Publication Information

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'cancer-proof': [244], 'than': [245, 302, 552, 621, 654, 1183], 'tissue).The': [251], 'second': [252], 'somewhat': [254, 1178], 'less': [255, 300, 649, 1179], 'obvious': [256], 'only': [267, 979], '2.5': [269], 'years': [270], 'while': [271], 'human': [275, 312, 321, 638, 762, 1244, 1559, 1663], '80': [280, 704], 'which': [282, 414, 800, 850, 937, 1136], 'represents': [283], 'five': [284, 514], 'doublings': [285, 515], 'lifespan.': [289], 'At': [290], 'sight': [292], '32-fold': [294], 'may': [298], 'seem': [299], 'important': [301, 1366], '3000-fold': [304, 315, 585], 'whale,': [324], 'ways': [328], 'it': [329, 394, 405, 443, 1232, 1367, 1380, 1871], 'numerically': [331], 'important.This': [334], 'because': [336, 1387], 'many': [338, 1015, 1223, 1406], 'types': [339, 391, 946], '(particularly': [342], 'carcinomas': [343, 1298], 'epithelial': [345, 857], 'cells': [346, 1031], 'organs': [348], 'stomach': [352], 'intestine': [354], 'common': [357, 390, 1297], 'both': [359, 1360, 1492], 'sexes,': [360], 'therefore': [363], 'little': [364, 1390], 'affected': [365], 'age-related': [367], 'changes': [368, 870, 954, 975, 1082], 'sex': [370], 'hormone': [371], 'levels),': [372], 'disease': [378, 1956, 2747], 'before': [379, 919], 'given': [381, 407], 'increases': [383], 'steeply': [384], 'with': [385, 675, 878, 940, 1009, 1319, 1713, 1865, 2620], 'age,': [386, 965], 'proportional': [396, 453, 629, 929], 'sixth': [400, 430, 531, 932], 'power': [401, 431, 457, 532, 933], 'age.': [403], 'Thus,': [404, 739], 'approximately': [408, 452, 568, 584, 928], 'formula': [411, 462], 'Ct6,': [412], 'constant': [416, 525, 797], 'proportionality': [418, 626, 662], 'C': [419, 526, 2043, 2148, 2462], 'determines': [421], 'susceptibility': [422, 1043, 1475], 'induction': [425, 653], 'multiplied': [427], 't.': [437], '(N.B.': [438], 'By': [439, 784], 'differentiating': [440], 'formula,': [442], 'can': [444], 'seen': [446], 'rate': [450], 'fifth': [456], 'age.)': [459], 'This': [460, 1127, 2684], 'sixth-power': [461, 1007], 'means': [465], 'doubling': [467, 746], 'time': [469, 534, 911], 'available': [470], 'arise': [476], 'produces': [477], 'just': [479], 'twofold': [481, 488, 691, 740], 'six': [487, 902, 952, 974, 996], 'differences': [489, 575, 588, 741, 792, 1096, 1311, 1470], 'risk,': [491, 2680], 'i.e.': [492], '64-fold': [495], 'risk.': [498], 'As': [499, 1315], '80-year': [501], 'animals': [505, 1186], 'whales': [509], 'humans': [511, 551, 579, 606], 'differs': [512, 764], '2.5-year': [518], 'mouse,': [523], 'relating': [527], 'has': [535, 830, 1129, 1221, 1375], 'billion-fold': [540, 569], 'smaller': [541, 620], '(5': [542], '×': [543, 714, 729], '6': [544], '=': [545, 697, 712, 727], '30': [546], 'powers': [547], '2)': [549], 'cancer.Combining': [566], 'factor': [570, 586, 773, 779], 'reflecting': [571, 587], 'effects': [573, 689, 1490], 'mice,': [581, 612], 'size,': [591], 'if': [592, 710, 725, 951, 1487], 'per': [595, 678], 'gram': [596, 635, 679], 'written': [600], 'k': [602, 614, 696, 711, 726, 743, 747, 756, 760], 't6': [604, 610], 'K': [608, 766, 2398, 2425], 'then': [613, 699, 716, 731, 913, 