Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2190212531', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1162/afar_a_00237', 'title': 'From the Studio to the Front-line: The Emergence, Development, and Impact of Asian Photographers in Colonial and Independent East Africa', 'display_name': 'From the Studio to the Front-line: The Emergence, Development, and Impact of Asian Photographers in Colonial and Independent East Africa', 'publication_year': 2015, 'publication_date': '2015-08-04', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2190212531', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1162/afar_a_00237', 'mag': '2190212531'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1162/afar_a_00237', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S105677331', 'display_name': 'African Arts', 'issn_l': '0001-9933', 'issn': ['0001-9933', '1937-2108'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315942', 'host_organization_name': 'UCLA James S. 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4325], 'endeavor': [139], 'extend': [141, 2275], 'total': [143], 'archive': [144], 'challenge': [149, 2456], 'problematic': [151], 'manner': [152], 'which': [154, 445, 494, 1486, 1965, 2203, 2255, 2507, 2661, 3280, 4171, 4485], 'term': [156, 177], '“Africa”': [157], 'understood,': [159], '“most': [160], 'all,”': [162], 'eloquently': [165], 'declares,': [166], '“for': [167], 'way': [169, 3107, 4233], 'it': [170, 668, 2048, 4563], 'often': [172, 1801, 1838, 1851, 2133, 2325, 3695, 4277, 4537, 4565, 4612], 'substituted': [173], 'a': [175, 181, 270, 315, 370, 439, 448, 472, 578, 639, 644, 673, 680, 720, 827, 873, 911, 1114, 1165, 1203, 1214, 1270, 1306, 1331, 1334, 1483, 1549, 1620, 1623, 1641, 1646, 1671, 1691, 1871, 1955, 2058, 2142, 2175, 2236, 2252, 2295, 2317, 2344, 2366, 2438, 2449, 2537, 2730, 2771, 2796, 2816, 2834, 2844, 2853, 2873, 2893, 2948, 2951, 2976, 3022, 3074, 3097, 3129, 3133, 3158, 3179, 3219, 3244, 3254, 3349, 3365, 3375, 3436, 3503, 3511, 3530, 3548, 3755, 3895, 3915, 3964, 3969, 3980, 4051, 4055, 4151, 4167, 4198, 4372, 4427, 4525, 4547, 4552, 4559, 4567], 'singular': [176], 'stand': [179], 'multiplicity': [182], 'cultural,': [184], 'political,': [185], 'artistic': [187], 'experiences”': [188], '(2010:6–12).A': [189], '1998': [190], 'exhibition': [191], 'Munich': [193], 'included': [194, 940, 983], 'three': [197, 531], 'modernist': [198], 'photographic': [199, 399, 418, 623, 843, 905, 928, 1335, 1460, 1571, 1775, 2222, 2589, 3531, 4396, 4553, 4586], 'studios': [200, 732, 1118, 1495, 1597, 3137, 4397, 4471], 'those': [204, 1032, 1122, 1833, 4402, 4443], 'Narayandas': [206, 599], 'V.': [207, 600, 4394], 'Parekh,': [208], 'Omar': [209], 'Said': [210], 'Bakor,': [211], 'Likoni': [213], 'Ferry': [214], 'Photos': [215], 'Kenya': [217, 585, 1120, 2182, 2411, 4239], '(Behrend': [218, 1368], '1998a,': [219, 1369], '1998b,': [220], '1998c).': [221], 'However,': [222, 907, 4194], 'most': [225, 613], 'there': [227, 2239, 2333], 'mention': [230], 'or': [231, 406, 1031, 1044, 1477, 1870, 1878, 1886, 1901, 2280, 4015, 4466, 4595], 'analysis': [232], 'scholarship': [243, 4458], 'general.': [245], 'Among': [246], 'do': [250], 'so': [251, 1045, 1527], 'Gijsbert': [253], "Oonk's": [254, 291], 'Asians': [255, 2329, 3878], 'Africa:': [258], 'Images,': [259], 'Histories,': [260], 'Portraits': [262], '(2004).': [263], 'Recently,': [264], 'Oonk': [265, 303, 979, 2244, 3922], 'was': [266, 283, 625, 641, 687, 856, 870, 923, 1007, 1048, 1162, 1231, 1252, 1287, 1329, 1658, 1700, 1709, 2060, 2131, 2204, 2233, 2314, 2354, 2381, 2519, 2546, 2558, 2592, 2601, 2702, 2752, 2871, 2886, 2935, 2992, 3047, 3065, 3102, 3110, 3122, 3186, 3217, 3298, 3363, 3768, 3811, 3827, 3836, 3893, 3907, 3977, 3994, 4018, 4030, 4166, 4187, 4258, 4536, 4571], 'asked': [267, 3092], 'write': [269], 'second': [271, 1973], 'book': [272, 3532], '(Oonk': [273, 