, 1435, 1437, 1527, 1529, 1533, 1685, 1759, 2116, 2213, 2325], 'Epidemiology': [361], 'lipoprotein:': [364], 'its': [365, 645, 824, 889, 1056, 1163, 1168, 1174, 1313], 'role': [366, 806, 2728, 2946, 2982, 3027, 3204], 'atherosclerotic/thrombotic': [368], '1997;': [371], '52:': [372], '281-292Crossref': [373], '(68)': [376], 'The': [379, 665, 2523, 2548, 2628], 'cloning': [380, 3090], 'sequencing': [382], 'apo(a)': [384, 621, 660, 666, 681, 692, 800, 838, 1064, 2569], '1987': [386], 'Lawn': [388, 403, 446, 631], '(5Eaton': [391], 'D.L.': [392, 439, 630], 'Fless': [393, 442], 'G.M.': [394, 443, 1755], 'Kohr': [395], 'W.J.': [396, 437], 'McLean': [397], 'J.W.': [398, 433, 1826], 'Xu': [399], 'Q.T.': [400], 'Miller': [401, 901, 943], 'C.G.': [402], 'R.M.': [404, 447, 632, 952], 'Scanu': [405, 444], 'A.M.': [406, 445, 2221], 'Partial': [407], 'amino': [408], 'acid': [409], 'sequence': [410, 449], 'apolipoprotein(a)': [412, 452], 'shows': [413], 'homologous': [417, 454], 'plasminogen.Proc.': [419], 'Natl.': [420], 'Acad.': [421], 'Sci.': [422], 'USA.': [423], '1987;': [424, 457], '84:': [425], '3224-3228Crossref': [426], '(353)': [429], 'Scholar,': [431, 934, 1424, 1555, 1580, 1783, 1812], '6McLean': [432], 'Tomlinson': [434], 'J.E.': [435], 'Kuang': [436], 'Eaton': [438, 629], 'Chen': [440], 'E.Y.': [441], 'cDNA': [448], 'plasminogen.Nature.': [456], '330:': [458], '132-137Crossref': [459], '(1594)': [462], 'Scholar)': [464, 2255], 'revealed': [465, 1718], 'many': [466, 1001, 3055, 3200], 'surprises': [467], 'kindled': [469], 'burst': [472], 'interest': [474, 1099, 1348, 2453], 'They': [477], '(a)': [482, 2606, 2611], 'gene,': [483, 552], 'termed': [484, 565], 'LPA,': [485, 532], 'evolved': [486], 'from': [487, 549, 608, 1096, 1217, 2540, 2778, 2930], 'plasminogen': [489, 808], '(PLG)': [490], 'gene': [491, 1722], 'contained': [495], 'multiple': [496, 577], 'so-called': [497], 'kringle': [498, 751], '(K)': [499], 'domains': [500], 'common': [501], 'coagulation': [503, 1012, 2732], 'well': [506, 1247, 3094], 'mutated': [509], 'protease': [510], 'domain': [511], 'lacked': [513], 'proteolytic': [515], 'activity': [516], 'plasmin.': [518], 'Their': [519], 'seminal': [520, 2759], 'provided': [522, 1651], 'insights': [524, 1095, 3118], 'into': [525, 561, 3153, 3248], 'complexity': [527], 'genetics': [530, 2885], 'which': [533, 605, 683, 785, 1020, 1368, 2555, 3016], 'helped': [534], 'explain': [536], 'widespread': [538, 2011], 'variation': [539, 601], 'plasma': [541, 688, 709, 910, 1303, 1627, 2299, 2609], 'levels.': [543, 711, 1175, 1293, 2873], 'Among': [544], 'various': [546, 2127], 'Ks': [547], 'derived': [548], 'PLG': [551], 'KIV': [554], 'had': [555], 'expanded': [556], 'diversified': [558], 'mutation': [560], '10': [562], 'different': [563, 619, 663, 1965], 'types': [564], 'KIV1–10.': [566], 'One': [567], 'these,': [569], 'KIV-2,': [571, 604], 'found': [573], 'exist': [575], 'copies': [578], 'such': [579, 1050, 1611, 2102], 'few': [581, 610, 775], 'individuals': [582, 657], 'have': [583, 1369, 1650, 1717, 2016, 2034, 2670, 2701, 2830, 3161, 3212], 'same': [585], 'two': [586, 659, 3157], 'alleles.': [587], 'Indeed': [588], 'than': [590, 851, 1596, 1682, 2188, 2270], '95%': [591], 'population': [594, 721, 2829], 'heterozygosity': [596], 'copy': [599], '(CNV)': [602], 