Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2268852168', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2307/2949991', 'title': 'Crime, Juvenile Delinquency and Deterrence Policy in China', 'display_name': 'Crime, Juvenile Delinquency and Deterrence Policy in China', 'publication_year': 1993, 'publication_date': '1993-07-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2268852168', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2307/2949991', 'mag': '2268852168'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2307/2949991', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764897241', 'display_name': 'The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs', 'issn_l': '0156-7365', 'issn': ['0156-7365'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5000070391', 'display_name': 'Børge Bakken', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Borge Bakken', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5000070391'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.0, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 46, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.954093, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 91, 'max': 92}, 'biblio': {'volume': '30', 'issue': None, 'first_page': '29', 'last_page': '58'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11464', 'display_name': 'Homelessness and Social Issues', 'score': 0.9797, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3600', 'display_name': 'General Health Professions'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/36', 'display_name': 'Health Professions'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11464', 'display_name': 'Homelessness and Social Issues', 'score': 0.9797, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3600', 'display_name': 'General Health Professions'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/36', 'display_name': 'Health Professions'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13728', 'display_name': 'Crime, Deviance, and Social Control', 'score': 0.9788, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10574', 'display_name': 'Crime Patterns and Interventions', 'score': 0.9685, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-panic', 'display_name': 'Moral Panic', 'score': 0.46566796}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C191935318', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148', 'display_name': 'China', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.64080334}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C73484699', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733', 'display_name': 'Criminology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.624234}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71376074', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1001125', 'display_name': 'Juvenile delinquency', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5501318}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C151884938', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914277', 'display_name': 'Moral panic', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46566796}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.4633181}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.44521764}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.35918656}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2307/2949991', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764897241', 'display_name': 'The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs', 'issn_l': '0156-7365', 'issn': ['0156-7365'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Peace, justice, and strong institutions', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16', 'score': 0.45}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W646147708', 'https://openalex.org/W4249348854', 'https://openalex.org/W4241930090', 'https://openalex.org/W2391632518', 'https://openalex.org/W2391309557', 'https://openalex.org/W2386937469', 'https://openalex.org/W2370801013', 'https://openalex.org/W2364563168', 