1529, 2334, 3294, 3949], '2009)': [274, 562], 'Hatim': [276], 'Karimjee,': [277], 'whose': [278, 4637], 'merchant': [279, 739], "family's": [280, 2397], 'extensive': [281], 'history': [282, 395], 'one': [284, 368, 1661, 2913], 'main': [287, 2656, 3474], 'case': [288, 1017, 2135, 4386, 4539, 4627], 'studies': [289, 4387], 'previous': [292], 'publication': [293, 2453, 2467], "(Karimjee's": [294], 'forebear,': [295], 'Jiwanjee': [296], 'Budhabhoy,': [297], 'Zanzibar': [300, 312, 498, 683, 3260, 3313, 3480], '1818;': [302], '2004:18–21,': [304], '28–29,': [305], '39–42).': [306], 'P.C.': [307], "Evans's": [308], 'Early': [309], 'Postcards': [310, 756], '(2005)': [313], 'rich': [316], 'directory': [317], 'postcards': [319, 749], 'predominantly': [320], 'taken': [321, 635, 1012, 1253, 1547], 'India,': [327, 698, 1297, 1435, 1464, 1978, 3402, 4596], 'with': [328, 422, 586, 700, 882, 1064, 1278, 1418, 1437, 1605, 1724, 1906, 1979, 2075, 2153, 2195, 2389, 2541, 2560, 2892, 2912, 2925, 3049, 3089, 3096, 3181, 3284, 3432, 3469, 3522, 3560, 3737, 4062, 4075, 4267, 4305, 4353, 4644], 'factual': [330], 'material': [331, 2997], 'provided.Zarina': [332], 'Patel': [333, 389, 654, 1150, 1173, 1193, 1196, 1201, 1347, 1394], 'published': [335, 417, 435, 564, 642, 2444, 2703, 3529, 4605], 'discuss': [339], 'anticolonial': [341], 'activism': [342, 2983], 'her': [344, 1591, 1612, 1626, 1725, 4518], 'grandfather': [345, 2421], 'Alibhai': [346], 'Mulla': [347, 3252], 'Jeevanjee': [348], '(1856–1936)': [349], '(Patel': [350, 363, 2081, 4495], '1997,': [351], '2002)': [352], 'another': [354], 'unionist': [357], 'leader': [358], 'Makhan': [359], 'Singh': [360, 1132], '(d.': [361, 866], '1973)': [362], '2006).': [364, 466], 'She': [365, 2855], 'also': [367, 576, 653, 932, 1615, 1710, 2856, 3967, 4045, 4196, 4439, 4503], 'team': [371], 'editors': [376, 1664], 'quarterly': [379], 'cultural': [380], 'magazine': [381, 2712], 'Awaaz.': [382], 'November': [384], '2008': [385], 'issue': [386], '(Rajan': [387], '2008–09a)': [390], 'focused': [391], 'entirely': [392], 'on': [393, 442, 447, 502, 568, 1050, 1139, 1184, 1281, 1426, 1528, 2664, 2896, 2947, 3056, 3353, 3441, 3465, 3488, 3533, 3541, 3618, 3773, 3919, 3932, 3979], 'Kenyan': [397, 2012, 3238, 4357, 4376], 'studios.': [400], 'publishers': [405], 'focus': [408], 'publications': [410, 2563], 'themselves.': [411], 'Photojournalist': [412, 467], 'Mohamed': [413, 4630], 'Amin': [414, 429, 461, 1922, 2026, 2090, 2242, 2576, 2695, 2719, 3612, 3635, 3708, 3753, 3806, 3820, 3858, 3892, 3952, 3976, 4036], '(1943–1996)': [415], 'prolifically': [416], 'books': [419, 2811], 'conjunction': [421], 'his': [423, 443, 508, 660, 841, 846, 860, 948, 991, 1211, 1224, 1340, 1453, 1676, 1682, 2120, 2129, 2196, 2370, 2428, 2596, 2609, 2612, 2623, 2640, 2691, 2700, 2739, 2827, 2915, 3010, 3057, 3068, 3085, 3182, 3189, 3247, 3303, 3320, 3336, 3380, 3421, 3433, 3575, 3656, 3765, 3809, 3959, 4091, 4347], 'travels': [424], '(Fig.': [425, 482, 895, 961, 1480, 1628, 1678, 2734, 2971, 3987], '1;': [426], 'Smith': [427, 459, 4034], '1998:293–95).': [430], 'Two': [431], 'well': [437, 971, 1099, 1432, 3783, 4059, 4577], 'documentary': [440, 493, 1787, 1822], 'film': [441, 500, 1366, 2768, 3213, 3325, 3447, 4104], 'life,': [444], 'ended': [446, 3174, 3589], 'hijacked': [449, 3620], 'plane': [450, 3621, 3767], 'crashed': [452], 'into': [453, 1317, 2536, 2833, 3034, 3084, 3374, 3515, 3574], '(Tetley': [457, 4032], '1988,': [458], '1998,': [462, 1057, 4033, 4037], 'Mills': [463, 3711, 4038], 'Rayani': [465, 3713, 4040], 'Mohinder': [468, 1926, 4632], 'Dhillon': [469, 1928, 2087, 2353, 2801, 3632, 3861], '(b.': [470, 542, 548, 552, 559], '1931),': [471], 'compatriot': [473], 'Mo': [475, 2086, 2089, 2161, 2217, 2352, 2718, 3569, 3585, 3611, 3631, 3634, 3752, 3857, 3860, 3951, 4069], 'Amin,': [476, 3868, 4631], 'currently': [478], 'writing': [479, 