'can': [606, 2077, 2094, 2256, 2383], 'vary': [607, 1962], '3': [612], '>': [614], '40': [615, 1451], 'copies,': [616], 'leading': [617], 'sized': [620], 'proteins': [622, 661], '(7Koschinsky': [623], 'M.L.': [624, 847], 'Beisiegel': [625], 'U.': [626], 'Henne-Bruns': [627], 'D.': [628, 747, 1433, 2165], 'Apolipoprotein(a)': [633, 750, 1440], 'size': [634], 'heterogeneity': [635], 'related': [637], 'variable': [639], 'repeat': [642, 753], 'sequences': [643], 'mRNA.Biochemistry.': [646], '1990;': [647], '29:': [648], '640-644Crossref': [649], '(123)': [652, 1607], 'generate': [658], 'size.': [664], 'allele': [667, 693], 'CNV': [671, 697, 725], 'KIV-2': [673, 724], 'will': [674, 698, 1971, 2499, 2561, 2685, 2717, 2770, 2789, 2840, 2861, 2876, 2896, 2914, 2939, 2972, 3006, 3132, 3138, 3194, 3225, 3235], 'yield': [675, 699], 'an': [676, 691, 700, 2118, 2572, 2621, 2723], 'shorter': [680], 'protein,': [682], 'high': [687, 696, 1206, 1652, 2080, 2239], 'levels,': [689, 1231, 1629], 'while': [690], 'longer': [704], 'apo(a),': [705, 3092], 'lower': [708, 1291, 2298, 2529, 2608, 2634, 2960], 'Indeed,': [712, 987, 1028, 1640, 2028], 'shown': [715, 1371, 2313], 'soon': [716], 'after': [717, 853], 'predicts': [726, 755], 'CVD': [730, 1104, 1144, 1338, 1495, 1663, 1873, 2059, 2415, 2851, 2991, 3208], '(8Kraft': [732], 'H.G.': [733], 'Lingenhel': [734], 'A.': [735, 743, 938, 940, 1393, 1428, 1523, 1559, 1584, 1787, 1830, 1912], 'Kochl': [736], 'Hoppichler': [738], 'F.': [739, 741, 1904], 'Kronenberg': [740], 'Abe': [742], 'Muhlberger': [744], 'V.': [745], 'Schonitzer': [746], 'Utermann': [748, 2875], 'IV': [752], 'disease.Arterioscler.': [760], 'Thromb.': [761, 1599, 2137], 'Vasc.': [762, 1600, 2138], 'Biol.': [763, 1601, 2139], '1996;': [764], '16:': [765], '713-719Crossref': [766], '(210)': [769], 'Over': [772], 'next': [774, 2510], 'decades,': [776], 'extensive': [777], 'undertook': [779], 'mechanisms': [783, 1018, 3014], 'promoted': [787], 'atherosclerosis,': [788], 'broad': [792], 'sense': [793], 'these': [794, 1641], 'focused': [795], 'on': [796, 812, 817, 820, 827, 1856, 1935, 2726, 2795, 2886, 2918, 2944, 3024, 3202], 'possibility': [798, 822, 2629], 'might': [801, 2809], 'somehow': [802], 'interfere': [803], 'promoting': [810], 'fibrinolysis': [811], 'one': [814, 2048], 'hand,': [815], 'other,': [819], 'atherogenicity': [825, 890], 'depended': [826], 'properties': [828, 836, 1013], 'moiety': [833], 'proatherogenic': [835], 'itself': [839, 2000], '(9Dubé': [840], 'J.B.': [841], 'Boffa': [842, 2735], 'M.B.': [843], 'Hegele': [844], 'R.A.': [845], 'Koschinsky': [846], 'Lipoprotein(a):': [848], 'interesting': [850], 'ever': [852], '50': [854], 'years.Curr.': [855], 'Opin.': [856], 'Lipidol.': [857], '2012;': [858, 1602], '23:': [859], '133-140Crossref': [860], '(95)': [863], 'More': [866], 'recently,': [867], 'discovery': [869, 3037], 'all': [873, 2919], 'carrier': [877, 965, 3109], 'proinflammatory': [879], 'oxidized': [880, 913, 967, 3029], 'phospholipids': [881, 968, 3030], '(OxPLs)': [882], 'added': [883], 'yet': [884], 'another': [885], 'possible': [886, 2429, 2981], 'explanation': [887], '(10Tsimikas': [891], 'Bergmark': [893], 'C.': [894, 936, 1818], 'Beyer': [895], 'R.W.': [896], 'Patel': [897], 'R.': [898, 1399, 1515, 1561, 1814, 2169], 