966], '3': [617, 646], 'trillion': [618, 647], 'K.': [622], 'These': [623], 'constants': [624, 660], 'directly': [628, 664], 'rates,': [633, 669], 'so,': [634], 'gram,': [637], 'real': [643, 666], 'susceptible': [650], 'tissue.To': [656], 'illustrate': [657], 'these': [659, 1053], 'do': [663], 'determine': [665], 'consider': [670, 687], '60': [672], 'kg': [673], 'person': [674], 'kt6': [677], 't': [684], 'variation': [692], 'k.': [694], 'If': [695], '10−17,': [698], 'would': [705, 719, 734, 923, 976, 993, 1011], '1': [707, 721, 736], '6,': [709], '2': [713], '10−17': [715, 730], '3,': [723], '0.5': [728], '12.': [738], 'really': [744], 'matter;': [745], 'doubles': [748], 'getting': [752], 'cancer,': [753, 1245, 1933, 2320], 'halving': [755], 'halves': [757], 'it.': [758, 1598], 'Yet,': [759], '2,': [775], 'trillion.': [783], 'what': [785, 941, 1079, 1305], 'biological': [786], 'mechanisms': [787, 814, 1292, 1407, 1450], 'does': [788, 1868], 'evolution': [789, 2474, 2622, 2673], 'produce': [790], 'trillion-fold': [791, 1213, 1309], 'proportionality,': [799], 'essential': [802], 'large': [804, 2476, 2675], 'long': [808, 831, 982, 2480], 'exist?': [811], 'Do': [812], 'those': [813, 973, 1083], 'operate': [815], 'cell,': [818, 877, 1076], 'local': [821], 'stem': [822, 858, 1401, 1416, 1452, 2154], 'architecture': [824], 'whole': [828], 'animal?It': [829], 'been': [832, 1108, 1130, 1376], 'recognized': [833], 'power-law': [836, 1148], 'relationship': [837], 'produced': [844], 'multi-stage': [847, 1055, 1189, 1551, 1633], 'model': [848, 1780], 'process': [852, 1193], 'changing': [854, 1195], 'into': [860, 1199, 1986], 'seed': [862, 1201], 'growing': [865, 1204], 'involves': [867], 'several': [868], 'consecutive': [869], 'genetic': [873], 'material': [874], 'rate-constants': [880], 'governing': [881], 'progression': [882], 'partially': [885, 1029], 'altered': [886, 1030], 'one': [889], 'stage': [890], 'next': [893], 'being': [894], 'largely': [895], 'unaffected': [896], '[3,4].If': [899], 'stages': [903, 1023, 1041], 'rate-limiting': [906, 1064], '(i.e.': [907], 'improbable': [908], 'available),': [912], 'certain': [921, 964], 'expected': [925], '[1,3],': [936], 'consistent': [939], 'observed': [943], 'cancer.': [948, 1126, 1664, 1891], '(Note': [949], 'cellular': [953, 1081, 1122, 1960, 2053, 2470], 'all': [955, 989], 'happen': [958], 'get': [960], 'half': [968, 980], 'had': [978, 1106, 1363], 'happen,': [984], 'them': [991, 1362], 'happening': [992], 'halved': [995], 'times.)': [997], 'It': [998], 'was': [999, 1159, 1246, 1368, 1391], 'soon': [1000], 'recognized,': [1001], 'roughly': [1004, 1217], 'same': [1006], 'relation': [1008, 1149, 1657], 'predicted': [1013], 'different': [1016, 1142], 'hypothetical': [1017], 'models': [1018, 1056, 1190, 1552, 1808], '[1],': [1019], 'having': [1021, 1039], 'fewer': [1022], 'selective': [1026], 'advantage': [1027], 'over': [1032], 'their': [1033, 1477], 'unaltered': [1034], 'neighbours': [1035], '[4],': [1036], 'neoplastic': [1045, 1075], 'change': [1046], 'varying': [1047], 'substantially': [1048], 'individuals': [1050], '[2].': [1051], 'Hence,': [1052], 'early': [1054], 'predict': [1060], 'number': [1062, 2616], 'steps': [1065, 