2548], 'an': [480, 491, 690, 878, 1227, 1291, 1404, 1584, 1701, 2289, 2399, 2593, 2841, 3164, 3416, 3667, 3839, 4135, 4147], 'autobiography': [481], '2).': [483], 'Photographer/film': [484], 'maker': [485], 'Shravan': [486], 'Vidyarthi': [487, 2405, 2434, 2518, 2556, 2970, 3715, 4042, 4264, 4280], '(2009)': [488], 'directed': [490], 'award-winning': [492], 'premiered': [495], 'International': [499], 'festival': [501, 792], 'life': [504, 2273], 'work': [506, 661, 1225, 2701, 2876, 3705], "father's": [509, 3086], 'photojournalist': [510, 1864, 2403], 'cousin': [511, 3422], 'Priya': [512, 1933, 2966, 2991, 3582, 4206, 4331, 4635], 'Ramrakha': [513, 1934, 2967, 4332], '(1935–1968),': [514], 'died': [516, 1342], 'tragically': [517], 'working': [518, 1198, 1888, 3020, 4064, 4533], 'Time': [520, 3050], 'Life': [522, 3052], 'magazines': [523, 3053], 'Biafran': [526, 3168, 3604], 'war': [527, 3169], 'Nigeria.': [529], 'All': [530], 'covered': [533, 2622, 3648], 'conflicts': [534], 'during': [537, 1000, 1156, 1535, 1711, 3166, 3271, 4346], '1960s.Photographers': [539], 'Muzu': [540, 3527], 'Sulemanji': [541, 3297, 3463], '1951)': [543], '(Sulemanji': [544, 3360, 3545], '2010),': [545], 'Arvind': [546], 'Vohora': [547], '1953),2': [549], 'Javed': [550, 3423, 3439], 'Jafferji': [551], '1969)': [553], '(Moore': [554], '2006),': [555], 'Masud': [557, 574], 'Quraishy': [558, 575], '1934)': [560], '(Quraishy': [561], 'and/or': [565], 'exhibited': [566], 'architecture,': [569], 'tourism,': [570], 'advertising,': [571], 'wildlife.': [573], 'coauthored': [577], 'chronicle': [579], 'Punjabi': [581], 'Muslim': [582, 819, 1924], 'pioneers': [583], 'Cynthia': [587], 'Salvadori': [588], 'others': [590, 773], '(Salvadori': [591], 'et': [592], 'al.': [593], '2010).': [594, 3361], 'With': [595, 1025, 2714], 'exception': [597, 1027], 'Parekh': [601, 1285, 1302, 1328, 1596], '2010:152–76,': [603], 'Behrend': [604, 1349], '1998a),': [605], 'these': [606, 1459, 2310, 3954, 4268], 'excluded': [615], 'gaze': [619], 'scholarship.': [621], "Parekh's": [622, 1351, 4395], 'collection': [624, 785], 'bought': [626, 2794], 'Italian': [628], 'poet': [629], 'Adriano': [630], 'Sarenco': [631, 1391], '2001': [633], 'Verona,': [637], 'where': [638], 'selection': [640], 'monograph,': [645], 'An': [646], 'Mombasa': [649, 813, 1294, 2112], '(Sarenco': [650, 1344], '2002;': [651], 'see': [652, 4241], '2008–09).': [655, 4500], 'It': [656, 1708, 2934, 3887], 'questionable': [658], 'whether': [659, 1465], 'would': [662, 1543, 1593, 1633, 2138, 4303, 4326, 4549, 4564, 4600], 'attracted': [664], 'scholarly': [665], 'notice': [666], 'had': [667, 1416, 1720, 1827, 3227, 3240, 3914], 'not': [669, 995, 2288, 3908, 4255], 'revealed': [671], 'European': [674, 752, 1125, 1238, 1541, 2953], 'collector.A.C.': [675], 'Gomes': [676, 759], 'Goa': [678, 713], 'opened': [679, 1136, 1409, 4517], 'studio': [681, 710, 855, 869, 1257, 1336, 1380, 1752, 1835, 3180, 3367, 3387, 3430, 3564, 4574], '1868': [685], 'earlier': [691, 731, 3273, 4542], 'migration': [692, 1976, 2071, 3277], 'along': [699], 'Gujarati': [701], 'traders': [702], 'northwest': [704], 'India': [705, 2073], '(Zanzibar': [706], 'Unveiled': [707], '2000).': [708], 'discussed': [716, 1085], 'analyzed': [718], 'certain': [721], 'extent': [722], '(2010:51,': [725], '68–69),': [726], 'remarked': [728, 1183, 1533, 2406, 2672], '“catered': [733], 'primarily': [734, 829], 'Europeans,': [736], 'class,': [740], 'tiny': [742], 'elite,”': [744], 'including': [745], 'production': [747, 1816], 'intended': [750], 'visitors': [753], 'audiences.': [755], 'A.C.': [758], 'sons,': [761], 'de': [762], 'Lord,': [763], 'Continho': [764], 'Bros.,': [765], 'Ali': [766], 'Pira': [767], 'Harji,': [768], 'Karim': [769], 'Essa': [770], 'Allibhai,': [771], 'catalogued': [776], 'Evans': [778], '(2005).': [779], 'topography': [782], 'within': [783, 1819, 2393, 