'Pattison': [899], 'E.': [902, 942, 1391, 1431, 2114], 'Juliano': [903], 'Witztum': [905, 2111, 3005], 'J.L.': [906, 2112, 2337], 'Temporal': [907], 'increases': [908], 'markers': [911], 'low-density': [914], 'strongly': [916], 'reflect': [917], 'presence': [919], 'acute': [921], 'syndromes.J.': [923], 'Am.': [924, 1456, 1802, 1844, 2196], 'Coll.': [925, 1457, 1803, 1845, 2197], 'Cardiol.': [926, 1458, 1804, 1846, 2198], '2003;': [927], '41:': [928], '360-370Crossref': [929], '(315)': [932], '11Bergmark': [935], 'Dewan': [937], 'Orsoni': [939], 'Merki': [941], 'E.R.': [944], 'Shin': [945], 'M.J.': [946, 954, 1761, 1898, 2159, 2333], 'Binder': [947], 'C.J.': [948], 'Horkko': [949], 'Krauss': [951], 'Chapman': [953, 1897], 'et': [955, 1534, 1764, 1833, 1915, 2172, 2230, 2344], 'al.A': [956], 'novel': [957, 2781], 'function': [958, 2890], '[a]': [961], 'preferential': [964], 'plasma.J.': [971], 'Lipid': [972], 'Res.': [973], '2008;': [974], '49:': [975], '2230-2239Abstract': [976], 'Full': [977, 979, 2359, 2361], 'Text': [978, 980, 2360, 2362], 'PDF': [981, 2363], '(232)': [984], 'popular': [990], 'say': [992], 'promotes': [995, 1022, 3018], '"atherothrombosis,"': [996], 'other': [1002], 'aspects': [1003, 2473], 'biology,': [1006], 'whether': [1007], 'interferes': [1009], 'normal': [1011], 'vivo': [1015], 'atherosclerosis': [1023], 'are': [1024, 1030, 1162, 1190, 1222, 1245, 1254, 1486, 1506, 1622, 1679, 1956, 2089, 2693, 3067, 3170, 3220], 'still': [1025], 'unresolved': [1026], 'issues.': [1027], 'there': [1029, 1221, 1284, 2063, 2280, 3066], 'whole': [1032], 'host': [1033], 'fundamental': [1035, 1051], 'questions': [1036, 1052], 'regarding': [1037], 'biology': [1039, 2476, 2657], 'metabolism': [1041, 1078, 2975], 'remain': [1045], 'day': [1048], 'unanswered,': [1049], 'as:': [1053], 'what': [1054, 1075, 1158, 1161, 1166, 1171, 2898, 2902, 3008, 3087], 'governs': [1055, 1076], 'synthesis': [1057], 'regulation,': [1059], 'how': [1060], 'where': [1062, 1479, 2691, 2695], 'covalently': [1065], 'apoB-100': [1068], 'form': [1072], 'Lp(a),': [1073, 2258, 2684, 2839], 'clearance.': [1080], 'There': [1081], 'indeed': [1083], 'learned.': [1087], 'Despite': [1088], 'ongoing': [1089], 'advances': [1090], 'epidemiological': [1092, 1366, 1484], 'mechanistic': [1097], 'studies,': [1098, 1367, 1478, 1612], 'waned': [1107], 'until': [1108], 'recent': [1110, 1342, 1715], 'decade.': [1111], 'Since': [1112], '1990s,': [1114], 'remained': [1116], 'part': [1120], 'focus': [1122], 'academic': [1124], 'study': [1125], 'limited': [1128], 'cohort': [1129], 'investigators.': [1131, 1713], 'Even': [1132], 'present': [1135, 2686, 2771, 2878, 2915, 2940], 'time,': [1136, 2279], 'widely': [1140, 2955], 'known': [1141, 1297, 2900, 3010], 'cardiologists,': [1149, 1188], 'clinicians,': [1150], 'even': [1152, 1155, 1202, 1308, 1987, 2046, 2070, 2375], 'endocrinologists,': [1153], 'fewer': [1156], 'understand': [1157], 'is,': [1160], 'metabolic': [1164], 'properties,': [1165], 'regulates': [1167], 'genetics,': [1169], 'factors': [1172, 2869], 'govern': [1173], 'At': [1176], 'clinical': [1178, 2394, 2472, 2714, 3179, 3191], 'level,': [1179], 'exception': [1182], 'some': [1184, 1311, 2515], 'dedicated': [1185], 'lipidologists': [1186], 'physicians': [1189], 'cardiac': [1196], 'their': [1200, 