1084], 'needed': [1066], 'go': [1068, 1463, 1486], 'fully': [1074, 1504], 'let': [1077], 'alone': [1078], 'heritable': [1080], 'actually': [1085, 1175], 'involved.': [1086], 'They': [1087], 'did,': [1088], 'suffice': [1090], 'show': [1092], '1000-fold': [1095], 'young': [1103], 'adults': [1104], 'already': [1107], 'noted': [1109], 'did': [1110, 1251, 1306], 'necessarily': [1112], 'imply': [1113], 'any': [1114, 1281], 'effect': [1115, 1283, 1739], 'ageing': [1117, 1687], 'itself': [1118, 1250], 'separate': [1121], 'processes': [1123, 1256], 'leading': [1124], 'conclusion': [1128], 'confirmed': [1131, 1265], 'animal': [1133], 'experiments': [1134], 'carcinogenic': [1137, 1173], 'treatments': [1138, 1174], 'were': [1139, 1206], 'started': [1140], 'ages.': [1143], 'In': [1144], '(despite': [1146], 'duration': [1154], 'regular': [1156], 'treatment),': [1157], 'no': [1161, 1511, 1515, 1587, 1856], 'independent': [1162], 'relevance': [1163], 'production': [1166, 1294], '[1,2,5],': [1169], 'others': [1172], 'elicited': [1176], 'rapidly': [1180], 'older': [1182], 'younger': [1185], '[1,2,6,7].Ever': [1187], 'since': [1188], 'proposed': [1207], '1950s': [1210], '[3,4,8],': [1211], 'difference,': [1214], 'something': [1216], 'equivalent': [1218], 'it,': [1220], 'puzzled': [1222], 'scientists': [1224], '(R.': [1225], 'Doll,': [1226, 1238], 'personal': [1227], 'communication).': [1228], 'I': [1229, 1509, 2367], 'came': [1230], 'across': [1231, 1528, 2083, 2692], 'late': [1235], '1960s': [1236], 'when': [1237], 'investigating': [1239], 'distribution': [1242, 1628, 1661, 1784, 1803], 'arguing': [1247], 'materially': [1253], 'affect': [1254], 'carcinogenesis': [1258, 1269, 1602, 1655], '[9,10],': [1259], 'null': [1261], 'result': [1262], 'we': [1264], 'skin': [1268], '[5]': [1270], 'smoking': [1273], 'lung': [1275], '[11,12].': [1277], 'lack': [1279], 'direct': [1282], 'ageing,': [1285, 1591], 'whatever': [1286], 'might': [1288], 'mean,': [1289], 'served,': [1299], 'sharpen': [1302], 'discussion': [1303], 'cause': [1307, 1870, 2551], 'susceptibility.': [1314], 'my': [1316], 'name': [1317], 'began': [1318], 'P,': [1320, 2039], 'problem': [1322], 'happened': [1336], 'become': [1338, 1349], 'known': [1339, 1350, 1392], 'alliteratively': [1340], "Peto's": [1342, 1530, 2694], 'paradox,': [1343], 'appropriately': [1347], "Doll's": [1352], 'dilemma': [1353], '[10]': [1354], "Cairns'": [1356], 'conundrum': [1357], '[13],': [1358], 'emphasized': [1364], 'how': [1365, 1930], 'understand': [1370], 'properly.Although': [1372], 'issue': [1374, 1426, 1462, 1526, 2690], 'discussed': [1377], 'decades,': [1379], 'previously': [1383], 'investigated': [1385], 'properly': [1386], 'far': [1388, 1484], 'too': [1389], 'biology,': [1396], 'genetics,': [1399], 'kinetics': [1403], 'accumulation': [1410, 2382], 'permanently': [1412], 'fixed': [1413], 'mutations': [1414], 'cells.': [1417], 'Now,': [1418], 'theme': [1425, 1525], 'show,': [1427], 'question': [1429], 'starting': [1431, 1744], 'addressed': [1434], 'successfully': [1435], 'experiment,': [1439], 'informed': [1440], 'increasingly': [1442], 'detailed': [1443], 'species-specific': [1444], 'knowledge': [1445], 'genotypes,': [1447], 'DNA': [1448, 