2975, 3692, 4054], 'this': [784, 1092, 2036, 2248, 2674, 2750, 2937, 3750, 4360, 4556], 'reminiscent': [787], '“human': [789], 'type/occupation”': [790], 'photography,': [791, 3444, 3524, 4512], 'depiction,': [793], 'colonial': [794, 1794, 2509, 4173, 4204, 4450], 'trade,': [795], 'elites,': [796], 'staged': [797], 'tableaux,': [798], 'possibly': [800], 'photographs': [801, 985, 1011, 1030, 1067, 1479, 1636, 4195, 4208], 'were': [803, 807, 916, 1059, 1124, 1265, 1482, 1950, 2331, 2412, 2484, 2785, 2973, 2985, 3792, 3799, 3862, 3961, 4134, 4249, 4276, 4532, 4581, 4591], 'commissioned': [804, 1233], 'privately': [805], 'but': [806, 2263, 2294, 2870, 3912, 4611], 'printed': [808, 2475, 2662], 'wider': [810, 4191], 'circulation.Born': [811], '1901,': [815], 'Dawoodi': [817, 3255], 'Bohra': [818, 3256], 'background,': [820], 'Tayabali': [821, 864, 920, 4389], 'Hasanali': [822, 921], 'Adamjee': [823, 922, 4391, 4516], '(1901–1994)': [824], 'descended': [825], 'family': [828, 952, 1006, 1072, 1632, 1940, 2121, 2197, 2232, 2299, 2380, 2977, 3288, 4568], 'involved': [830], 'trading': [832, 3265], 'textiles.': [833], 'His': [834, 2379, 2420], 'granddaughter': [835], 'Fatima': [836], 'Sadikot': [837], 'believes': [838], 'he': [839, 993, 1209, 1230, 1415, 2172, 2340, 2387, 2460, 2545, 2621, 2643, 2804, 2830, 2901, 2909, 2922, 2940, 3108, 3155, 3216, 3226, 3342, 3664, 3823, 3873, 4101, 4286], 'started': [840, 1916], 'self-taught': [842, 2994, 4598], 'career': [844, 2223, 2429, 2692, 2731, 2835], 'twenties': [847], 'Kiponde': [849], 'St.,': [850], 'Zanzibar.4': [851], '1971,': [853], 'run': [857, 2065, 3178], 'principally': [858], 'photographer': [861, 892, 1167, 1170, 1204, 1217, 1422, 3016, 3023, 3190], 'son,': [862], 'Abid': [863], 'Hassanali': [865, 4390], '1998).': [867], 'configured': [871], 'familiar': [874], 'spatial': [875, 1387, 1559], 'idiom': [876], 'elegant': [879], 'salon': [880], 'decorated': [881], 'furniture;': [883], 'props': [884, 908], 'backdrops': [886], 'assisted': [887, 2326], 'collaborative': [888], 'creative': [889, 1600], 'engagement': [890], 'patron': [894], '3).': [896], 'Agfa-Gevaert': [897], 'supplied': [898], 'equipment,': [899], 'chemicals,': [900], 'color': [901], 'tints,': [902], 'requisites.': [906], 'such': [909, 943, 1389, 1505, 1513, 1895, 2715, 3002, 4292, 4462, 4472], 'parasol': [912], 'silk': [914], 'flowers': [915], 'purchased': [917], 'Japan.': [919], 'keen': [924], 'learn': [926], 'text': [929], 'books.': [930], 'He': [931, 1680, 1716, 2192, 2364, 2591, 2671, 2736, 2762, 2862, 2881, 3046, 3072, 3121, 3966, 4122], 'imported': [933, 1982], 'cameras': [934, 1069], 'equipment': [936, 1076], 'sell.5': [938], 'Patrons': [939], 'influential': [941], 'clients': [942], 'Sultan': [946], 'family,': [949], 'Ruwehy': [951], '(members': [953], 'local': [956, 1080, 1805, 3000, 4056], 'elite),': [957], 'Karimjee': [959, 988, 3286, 3308, 3934], 'Jivanjees': [960, 989], '4),': [962], 'Aga': [964], 'Khan,': [965], 'British': [967, 1959, 2031, 2457, 2523, 2543, 3985, 4338], 'Royal': [968], 'visitors,': [969], 'patrons': [973], "Zanzibar's": [975, 3718, 4431], 'diverse': [976, 1578], 'communities.': [977, 4434], 'Although': [978], '(2004:20–21,': [980], '40–41,': [981], '47)': [982], 'many': [984, 1765, 2308, 3557], 'book,': [992], 'did': [994, 2160, 4254], 'identify': [996], 'photographers.In': [998], '1964,': [999], 'revolution': [1002, 3781], 'Zanzibar,': [1004], 'forced': [1008], 'destroy': [1010], 'Sultan,': [1015], 'their': [1018, 1021, 1545, 1603, 1854, 1875, 1917, 2151, 2550, 2989, 3119, 3594, 3643, 3704, 3744, 3853, 3920, 4118], 'possession': [1019], 'put': [1020, 4150], 'lives': [1022, 3587], 'danger.': [1024], 'returned': [1029, 1060], 'lost': [1033, 3655], 'revolution,': [1036, 3720, 3751], 'every': [1037, 1407, 3690], 'copy': [1038, 1642], "studio's": [1041, 1102, 2879], 'seventy-five': [1042], 'years': [1043, 