2707], 'patients,': [1201, 1312], 'those': [1204, 2963, 3074, 3096], 'established': [1210], 'CVD.': [1211, 1639, 2966], 'part,': [1213, 1252], 'stemmed': [1216], 'fact': [1219], 'no': [1223, 1286], 'standardized': [1224, 2681], 'ways': [1225], 'measure': [1227, 1280], 'report': [1229], 'cut': [1233], 'points': [1234], 'represent': [1236], '"normal"': [1237], 'sufficiently': [1239, 2388], 'elevated': [1240, 1292, 1565, 1626, 1630], 'require': [1243], 'treatment': [1244], 'defined.': [1248], 'For': [1249], 'measurements': [1253, 1977, 2682, 2703, 2712], 'routine': [1258], 'laboratories': [1259, 1268], 'must': [1261], 'sent': [1263], 'away': [1264], 'specialty': [1266], 'referral': [1267], 'considerable': [1270, 1318], 'expense.': [1271], 'Most': [1272], 'likely,': [1273], 'primary': [1275], 'reason': [1276], 'fail': [1278], 'specific': [1287, 2067, 2293, 2389, 2432, 2679], 'therapy': [1288, 2022, 2068, 2296, 2306, 2346, 2435, 2527, 2567], 'substantially': [1290, 2631], 'Although': [1294, 2097], 'niacin': [1295], 'capable': [1300], 'lowering': [1302, 2262, 2406, 2807], '25–40%': [1306, 2088], 'side': [1319], 'effects': [1320], 'been': [1323, 1355, 2066, 2671, 3213], 'greatly': [1324, 2831], 'restricted': [1325], 'due': [1326], 'perception': [1329], 'unsafe': [1333], 'does': [1335], 'reduce': [1337, 2257], 'risk.': [1339, 1958, 2060], 'years': [1343], 'remarkable': [1345], 'resurgence': [1346], 'occurred.': [1352], 'fueled': [1356], 'meta-analyses': [1358], 'now': [1361, 2062, 2954], 'large': [1363, 1648], 'body': [1364], 'consistently': [1370], 'modest': [1372], 'associations': [1373, 1766], 'nonfatal': [1377], 'myocardial': [1378, 1571], 'infarction': [1379], 'death': [1382], '(12Erqou': [1383], 'Kaptoge': [1385, 1434], 'Perry': [1387], 'P.L.': [1388], 'Di': [1389, 1429], 'Angelantonio': [1390, 1430], 'Thompson': [1392, 1400, 1427], 'White': [1394], 'I.R.': [1395], 'Marcovina': [1396, 1436, 2340, 2665], 'S.M.': [1397, 2171, 2341], 'Collins': [1398], 'S.G.': [1401, 2329], 'Danesh': [1402, 1438], 'Lipoprotein(a)': [1404], 'concentration': [1405], 'disease,': [1412], 'stroke,': [1413], 'nonvascular': [1415], 'mortality.JAMA.': [1416], '2009;': [1417, 1548, 1573, 1698], '302:': [1418], '412-423Crossref': [1419], '(1156)': [1422], '13Erqou': [1425], 'Saleheen': [1432], 'isoforms': [1441], 'vascular': [1446], 'disease:': [1447, 2777], 'systematic': [1448], 'review': [1449, 2574, 2788, 2841, 2880, 2897, 2917, 2973, 3007], 'involving': [1453], '58,000': [1454], 'participants.J.': [1455], '2010;': [1459, 1926, 2248], '55:': [1460], '2160-2167Crossref': [1461], '(247)': [1464], 'Moreover,': [1467, 1714], 'series': [1469, 3131], 'genome-wide': [1471], '(GWASs)': [1474], 'Mendelian': [1476, 1862], 'randomization': [1477, 1863], 'confounding': [1480], 'variables': [1481], 'limit': [1483], 'minimized,': [1487], 'show': [1488], 'linear': [1490], 'potent': [1492], 'relationship': [1493, 1659, 1868], 'odds': [1498], 'ratios': [1499], 'highest': [1502], 'values': [1504, 1513, 1884], '3-fold': [1507], 'above': [1508, 1885], 'lowest': [1510], 'reference': [1511], '(14Clarke': [1514], 'Peden': [1516], 'J.F.': [1517], 'Hopewell': [1518, 2968], 'J.C.': [1519], 'Kyriakou': [1520], 'T.': [1521], 'Goel': [1522], 'Heath': [1524], 'S.C.': [1525], 'Parish': [1526], 'Barlera': [1528], 