Abstract: After enjoying 1,000 years of glorious agricultural civilization, China found itself facing an unprecedented change in the middle of nineteenth century during the reigns of the Emperors Daoguang (1825–1850) and Xianfeng (1850–1861) of the late Qing Dynasty. The change forced the Chinese people to face two urgent historical issues: one was how to resist foreign invasion and seek independence, while the other was how to transform the country together with the rest of the world towards modernization.
Publication Year: 2015
Publication Date: 2015-01-01
Language: en
Type: book-chapter
Indexed In: ['crossref']
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