2745], 'operation': [1047], 'kept': [1049], 'premises.': [1052], 'After': [1053, 2055, 3128], "Abid's": [1054], 'death': [1055, 3162], 'copies': [1058], 'known': [1062], 'patrons,': [1063], 'remaining': [1066], 'dispersed': [1070], 'among': [1071, 1121, 4510], 'members': [1073], 'given': [1077, 2786, 2872], 'away': [1078], 'photographers.': [1081], '(2010:55)': [1083], 'scattering': [1087], 'archives': [1089, 4407], 'and,': [1090, 4020], 'instance,': [1093], 'political': [1094, 4192, 4645], 'social': [1096, 2272], 'factors,': [1097], 'closure,': [1103], 'led': [1104, 3281, 4362, 4557], 'dispersal': [1107], 'collection.The': [1110], 'mid': [1111], '1920s': [1112], 'witnessed': [1113], 'proliferation': [1115], 'owned.': [1126], 'In': [1127, 1320, 1611, 2338, 2553, 2616, 2822, 2899, 2907, 3717, 3746, 3850, 4435], 'capital,': [1129], 'Nairobi,': [1130, 1900, 3025, 3141], 'Ram': [1131], '&': [1133, 1313], 'Sons': [1134], 'Photographers': [1135, 1531], '1924': [1138], 'Victoria': [1140], 'Street': [1141], '(now': [1142], 'Tom': [1143, 4364], 'Mboya': [1144, 4365], 'Street),': [1145], 'while': [1146, 2149, 3019, 4071, 4285], 'Thakor': [1147], 'L.': [1148], 'Bhai': [1149, 1176, 1182], '(T.L.': [1151], 'Patel)': [1152, 1177], 'established': [1153, 2341, 2461], 'Anand': [1154], 'Studio': [1155, 1244, 1411, 1687, 2859, 4477, 4483, 4522], 'same': [1158], 'decade.': [1159], 'latter': [1161], 'described': [1163, 1970], 'pioneer': [1166], 'Bhupendra': [1171], 'M.': [1172, 1175], '(Bachu': [1174], 'Vanguard': [1179, 1243], 'Studios.8': [1180], 'Bachu': [1181], 'similarities': [1186], 'terms': [1188, 1357], 'style': [1190], 'T.L.': [1192, 1200], 'Parekh.9Manibhai': [1195], 'commenced': [1197], '1920s,': [1207], 'observed': [1210], 'mentor': [1212], 'passionate,': [1215], 'meticulous': [1216], 'consulted': [1219], 'academic': [1220], 'textbooks': [1221], 'viewed': [1223], 'art.': [1228], 'Moreover,': [1229, 1564, 3184, 3630], 'specifically': [1232], 'take': [1235], 'portraits': [1236], 'clients.': [1239], 'Manibhai': [1240], 'subsequently': [1241], 'founded': [1242, 2437], '1930s.': [1247], 'name': [1249], '“Vanguard': [1250], 'Studios”': [1251], 'original': [1256], 'Bombay,': [1259], 'underlining': [1260], 'how': [1261, 2943, 3499, 3808], 'sustained.': [1266], 'Pinney': [1267, 1449], 'refers': [1268], '1931': [1271], 'advertisement': [1272], 'Bombay': [1276, 1365], 'studio,': [1277], 'its': [1279, 2056, 2469, 3506, 3508, 3542], '“emphasis': [1280], 'artistry”': [1282], '(Pinney': [1283], '1997:77–78).N.V.': [1284], '(1923–2007)': [1286], 'son': [1289], 'immigrant': [1292], 'Gujarat,': [1296, 3279], '1905.': [1299], 'elder': [1301], 'first': [1303, 2371, 2466, 2597, 2889, 3786, 4008], 'worked': [1304, 1417, 2173, 3343, 4049, 4287], 'clerk': [1307, 2847], 'merchants': [1310], 'Allidina': [1311], 'Visram': [1312], 'Co.,': [1314], 'then': [1315, 2320, 2572, 4324], 'going': [1316, 1696, 3352], 'business': [1318, 3305, 3391], 'himself.': [1319, 1707], '1939,': [1321], 'age': [1324, 2619, 3599, 3615], 'sixteen,': [1326], 'N.V.': [1327], 'offered': [1330, 4197, 4423], 'job': [1332], 'Nakuru': [1338], 'after': [1339, 1414, 1521, 2127, 2230, 2746, 3764, 3822], 'father': [1341, 2118, 2163, 2313, 2793, 3434, 3810], 'unexpectedly': [1343], 'cited': [1345], '2008–09:28,': [1348], '1998a).': [1350], 'portraiture': [1352], 'appraised': [1355], 'glamour': [1360], 'Hollywood': [1362], 'industry': [1367], 'Raheja': [1370], 'Kothari': [1372], '1996,': [1373], 'Kabir': [1374], '1985).': [1375], 'conventions': [1377, 1842, 1858], 'extended': [1382, 2266], 'composition': [1385], 'geometry': [1388], '2002:28)': [1395], 'stated': [1396], '“I': [1398, 3101], 'thought': [1399], 'himself': [1401, 1674, 2342, 2557, 2764, 2942], '[sic]': [1402], 'artist': [1405, 1420], 'sense.”Parekh': [1408], 'Victory': [1410], '1942,': [1413], 'Surani.': [1423], 'Surani': [1424], 'passed': [1425], 