'Franzosi': [1530], 'M.G.': [1531], 'Rust': [1532], 'al.Genetic': [1535, 1765], 'variants': [1536], 'level': [1541], 'disease.N.': [1544, 2244], 'Engl.': [1545, 1695, 1773, 2245], '361:': [1549, 1699], '2518-2528Crossref': [1550], '(1031)': [1553], '15Kamstrup': [1556], 'P.R.': [1557, 1582, 1785], 'Tybjaerg-Hansen': [1558, 1583, 1786], 'Steffensen': [1560], 'Nordestgaard': [1562, 1585, 1788, 2820], 'B.G.': [1563, 1586, 1789, 1896], 'Genetically': [1564], 'lipoprotein(a)': [1566, 1590, 1791, 2125, 2175], 'increased': [1568], 'infarction.JAMA.': [1572], '301:': [1574], '2331-2339Crossref': [1575], '(859)': [1578], '16Kamstrup': [1581], 'Genetic': [1587], 'evidence': [1588, 2846], 'associates': [1591], 'atherosclerotic': [1593], 'stenosis': [1594, 1736, 1797], 'rather': [1595], 'venous': [1597], 'thrombosis.Arterioscler.': [1598], '32:': [1603], '1732-1741Crossref': [1604], 'example,': [1615, 2952, 3086, 3101], 'reflected': [1616], 'single': [1618, 1726], 'nucleotide': [1619], 'polymorphisms': [1620], 'life-long': [1625], 'appears': [1632, 2281], 'key': [1636, 3068], 'driver': [1637], 'modern,': [1642], 'high-throughput': [1643], 'assays': [1644], 'applied': [1645], 'exceedingly': [1647], 'populations': [1649, 1949, 1967, 2128], 'confidence': [1653], 'observations': [1655], 'strong': [1658, 1708], 'made': [1664, 2757], 'earlier': [1666, 1712], 'smaller': [1668], 'populations,': [1669], 'borrow': [1672], 'phrase': [1674], 'Sekar': [1677], 'Kathiresan,': [1678], '"more': [1680], "'redux'": [1681], 'new"': [1683], '(17Kathiresan': [1684], 'redux–from': [1688], 'curious': [1689], 'molecule': [1690], 'causal': [1692, 1867], 'factor.N.': [1694], '2573-2574Crossref': [1700], '(16)': [1703], 'Scholar),': [1705, 2147, 2206], 'reflecting': [1706], 'scholarship': [1709], 'GWASs': [1716], 'LPA': [1721, 2310], 'also': [1724], 'powerful': [1728], 'calcific': [1733, 2774], 'aortic': [1734, 1771, 1795, 2775, 2785], 'valve': [1735, 1796, 2776], '(CAVS),': [1737], 'ever-new': [1739], 'confirming': [1741], '(18Thanassoulis': [1744], 'Campbell': [1746], 'C.Y.': [1747], 'Owens': [1748], 'D.S.': [1749], 'Smith': [1750, 1752], 'J.G.': [1751, 1824], 'A.V.': [1753], 'Peloso': [1754], 'Kerr': [1756], 'K.F.': [1757], 'Pechlivanis': [1758], 'Budoff': [1760], 'Harris': [1762], 'T.B.': [1763, 2229], 'valvular': [1768], 'calcification': [1769], 'stenosis.N.': [1772], '2013;': [1776], '368:': [1777], '503-512Crossref': [1778], '(626)': [1781], '19Kamstrup': [1784], 'Elevated': [1790], 'general': [1800, 2265], 'population.J.': [1801], '2014;': [1805, 2199], '63:': [1806, 2200], '470-477Crossref': [1807], '(351)': [1810], '20Capoulade': [1813], 'Chan': [1815], 'K.L.': [1816], 'Yeang': [1817], 'Mathieu': [1819], 'P.': [1820, 1910, 2227], 'Bosse': [1821], 'Y.': [1822], 'Dumesnil': [1823], 'Tam': [1825], 'Teo': [1827], 'K.K.': [1828], 'Mahmut': [1829], 'Yang': [1831, 2338], 'X.': [1832], 'al.Oxidized': [1834], 'Phospholipids,': [1835], 'Lipoprotein(a),': [1836], 'Progression': [1838], 'Calcific': [1840], 'Aortic': [1841], 'Valve': [1842], 'Stenosis.J.': [1843], '2015;': [1847, 2140, 2356], '66:': [1848], '1236-1246Crossref': [1849], '(239)': [1852], 'Based': [1855, 1934], 'emerging': [1858, 3026], 'epidemiological,': [1859], 'GWAS,': [1860], 'data': [1864, 2426], 'supporting': [1865], 