2298, 2630], 'repair': [1449], 'biology.': [1454], 'But,': [1455], 'although': [1456], 'present': [1461], 'way': [1465], 'towards': [1466], 'explaining': [1467], 'enormous': [1469], 'tissues': [1478], 'carcinogenesis,': [1480], 'still': [1483], 'numerical': [1489], 'accounted': [1505], 'for.Competing': [1506], 'InterestsI': [1507], 'declare': [1508], 'competing': [1512], 'interests.FundingI': [1513], 'received': [1514], 'funding': [1516], 'paper.FootnotesOne': [1519], 'contribution': [1520], '18': [1522], "'Cancer": [1527, 2691], 'life:': [1529, 2693], 'paradox': [1531, 2695], 'promise': [1534, 2698], 'comparative': [1536, 2700], "oncology'.©": [1537], '2015': [1538, 2730], 'Author(s)': [1540, 2732], 'Published': [1541, 2733], 'Royal': [1544, 1937, 2196, 2503, 2736], 'Society.': [1545, 2737], 'All': [1546, 2738], 'rights': [1547, 2739], 'reserved.References1Peto': [1548], '1976Epidemiology,': [1550], 'short-term': [1554], 'mutagenicity': [1555], 'tests.': [1556], 'Origins': [1557], '(eds': [1561, 1608], ',': [1562, 1609], 'Hiatt': [1563], 'HH,': [1564], 'Watson': [1565], 'JD&': [1566], 'Winsten': [1567], 'JA),': [1568], 'pp.': [1569, 1616], '1403–1428.': [1570], 'New': [1571, 1984], 'York,': [1572], 'NY:': [1573], 'Cold': [1574], 'Spring': [1575], 'Harbor': [1576], 'Laboratory.': [1577], 'Scholar2Peto': [1579], 'R,': [1580, 1676, 1725, 1727], 'Parish': [1581], 'SE&': [1582], 'Gray': [1583], 'RG.': [1584], '1986There': [1585], 'thing': [1589, 1858], 'related': [1596], 'Age-related': [1599], 'factors': [1600], '(IARC': [1603], 'Scientific': [1604], 'Publication': [1605], 'no.': [1606], '58)': [1607], 'Likhachev': [1610], 'A,': [1611, 1975, 2027, 2138, 2143, 2537], 'Anisimov': [1612], 'V&': [1613], 'Montesano': [1614], 'R),': [1615], '43–53.': [1617], 'Lyon,': [1618], 'France:': [1619], 'IARC.': [1620], 'Scholar3Armitage': [1622], 'P&': [1623, 1648, 1729], 'Doll': [1624, 1649, 1774, 1852], '1954The': [1626], 'theory': [1634, 1653, 1757], 'carcinogenesis.': [1636, 1810], 'Br.': [1637, 1665, 1692, 1715, 1762, 1873], 'J.': [1638, 1666, 1684, 1693, 1716, 1763, 1790, 1811, 1842, 1875, 1883], 'Cancer': [1639, 1667, 1694, 1717, 1746, 1764, 1791, 1844, 2107, 2121, 2525, 2582], '8,': [1640], '1–12.': [1641], '(doi:10.1038/bjc.1954.1).': [1642], 'Crossref,': [1643, 1671, 1698, 1768, 1795, 1819, 1848, 1879, 1896], 'PubMed,': [1644, 1672, 1699, 1721, 1750, 1769, 1796, 1880, 1897], 'ISI,': [1645, 1673, 1700, 1722, 1751, 1770, 1797, 1820, 1898], 'Scholar4Armitage': [1647], '1957A': [1651], 'two-stage': [1652], '11,': [1668], '161–169.': [1669], '(doi:10.1038/bjc.1957.22).': [1670], 'Scholar5Peto': [1675], 'Roe': [1677], 'FJC,': [1678], 'Lee': [1679], 'PN,': [1680], 'Levy': [1681], 'L&': [1682], 'Clack': [1683], '1975Cancer': [1685], 'men.': [1691], '32,': [1695], '411–426.': [1696], '(doi:10.1038/bjc.1975.242).': [1697], 'Scholar6Stenback': [1702], 'F,': [1703], 'R&': [1705, 1775, 1823, 1851], 'Shubik': [1706], 'P.': [1707, 1731], '1981Decrease': [1708], 'promotion': [1710], 'TPA': [1712], 'ageing.': [1714], '44,': [1718], '15–23.': [1719], '(doi:10.1038/bjc.1981.142).': [1720], 'Scholar7Gray': [1724], 'Brantom': [1728], 'Grasso': [1730], '1991Chronic': [1732], 'nitrosamine': [1733], 