'techniques': [1428], 'painting': [1430, 1478, 3476], 'photographs,': [1431, 1604], 'developed': [1433], 'together': [1436], 'pencil': [1439], 'retouching': [1440], 'technique': [1441], 'eradicating': [1443], 'flaws': [1444], 'lightening': [1446], 'skin.': [1447], 'As': [1448, 1583, 4159, 4420], 'noted': [1451, 2802], 'Nagda': [1457], 'Studio,': [1458], 'elements,': [1461], 'honed': [1462], 'theatrical': [1466], 'references': [1467], 'composition,': [1469], 'retouching,': [1470], 'adoption': [1472], '“signs': [1474], 'power,”': [1476], '5),': [1481], 'means': [1484, 4169, 4583], '“in': [1485], 'stage': [1488], 'idealized': [1489], 'versions': [1490], 'oneself”': [1492], '(1997:175–86).Patrons': [1493], 'visited': [1494, 3426], 'document': [1497], 'events': [1498, 1881, 4017, 4412], 'mark': [1501], 'rites': [1502], 'passage': [1504], 'male': [1507], 'circumcision': [1508], 'Zanzibar;': [1510], 'weddings;': [1511], 'festivals': [1512], 'Diwali,': [1515], 'Eid,': [1516], 'Christmas;': [1518], 'before': [1519], 'pilgrimage': [1522], 'Mecca': [1524], '(Hajj/Umrah);': [1525], '2004).10': [1530], 'that,': [1534], 'World': [1536], 'War': [1537], 'II,': [1538], 'soldiers': [1539], 'regiments': [1542], 'photos': [1546], 'lasting': [1550], 'record': [1552], 'marked': [1554], 'out': [1555, 2392, 3794, 4223], 'institutional': [1557, 4283], 'mobility': [1560], 'colonizing': [1562], 'institutions.11': [1563], 'labile': [1566], 'changeable': [1568], 'dispositions': [1569], 'image-making': [1572, 1776], 'abundant': [1574], 'potential': [1575, 3028], 'construct': [1577], 'self-presentations': [1579], 'individual.': [1582], 'example': [1585], 'this,': [1587], 'Hamida': [1588, 1614], 'Essaji': [1589], 'friends': [1592], 'devise': [1599], 'constructions': [1601], 'cost': [1607], 'divided': [1608], 'amongst': [1609], 'friends.': [1610], 'youth,': [1613], 'participated': [1616, 1813], 'group': [1621], 'bride': [1624], 'bridesmaids': [1627], '6);': [1629], "bride's": [1631], 'purchase': [1634], 'gift': [1638], 'each': [1639], 'bridesmaid': [1640], 'reciprocal': [1647], 'exchange': [1648], '(Mauss': [1649], '1990).Kenyan': [1650], 'writer': [1651], 'actor': [1653], 'John': [1654, 3722], 'Sibi': [1655], 'Okumu,': [1656], 'until': [1659], 'recently': [1660, 3528], 'Awaaz,': [1666], 'recounted': [1667], 'making': [1669, 1845, 2770, 3126], 'portrait': [1672], 'mother': [1677, 1719, 2610], '7).': [1679], 'recalled': [1681], 'journey': [1683], 'Noble': [1686], 'Nairobi': [1689, 1910], 'child': [1692], '1958,': [1694, 2617], 'city': [1699], 'event': [1702], 'rural': [1704], 'dwellers': [1705], 'like': [1706, 4245], 'Mau': [1713, 1714, 2211, 2212, 4213, 4214, 4225, 4226, 4252, 4253], 'resistance.': [1715], 'recalls,': [1717], '“My': [1718], 'particular': [1722], 'effort,': [1723], 'blouse,': [1726], 'skirt,': [1727], 'matching': [1729], 'handbag': [1730], 'ensemble,': [1731], 'look': [1733], 'trendy': [1735], 'trendiest': [1738], 'woman': [1739], 'day”': [1742], 'contrasted': [1744], '“exalted,': [1746], 'feel': [1747], 'good': [1748, 3124], 'plane”': [1749], "photojournalism's": [1754], '“recording': [1755], 'hatred,': [1757], 'violence,': [1758], 'calamity': [1759], 'like”': [1761], '(Sibi-Okumu': [1762], '2008–09:8–10).Photography': [1763], 'different': [1766, 1840], 'trajectories,': [1767], 'Tagg': [1769], '(1988)': [1770], 'noted,': [1772], 'situated': [1782, 2974], 'outset': [1785], 'representational': [1790], 'fields': [1791], 'linked': [1792], 'histories': [1795], 'positionings.': [1797], 'These': [1798, 1824, 2494, 3797], 'images': [1799, 1818, 2650], 'consumed': [1802], 'through': [1803, 2587, 2931, 3289], 'both': [1804, 1909, 2091, 3856], 'international': [1807, 1884, 4066], 'news': [1808, 1880, 2760], 'media.': [1809, 2761], 'Local': [1810], 'discourses': [1820], 'reportage.': [1823], 'professional': [1825, 1828, 1862, 4561, 4619], 'trajectories': [1829, 