'CAVS,': [1875, 2769], 'European': [1877], 'consensus': [1878], 'panel': [1879], '∼50': [1886], 'mg/dl': [1887], '(or': [1888], '125': [1889], 'nmol/L)': [1890], 'pose': [1891], 'major': [1893, 1994], '(21Nordestgaard': [1895], 'Ray': [1899], 'Boren': [1901], 'Andreotti': [1903], 'Watts': [1905], 'G.F.': [1906], 'Ginsberg': [1907, 2895], 'H.': [1908, 2163], 'Amarenco': [1909], 'Catapano': [1911, 2109], 'Descamps': [1913], 'O.S.': [1914], 'al.Lipoprotein(a)': [1916], 'factor:': [1921], 'current': [1922], 'status.Eur.': [1923], 'Heart': [1924], '31:': [1927], '2844-2853Crossref': [1928], '(1255)': [1931], 'preliminary': [1936], 'prevalence': [1937], 'data,': [1938], 'adoption': [1939, 2012], 'cutoff': [1942, 1982], 'indicates': [1943], 'up': [1945, 2792], '20%': [1947], 'United': [1952], 'States': [1953], 'Europe': [1955], 'considerably': [1963], 'ethnic': [1966, 1980], 'effort': [1970], 'required': [1973], 'both': [1975, 2292, 2469, 3057, 3073, 3238], 'standardize': [1976], 'develop': [1979, 2678], 'appropriate': [1981, 2622], 'values.': [1983], 'noted': [1985], 'above,': [1986], 'recognition': [1989, 2448], 'would': [2001], 'likely': [2003], 'lead': [2004], 'concerted': [2006], 'efforts': [2007, 2676], 'push': [2009], 'recommendations': [2014], 'measured': [2019], 'if': [2020, 2047], 'available.': [2027], 'proponents': [2029], 'evidence-based': [2031], 'medical': [2032], 'practice': [2033], 'argued': [2035], 'against': [2036, 2420], 'measurement': [2037], 'absence': [2042], 'effective': [2044, 2295, 2317, 2377, 2391, 2434], 'therapy,': [2045, 2932], 'understands': [2049], 'may': [2052, 2644], 'place': [2053], 'given': [2055], 'subject': [2056], 'Until': [2061], 'and,': [2069], 'minority': [2073], 'who': [2076, 2669, 2752, 3137, 3160, 3243], 'tolerate': [2078], 'doses': [2081], 'niacin,': [2083], 'reductions': [2084], 'usually': [2090], 'best': [2092], 'expected.': [2096], 'newer': [2098], 'experimental': [2100], 'agents': [2101, 2387], 'mipomersen': [2104], '(22Santos': [2105], 'R.D.': [2106], 'Raal': [2107], 'F.J.': [2108, 2153], 'A.L.': [2110], 'Steinhagen-Thiessen': [2113], 'Tsimikas': [2115, 2598, 3002], 'Mipomersen,': [2117], 'antisense': [2119, 2305, 2566, 2931], 'oligonucleotide': [2120], 'B-100,': [2123], 'reduces': [2124], 'hypercholesterolemia:': [2130], 'results': [2131], '4': [2133, 2192], 'phase': [2134, 2193, 2353], 'III': [2135], 'trials.Arterioscler.': [2136], '35:': [2141], '689-699Crossref': [2142], '(143)': [2145], 'monoclonal': [2148, 2178], 'antibodies': [2149], 'PCSK9': [2151, 2177], '(23Raal': [2152], 'Giugliano': [2154], 'R.P.': [2155], 'Sabatine': [2156], 'M.S.': [2157], 'Koren': [2158], 'Langslet': [2160], 'Bays': [2162], 'Blom': [2164], 'Eriksson': [2166], 'M.': [2167, 2217, 2223], 'Dent': [2168], 'Wasserman': [2170], 'al.Reduction': [2173], 'antibody': [2179], 'evolocumab': [2180], '(AMG': [2181], '145):': [2182], 'pooled': [2184], 'analysis': [2185], '1,300': [2189], 'II': [2194], 'trials.J.': [2195], '1278-1288Crossref': [2201], '(289)': [2204], 'CETP': [2208], 'inhibitors': [2209], '(24Cannon': [2210], 'C.P.': [2211], 'Shah': [2212], 'Dansky': [2214], 'H.M.': [2215], 'Davidson': [2216], 'Brinton': [2218], 'E.A.': [2219], 'Gotto': [2220], 'Stepanavage': [2222], 'Liu': [2224], 'S.X.': [2225], 'Gibbons': [2226], 'Ashraf': [2228], 