'https://openalex.org/W2187082439', 'https://openalex.org/W1572564515'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Previous': [0], 'articleNext': [1], 'article': [2, 52], 'No': [3], 'AccessCrime,': [4], 'Juvenile': [5, 135, 374, 377, 416, 509, 573, 727, 761], 'Delinquency': [6, 375, 496, 574, 758], 'and': [7, 88, 197, 221, 259, 278, 290, 298, 306, 318, 355, 366, 376, 390, 466, 495, 511, 527, 582, 598, 657, 685, 707, 743, 746, 760], 'Deterrence': [8], 'Policy': [9, 656], 'in': [10, 55, 112, 137, 160, 199, 217, 358, 379, 396, 420, 428, 476, 513, 541, 558, 602, 624, 649, 668, 688, 713, 726, 729, 763, 782], 'ChinaBorge': [11], 'BakkenBorge': [12], 'Bakken': [13, 680], 'Search': [14], 'for': [15, 96], 'more': [16], 'articles': [17, 82], 'by': [18, 31, 66], 'this': [19, 41, 84], 'author': [20], 'PDFPDF': [21], 'PLUS': [22], 'Add': [23], 'to': [24, 132, 646], 'favoritesDownload': [25], 'CitationTrack': [26], 'CitationsPermissionsReprints': [27], 'Share': [28], 'onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail': [29], 'SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited': [30], 'Volume': [32], '30Jul.,': [33], '1993': [34], 'Article': [35], 'DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/2949991': [36], 'Views:': [37], '50Total': [38], 'views': [39], 'on': [40, 349, 654], 'site': [42], 'Citations:': [43], '35Citations': [44], 'are': [45], 'reported': [46], 'from': [47, 352], 'Crossref': [48, 78], 'Journal': [49, 58, 69, 73, 119, 164, 302, 362, 399, 479, 578, 606, 653, 671, 694, 769, 787], 'History': [50], 'This': [51], 'was': [53, 252], 'published': [54], 'The': [56, 67, 93, 98, 108, 117, 162, 340, 537, 604, 627, 631, 785], 'Australian': [57, 72, 690, 765, 786], 'of': [59, 74, 100, 120, 150, 165, 262, 303, 363, 394, 400, 433, 473, 480, 519, 539, 579, 607, 620, 629, 672, 695, 710, 770, 788], 'Chinese': [60, 75, 498, 554, 632, 779, 789], 'Affairs': [61, 790], '(1979-1995),': [62], 'which': [63], 'is': [64], 'continued': [65], 'China': [68, 276, 289, 545], '(1995-present).': [70], 'Copyright': [71], 'AffairsPDF': [76], 'download': [77], 'reports': [79], 'the': [80, 260, 342, 353, 401, 520, 708], 'following': [81], 'citing': [83], 'article:John': [85], 'Braithwaite': [86], 'Macrocriminology': [87], 'Freedom,': [89], '(Feb': [90, 145], '2022).https://doi.org/10.22459/MF.2021Kailing': [91], 'Xie': [92], 'Right': [94], 'Time': [95], 'Childbirth:': [97], 'Naturalisation': [99], 'Motherhood': [101], 'Within': [102], 'Marriage,': [103], '(Apr': [104, 229], '2021):': [105], '111–156.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1139-1_4Mengliang': [106], 'Dai': [107], '1983': [109], 'Strike-Hard': [110], 'Campaign': [111], 'China:': [113, 218, 429, 515, 626], 'a': [114, 392, 516], 'Moral': [115, 681], 'Panic?,': [116], 'British': [118, 163, 605], 'Criminology': [121, 166, 437, 540, 584, 608, 696, 771], '60,': [122], 'no.55': [123, 207, 586, 610], '(Mar': [124, 309, 485, 611], '2020):': [125, 146], '1220–1241.https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa016Enshen': [126], 'Li,': [127, 212], 'Mingyue': [128], 'Su': [129, 177, 237], 'From': [130], 'Punishment': [131, 687], 'Control:': [133, 152], 'Assessing': [134], 'Diversion': [136], 'China,': [138, 161, 201, 263, 275, 328, 360, 380, 398, 478, 542, 603, 670, 689, 714, 730, 764], 'Law': [139, 155, 277, 526, 781], '&': [140, 204, 225, 691, 732, 766], 'Social': [141, 491, 528], 'Inquiry': [142], '45,': [143], 'no.22': [144, 282, 369, 406, 439], '372–397.https://doi.org/10.1017/lsi.2019.70Peng': [147], 'Wang': [148], 'Politics': [149], 'Crime': [151, 305, 365, 388, 647, 683], 'How': [153], 'Campaign-Style': [154], 'Enforcement': [156], 'Sustains': [157], 'Authoritarian': [158], 'Rule': [159], '16': [167], '(Oct': [168, 208, 283, 407, 422, 792], '2019).https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azz065Youchun': [169], 'Zhang,': [170, 182, 412, 569], 'Heather': [171], 'Worth,': [172, 232], 'Jing': [173, 233], 'Jun,': [174, 234], 'Karen': [175, 235], 'McMillan,': [176, 236], 'Chunyan,': [178, 238], 'Fu': [179, 239], 'Xiaoxing,': [180, 240], 