4614], 'differed': [1831], 'utilized': [1839], 'images,': [1847], 'although': [1848, 3958], 'individual': [1849], 'overlapped': [1852], 'use': [1855, 2766], 'fluctuating': [1861], 'roles.The': [1863], 'under': [1866, 2564, 4184], 'consideration': [1867], 'spent': [1868], 'major': [1872], 'careers': [1876, 1918, 4638], 'photographing': [1877], 'filming': [1879], 'either': [1882], 'organizations': [1885], 'staff': [1890], 'national': [1893, 4260], 'papers': [1894, 2497], 'Nation,': [1898, 3005], 'Standard,': [1905], 'offices': [1907], 'Dar': [1912, 2227, 3193, 3315, 3339, 3534], 'es': [1913, 2228, 3194, 3316, 3340, 3535], 'Salaam.': [1914], 'Several': [1915], 'studios.Mohamed': [1920], '(Mo)': [1921, 1927], '(of': [1923, 1929, 1935], 'heritage),': [1925, 1931], 'Sikh': [1930], 'Hindu': [1936], 'heritage)': [1937], 'all': [1938], 'roots': [1941, 4093], 'Punjab': [1944, 2123], 'region': [1945, 2148], 'India.': [1947], 'Their': [1948, 4406], 'families': [1949], 'drawn': [1951], 'result': [1956], 'Protectorate': [1962], 'Railways': [1963], 'project,': [1964], 'precipitated': [1966], 'wave': [1974], '“Indians': [1980], '…': [1981], 'indentured': [1984], 'laborers': [1985], 'build': [1987, 2047], 'Uganda': [1989, 2001, 2015, 2183, 3845], 'Railway—the': [1990], 'practical': [1991], 'symbolic': [1993], 'heart': [1994], 'imperial': [1996], 'power”': [1997], '(Nair': [1998], '2008:77).': [1999], 'Railway,': [2002], 'dubbed': [2003], 'Lunatic': [2007], 'Express,': [2008], 'traversed': [2009], 'Coast': [2013], 'serve': [2017], "Britain's": [2018, 2098], 'commercial,': [2019], 'military,': [2020], 'strategic': [2022], 'interests': [2023], '(Smith': [2024, 2240, 2693, 3706], '1998:39–50).': [2027], 'Approved': [2028], 'Parliament': [2032], '1890s,': [2035], 'controversial': [2037, 3970], 'expensive': [2039], 'project': [2040], 'required': [2041, 2061], '31,983': [2042], 'railway': [2044, 2345], 'workers': [2045, 2076], '1896': [2050], '1903': [2052], '(Miller': [2053], '1972:390–91).': [2054], 'completion,': [2057], 'workforce': [2059], 'maintain': [2063], 'lines,': [2067], 'hence': [2069], 'continued,': [2074], 'now': [2077], 'coming': [2078], 'Karachi': [2080], '1997:8–27).': [2082], 'fathers': [2084], 'responded': [2092], 'posters': [2094], 'advertising': [2095], 'opportunities': [2096, 3266, 3697], 'latest': [2099], 'crown': [2100], 'colony': [2101], 'departed': [2103], 'Kenya,': [2105], 'travelling': [2106], 'dhow': [2108, 3262, 3756], 'steamship': [2110], '1917': [2114], '1927.': [2116], "Dhillon's": [2117, 2792], 'left': [2119, 2261], 'be': [2125, 2206, 2474, 4006, 4623], 'looked': [2126, 4244], 'brother.12It': [2130], 'quite': [2132, 3123], 'men': [2137, 4155], 'attempt': [2139], 'establish': [2141], 'stable': [2143], 'income': [2144], 'new': [2147, 4298], 'maintaining': [2150], 'ties': [2152, 3283], '“homeland,”': [2155], 'returning': [2156], 'marry,': [2158], "Amin's": [2162, 2218, 3586, 4000], '1939': [2165], 'marry': [2167], 'Azmat': [2168], 'Bibi.': [2169], 'Until': [2170], 'then,': [2171], 'stone': [2176], 'mason,': [2177], 'building': [2178, 4649], 'bridges': [2179], 'Railway': [2184], 'Rift': [2187], 'Valley': [2188], 'town': [2189], 'Nakuru.': [2191], 'eventually': [2193], 'settled': [2194, 2332], 'area': [2200], 'Eastleigh,': [2202], 'vicinity': [2208], 'encampment': [2213], '1950s.': [2216], 'schooling': [2219], 'took': [2224, 2902, 3754], 'place': [2225, 2291], 'Salaam,': [2229, 3195, 3317, 3341, 3536], 'moved': [2234], 'railway-owned': [2237], 'estate': [2238], '1998:39–50;': [2243], '2009:21–32).13Nair': [2245], '(2008:89)': [2246], 'describes': [2247], 'cyclical': [2249], 'interconnection': [2250], 'process': [2253], 'homeland': [2257, 2286], 'never': [2259], 'actually': [2260, 2887], 'behind': [2262, 4156], 'rather': [2264], 'attached': [2268], 'over': [2276], 'space': [2277], 'without': [2278, 2724, 3963], 