'al.Safety': [2231], 'anacetrapib': [2233], '363:': [2249], '2406-2415Crossref': [2250], '(681)': [2253], 'extent': [2260], 'similar': [2266], 'less': [2269], 'achieved': [2272], 'niacin.': [2274], 'therapeutic': [2285, 2921], 'strategy': [2286], 'offers': [2288], 'promise': [2290, 2374], 'Recently,': [2301], 'targets': [2308], 'hepatic': [2309], 'mRNA': [2311], 'reducing': [2319], 'humans': [2323, 2638], '(25Tsimikas': [2324], 'Viney': [2326], 'N.J.': [2327], 'Hughes': [2328], 'Singleton': [2330], 'W.': [2331], 'Graham': [2332], 'Baker': [2334], 'B.F.': [2335], 'Burkey': [2336], 'Q.': [2339], 'Geary': [2342], 'R.S.': [2343], 'al.Antisense': [2345], 'targeting': [2347], 'apolipoprotein(a):': [2348], 'randomised,': [2350], 'double-blind,': [2351], 'placebo-controlled': [2352], '1': [2354], 'study.Lancet.': [2355], '386:': [2357], '1472-1483Abstract': [2358], '(342)': [2366], 'Further': [2369], 'refinements': [2370], 'methodology': [2373], 'well-tolerated': [2379], 'therapies.': [2380], 'Now': [2381], 'we': [2382, 2437, 2461, 2643, 2692, 2696, 3169], 'begin': [2384], 'envision': [2386], 'allow': [2393], 'trials': [2395, 3192], 'designed': [2398], 'conducted': [2400], 'test': [2402, 3198], 'efficacy': [2404], 'prevent': [2409], 'enhanced': [2411, 2988], 'CAVS.': [2417, 2814, 2853], 'It': [2418, 2498], 'background': [2422], 'exciting': [2424, 2581, 3250], 'availability': [2430], 'suggest': [2438], 'last': [2443, 2642, 3189], 'coming': [2444, 2855], 'age.': [2446], 'surge': [2451], 'information': [2456], 'field,': [2460, 3168], 'commissioned': [2462], 'comprehensive': [2464], 'reviews': [2467], 'basic': [2470, 3058], 'inform': [2478], 'our': [2479, 2833], 'readership.': [2480], 'issue': [2482], 'marks': [2483], 'beginning': [2485], 'Thematic': [2489, 2553, 2708, 3129, 3223], 'Series': [2490, 3224], 'entitled': [2491, 2601, 2710], '"Lp(a):': [2492], 'Coming': [2493], 'Age': [2495], 'Last".': [2497], 'consist': [2500], 'total': [2503], '14': [2505], 'articles': [2506], 'published': [2507], 'over': [2508, 3216], 'year': [2511], 'authored': [2513, 2586], 'foremost': [2518], 'experts': [2519], 'biology.': [2522], 'efficacious': [2526], 'potential': [2534], 'transform': [2536], 'field': [2539, 2798, 3045, 3148, 3233], 'bench': [2542], 'bedside': [2545], 'last.': [2547], 'article': [2550, 2584], 'Series,': [2554], 'included': [2557], 'issue,': [2560, 2663, 2818], 'along': [2570, 3070], 'up-to-date': [2573], 'developments': [2576], 'expectations': [2578], 'therapy.': [2582, 2998], 'Drs.': [2588], 'Mark': [2589], 'Graham,': [2590], 'Nick': [2591], 'Viney,': [2592], 'Rosanne': [2593], 'Crooke,': [2594], 'Sotirios': [2596, 3000], '(Sam)': [2597, 3001], '"Antisense': [2602], 'inhibition': [2603], 'humans."': [2614], 'We': [2615, 3219], 'think': [2616], 'pivotal': [2618], 'start': [2623], 'upcoming': [2626], 'series.': [2627], 'safely': [2633], 'suggests': [2639], 'position': [2648], 'determine': [2650], 'importance': [2652, 2837], 'disease.': [2659], 'April': [2662], 'Santica': [2664], 'John': [2667], 'Albers,': [2668], 'forefront': [2674], 'critical': [2688], 'discussion': [2689], 'need': [2697], 'go': [2699], 'reliable': [2702], 'Review': [2709, 3130], '"Lp(a)': [2711], 'application."': [2715], 'followed': [2719, 3088], 'May': [2721], 'authoritative': [2724], 