'Yuping': [181], 'Zhao': [183], 'Rui,': [184], 'Angela': [185, 245], 'Kelly-Hanku,': [186, 246], 'Cui': [187, 247], 'Jia': [188], '‘I': [189], 'loved': [190], 'him': [191], 'all': [192], 'my': [193], 'life’:': [194], 'love,': [195], 'duty': [196], 'homosexuality': [198, 258], 'post-liberation': [200], 'Culture,': [202], 'Health': [203], 'Sexuality': [205], '21,': [206], '2018):': [209, 269, 284, 310, 323], '591–604.https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2018.1501514Spencer': [210], 'D.': [211, 454], 'Tzu-Hsuan': [213], 'Liu': [214, 414, 571], 'Problem-Solving': [215], 'Courts': [216], 'Background,': [219], 'Development,': [220], 'Current': [222], 'Status,': [223], 'Victims': [224], 'Offenders': [226], '14,': [227], 'no.33': [228, 504, 531, 564, 635], '2019):': [230], '360–374.https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2019.1595246Heather': [231], 'Zhang': [241, 249, 508], 'Yuping,': [242], 'Rui': [243], 'Zhao,': [244, 325, 410], 'Jia,': [248], 'Youchun': [250], '‘There': [251], 'no': [253], 'mercy': [254], 'at': [255], 'all’:': [256], 'Hooliganism,': [257], 'opening-up': [261], 'International': [264, 301, 361, 561, 577], 'Sociology': [265], '34,': [266], 'no.11': [267, 484, 718, 773], '(Dec': [268, 329, 636, 699, 753], '38–57.https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580918812265Suzanne': [270], 'E.': [271], 'Scoggins': [272], 'Policing': [273, 553], 'Modern': [274], 'Society': [279, 733], 'Review': [280], '3,': [281], '79–117.https://doi.org/10.1163/25427466-00302001Liqun': [285], 'Cao,': [286], 'Bill': [287], 'Hebenton': [288], '“La': [291], 'questione': [292], 'criminale”': [293], '(“the': [294], 'criminal': [295], 'question”):': [296], 'Revolutionary': [297], 'reformist': [299], 'periods,': [300], 'Law,': [304, 364, 576], 'Justice': [307, 367, 378, 600, 674, 715, 728, 762], '52': [308], '98–105.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.10.002Hong': [311], 'Lu,': [312, 590, 614, 702], 'Shunfeng': [313, 615], 'Song': [314, 616], 'Rural': [315, 617], 'Worker': [316], 'Migration': [317, 465, 562], 'City': [319], 'Transient': [320], 'Crime,': [321, 525], '(Jan': [322, 444, 661], '372–388.https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351143523-18Ruohui': [324], 'Liqun': [326], 'Cao': [327], '2016):': [330, 737, 775], '155–172.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45090-2_8Haiyan': [331], 'Xiong': [332], 'Introduction,': [333, 443], '(Sep': [334], '2015):': [335, 371, 382, 793], '1–38.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-859-5_1Anqi': [336], 'Shen,': [337], 'Steve': [338], 'Hall': [339], 'same': [341], 'whole': [343], 'world': [344], 'over?': [345], 'A': [346, 418, 430], 'review': [347, 518], 'essay': [348], 'youth': [350, 356], 'offending': [351], '1980s': [354], 'justice': [357, 512], 'contemporary': [359, 397, 514], '43,': [368], '(Jun': [370, 587], '273–291.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2014.09.004Beidi': [372], 'Dong': [373], '(May': [381, 440], '76–84.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118513217.ch7Tsun': [383], 'Se': [384], 'Cheong,': [385], 'Yanrui': [386], 'Wu': [387], 'rates': [389], 'inequality:': [391], 'study': [393], 'crime': [395], 'Asia': [402], 'Pacific': [403], 'Economy': [404, 633], '20,': [405], '2014):': [408, 423, 637], '202–223.https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2014.964961Ruohui': [409], 'Hongwei': [411], 'Jianhong': [413, 570, 591], 'China’s': [415], 'Justice:': [417], 'System': [419], 'Transition,': [421], '137–162.https://doi.org/10.1201/b17528-7Michelle': [424], 'Miao': [425], 'Capital': [426], 'punishment': [427], 'populist': [431], 'instrument': [432], 'social': [434], 'governance,': [435], 'Theoretical': [436], '17,': [438], '2013):': [441], '233–250.https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480613476788': [442], '2012):': [445], '1–49.https://doi.org/10.1201/b11378-2Frank': [446], 'Y.': [447, 458, 459], 'Wong,': [448], 'N.': [449], 'He,': [450], 'Z.': [451], 'J.': [452], 'Huang,': [453], 'Young,': [455], 'C.': [456, 