'ingestion': [1734], '1040': [1736], 'rodents:': [1737], 'exposure.': [1745], 'Res.': [1747], '51,': [1748], '6470–6491.': [1749], 'Scholar8Nordling': [1753], 'CO.': [1754], '1953A': [1755], 'new': [1756], 'cancer-inducing': [1760], 'mechanism.': [1761], '7,': [1765], '68–72.': [1766], '(doi:10.1038/bjc.1953.8).': [1767], 'Scholar9Cook': [1772], 'PJ,': [1773], 'Fellingham': [1776], 'SA.': [1777], '1969A': [1778], 'mathematical': [1779], 'man.': [1788], 'Int.': [1789], '4,': [1792], '93–112.': [1793], '(doi:10.1002/ijc.2910040113).': [1794], 'Scholar10Doll': [1799], '1971The': [1801], 'cancer:': [1805, 1829, 2497], 'Stat.': [1813], 'A': [1815, 1948, 1999, 2014, 2046, 2048, 2178, 2245, 2282, 2310, 2400, 2465, 2585], '134,': [1816], '133–166.': [1817], '(doi:10.2307/2343871).': [1818], 'Scholar11Doll': [1822], '1981The': [1826], 'causes': [1827], 'quantitative': [1830, 2247], 'estimates': [1831], 'avoidable': [1833], 'United': [1839], 'States': [1840], 'today.': [1841], 'Natl': [1843], 'Inst.': [1845], '66,': [1846], '1193–1308.': [1847], 'Scholar12Peto': [1850], '1997There': [1854], 'aging:': [1860], 'associated': [1864, 2619], 'disease,': [1866], '(editorial).': [1872], 'Med.': [1874], '315,': [1876], '1030.': [1877], '(doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7115.1030).': [1878], 'Scholar13Cairns': [1882], '1975Mutation': [1884], 'selection': [1885, 1919], 'natural': [1888], 'history': [1889], 'Nature': [1892, 2386], '255,': [1893], '197–200.': [1894], '(doi:10.1038/255197a0).': [1895], 'Next': [1901], 'Article': [1902, 2718], 'VIEW': [1903], 'FULL': [1904], 'TEXT': [1905], 'DOWNLOAD': [1906], 'FiguresRelatedReferencesDetailsCited': [1908], 'byTejada-Martinez': [1909], 'D,': [1910, 2097, 2238, 2541], 'de': [1911], 'Magalhães': [1912], 'J': [1913, 1916, 2102, 2181, 2243, 2514, 2576, 2659], 'Opazo': [1915], '(2021)': [1917, 1952, 2663], 'Positive': [1918], 'gene': [1921], 'duplications': [1922], 'tumour': [1924], 'suppressor': [1925], 'genes': [1926], 'reveal': [1927], 'clues': [1928], 'cetaceans': [1931], 'resist': [1932], 'Proceedings': [1934, 2500], 'Society': [1938, 2197, 2504], 'B:': [1939, 2198, 2505], 'Biological': [1940, 2199, 2506], 'Sciences,': [1941, 2200, 2507], '288:1945,': [1942], 'Online': [1943, 1970, 1994, 2059, 2092, 2173, 2202, 2231, 2268, 2305, 2330, 2362, 2390, 2487, 2509, 2530, 2568, 2592], 'publication': [1944, 1971, 1995, 2060, 2093, 2174, 2203, 2232, 2269, 2306, 2331, 2363, 2391, 2488, 2510, 2531, 2569, 2593], 'date:': [1945, 1972, 1996, 2061, 2094, 2175, 2204, 2233, 2270, 2307, 2332, 2364, 2392, 2489, 2511, 2532, 2570, 2594], '24-Feb-2021.': [1946], 'Aranda-Anzaldo': [1947, 1998, 2309], 'Dent': [1950, 2001, 2312], 'M': [1951, 2002, 2068, 2313, 2492, 2545, 2573], 'Is': [1953, 2288], 'set': [1957], 'stress': [1961], 'responses?,': [1962], 'Cell': [1963, 2128, 2300], 'Stress': [1964], 'Chaperones,': [1966], '10.1007/s12192-021-01214-4,': [1967], '26:4,': [1968], '(597-609),': [1969], '1-Jul-2021.': [1973], 'Boddy': [1974], 'Harrison': [1976], 'T': [1977, 2145, 2337, 2639], 'Abegglen': [1979], 'L': [1980, 2119], '(2020)': [1981, 2003, 2072, 2103], 'Comparative': 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