'update': [2725], 'Michael': [2734], 'Marlys': [2737], 'Koschinsky:': [2738], '"Lipoprotein(a):': [2739], 'truly': [2740], 'direct': [2742], 'prothrombotic': [2743], 'disease?"': [2747], 'June,': [2749], 'George': [2750], 'Thanassoulis,': [2751], 'team': [2755], 'observation': [2760, 3103], '"Lipoprotein(a)': [2772], 'genomics': [2779], 'drug': [2782], 'target': [2783], 'stenosis."': [2786], 'His': [2787], 'bring': [2790], 'us': [2791], 'date': [2794], 'fast-moving': [2797], 'implications': [2801], 'testing': [2803], 'hypothesis': [2805, 3201], 'slow': [2810], 'subsequent': [2817], 'Børge': [2819], 'colleagues,': [2822], 'whose': [2823], 'elegant': [2824], 'Danish': [2828], 'improved': [2832], 'understanding': [2834], 'epidemiology': [2843], 'implicates': [2848], 'issues,': [2856], 'Lars': [2857], 'Berglund': [2858], 'discuss': [2862], 'impact': [2864, 2927], 'ethnicity': [2866], 'modulate': [2871], 'Gerd': [2874], 'then': [2877], 'interaction': [2883], 'Henry': [2894], 'remains': [2903], 'learned': [2906, 3075], 'about': [2907, 3011, 3172, 3183], 'metabolism.': [2909], 'Erik': [2910], 'Stroes': [2911], 'options,': [2922], 'past': [2923], 'present,': [2925], 'aside': [2929], 'Elisa': [2934], 'Waldmann': [2935], 'Klaus': [2937], 'Parhofer': [2938], 'detailed': [2942], 'commentary': [2943], 'apheresis,': [2949], 'which,': [2950], 'Germany': [2958], 'existing': [2965], 'Jemma': [2967], 'Colin': [2970], 'Baigent': [2971], 'renal': [2977, 2994], 'mediating': [2986], 'failure': [2995], 'hemodialysis': [2997], 'Finally,': [2999], 'Joseph': [3004], 'complex': [3013], 'atherogenesis,': [3019], 'particular': [3022], 'emphasis': [3023], 'pathophysiology.': [3033], 'Ever': [3034], 'since': [3035], 'Berg,': [3042], 'moved': [3047], 'forward': [3048], 'result': [3051], 'contributions': [3053], 'investigators,': [3056], 'clinical.': [3060], 'But': [3061], 'often': [3064], 'happens,': [3065], 'discoveries': [3069], 'way,': [3072], 'during': [3076], 'course': [3078], 'planned': [3080], 'methodical': [3082], 'investigations,': [3083], 'serendipity,': [3099], 'OxPL,': [3111], 'seem': [3113], 'especially': [3115, 3182], 'provide': [3116, 3141], 'leads': [3121], 'investigation.': [3123], 'Our': [3124], 'final': [3125], 'contribution': [3126], 'Gerhard': [3135], 'Kostner,': [3136], 'attempt': [3139], 'historical': [3143], 'overview': [3144], 'make': [3151], 'projections': [3152], 'future.': [3155], 'long-time': [3158], 'investigators': [3159], 'watched': [3162], 'contributed': [3164], 'excited': [3171], 'future': [3174], 'research': [3177], 'investigation': [3180], 'opportunity': [3185], 'perhaps': [3187], 'see': [3190], 'put': [3195, 3214], 'CAVS': [3210], 'forth': [3215], 'confident': [3221], 'summarize': [3226], 'state-of-the': [3228], 'art': [3229], 'help': [3236], 'educate': [3237], 'novice': [3240], 'expert': [3242], 'wish': [3244], 'gain': [3246], 'insight': [3247], 'area.': [3251]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2311548160', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 5}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-12T07:13:35.976994', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}
Publication Information

Basic Information

Access and Citation

AI Researcher Chatbot

Primary Location

Authors

Topics

Keywords

Related Works