461, 535], "O'Conor,": [457], 'Ding,': [460], 'Fu,': [462], 'S.': [463, 722], 'Arayasirikul': [464], 'Illicit': [467], 'Drug': [468], 'Use': [469], 'Among': [470], 'Two': [471], 'Types': [472], 'Male': [474], 'Migrants': [475], 'Shanghai,': [477], 'Psychoactive': [481], 'Drugs': [482], '42,': [483, 503], '2010):': [486], '1–9.https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2010.10399780Wan-Ning': [487], 'Bao,': [488], 'Ain': [489], 'Haas': [490], 'Change,': [492], 'Life': [493], 'Strain,': [494], 'among': [497], 'Urban': [499, 625], 'Adolescents,': [500], 'Sociological': [501], 'Focus': [502], '(Aug': [505, 565, 719, 736], '2009):': [506, 550], '285–305.https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2009.10571358Lening': [507], 'delinquency': [510], 'critical': [517], 'literature': [521], 'over': [522], '15': [523], 'years,': [524], 'Change': [529], '50,': [530], '(Jul': [532, 677, 774], '2008):': [533, 566], '149–160.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-008-9137-1Kam': [534], 'Wong': [536, 757], 'Study': [538], 'Part': [543], 'II,': [544], 'Report': [546], '44,': [547], 'no.44': [548, 676, 735], '(Nov': [549], '323–346.https://doi.org/10.1177/000944550804400401Maggy': [551], 'Lee': [552], 'Migrant': [555], 'Sex': [556], 'Workers': [557], 'Hong': [559], 'Kong,': [560], '46,': [563, 609], '95–121.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2008.00463.x': [567], 'Lening': [568], "China's": [572], 'Prevention': [575, 648], 'Offender': [580], 'Therapy': [581], 'Comparative': [583, 783], '51,': [585], '2007):': [588], '541–554.https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X06292675Hong': [589], 'Liu,': [592], 'Alicia': [593], 'Crowther': [594], 'Female': [595], 'Criminal': [596, 599, 655, 673], 'Victimization': [597], 'Response': [601], '2006):': [612, 662, 720], '859–874.https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azl008Hong': [613], "Migrants'": [618], 'Perceptions': [619], 'Public': [621], 'Safety': [622], 'Protections': [623], 'Case': [628], 'Tianjin,': [630], '39,': [634], '26–41.https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475390303Roger': [638], 'Bowles,': [639], 'Joseph': [640], 'Akpokodje,': [641], 'Emmanuel': [642], 'Tigere': [643], 'Evidence-Based': [644], 'Approaches': [645], 'Developing': [650], 'Countries,': [651], 'European': [652], 'Research': [658], '11,': [659], 'no.3-43-4': [660], '347–377.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-005-9001-0Bin': [663], 'Liang': [664], 'Severe': [665], 'strike': [666], 'campaign': [667], 'transitional': [669], '33,': [675], '2005):': [678], '387–399.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2005.04.008Børge': [679], 'Panics,': [682], 'Rates': [684], 'Harsh': [686], 'New': [692, 767], 'Zealand': [693, 768], '37,': [697], 'no.1_suppl1_suppl': [698], '2004):': [700], '67–89.https://doi.org/10.1177/00048658040370S105Hong': [701], 'Kriss': [703], 'A.': [704], 'Drass': [705], 'Transience': [706], 'disposition': [709], 'theft': [711], 'cases': [712], 'Quarterly': [716], '19,': [717], '69–96.https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820200095171DENNIS': [721], 'W.': [723], 'WONG': [724], 'Changes': [725], 'Youth': [731], '32,': [734, 772], '492–509.https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X01032004005SARAH': [738], 'BIDDULPH,': [739], 'SANDY': [740], 'COOK': [741], 'Kidnapping': [742], 'Selling': [744], 'Women': [745, 750], 'Children,': [747], 'Violence': [748], 'Against': [749], '5,': [751], 'no.1212': [752], '1999):': [754], '1437–1468.https://doi.org/10.1177/10778019922183462Dennis': [755], 'S.W.': [756], 'Control': [759], '27–41.https://doi.org/10.1177/000486589903200104': [776], 'Harold': [777], 'Tanner': [778], 'Rape': [780], 'Perspective,': [784], '31': [791], '1–23.https://doi.org/10.2307/2949898': [794]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2268852168', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 3}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-12T06:35:59.013514', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}