'alienation': [2279], 'stark': [2281], 'separation;': [2282], 'because': [2284], 'imagined': [2290], 'origin': [2293], 'living': [2296], 'land': [2297, 3772], 'life.”': [2300], 'echoed': [2303], 'experiences': [2306, 2372, 4355, 4543], "families.Dhillon's": [2312], 'accommodated': [2315], 'Gurdwara': [2318], 'helped': [2321, 3030, 3241, 3392], 'find': [2323], 'work,': [2324, 3595], '2004:25,': [2335], 'Chandan': [2336, 4499], '2008:18–23).': [2337], 'time,': [2339], 'storekeeper,': [2346], 'sending': [2347], 'remittance': [2348], 'Punjab.': [2351], 'sixteen': [2355], 'time': [2358, 2751, 2938, 3075, 4348, 4526], 'move': [2361], 'Kenya.': [2363, 3230], 'provides': [2365], 'vivid': [2367], 'description': [2368], 'outside-mechanized': [2375], 'world': [2376, 2687, 4144], '1947.': [2378], 'spared': [2382], 'horrors': [2384], 'Partition,': [2386], 'writes,': [2388], 'violence': [2390], 'breaking': [2391], 'weeks': [2394], 'departure.14In': [2398], 'interview': [2400, 2885], '2012,': [2402, 4271], 'Anil': [2404, 2555, 2969, 3142, 3185, 4279], 'communities': [2409], 'insulated': [2413], 'internecine': [2416], 'tensions': [2417], 'India.15': [2419], '1890s': [2425], 'stationmaster.': [2431], 'Girdhari': [2432, 2516], 'Lal': [2433, 2517], "(Anil's": [2435], 'father),': [2436], 'printing': [2439, 2561, 2582, 3087, 3160], 'press': [2440, 3088, 3350], '1933': [2442], 'Colonial': [2446, 2524, 2551, 3013], 'Times': [2447], 'newspaper,': [2448, 4291], 'subversive': [2450, 4468], 'bilingual': [2451], 'English/Gujarati': [2452], 'created': [2454], 'rule.16': [2458], 'Furthermore,': [2459, 4608], 'Habari': [2462], 'Za': [2463], 'Dunia,': [2464], 'kind': [2470], 'Swahili': [2472], 'independently,': [2476], 'Luo': [2479], 'weekly': [2480], 'newspaper': [2481, 2657, 3012, 3146], 'Ramogi.': [2482], 'Both': [2483, 3581], 'edited': [2485], 'Kenyans': [2488], 'F.M.': [2489], 'Ruhinda': [2490], 'Achieng': [2492], 'Oneko.': [2493], '(including': [2498], 'Citizen': [2500, 3007], 'Times)': [2501], 'broadcast': [2502], 'critiques': [2503], 'raised': [2505], 'issues': [2506], 'government': [2510, 2566, 3239, 3727, 4115], 'sought': [2511], 'suppress': [2513], '(Vidyarthi': [2514, 2574, 4384], '2002:22–29).17': [2515], 'imprisoned': [2520], 'Government': [2525], 'sedition': [2527], 'April': [2529, 3905], '1945.': [2530], 'According': [2531], 'Anil,': [2533], '“He': [2534], 'got': [2535, 4146], 'lot': [2538], 'trouble': [2540], 'always': [2547], 'against': [2549], 'Rule.”18': [2552], '1995,': [2554], 'charged': [2559], 'seditious': [2562], 'Daniel': [2568, 3080], 'arap': [2569, 3081], 'Moi': [2570, 3082, 3093], 'acquitted': [2573], '2002:22–29).Mo': [2575], 'learned': [2577, 2805], 'darkroom': [2578], 'skills,': [2579], 'processing,': [2580], 'school': [2586, 2723], 'society.': [2590, 4514], 'innate': [2594], 'entrepreneur;': [2595], 'Box': [2598, 2797], 'Brownie': [2599, 2798], 'camera': [2600, 3116], 'paid': [2602], 'selling': [2605], 'sweets': [2606], 'older': [2613, 3069], 'brother': [2614], 'Iqbal.': [2615], 'fifteen,': [2620, 2699], "school's": [2624, 2636], 'Boy': [2625], 'Scout': [2626], "troop's": [2627], 'official': [2628], 'visit': [2629], "governor's": [2632], 'house,': [2633], 'using': [2634], 'Rollieflex': [2637], 'camera.': [2638], 'On': [2639, 3149, 3335], 'own': [2641], 'initiative,': [2642], 'processed': [2644], 'film,': [2646], 'taking': [2647, 3111], 'best': [2649], 'Tanganika': [2653], 'Standard': [2654, 2930], "(Tanzania's": [2655], 'time),': [2660], 'them': [2663, 4306, 4328], 'front': [2666], 'page': [2667], 'next': [2669], 'day.': [2670], 'achievement': [2676], 'aroused': [2677], 'much': [2679], 'excitement': [2680], 'him': [2682, 2795, 3031, 3242, 4099], 'any': [2684, 2726], 'exclusives': [2688], 'later': [2689, 3372], '1998:39).': [2696], 'Also': [2697], 'edition': [2708], 'black': [2711], 'Drum.': [2713], 'success,': [2717], 'decided': [2720], 'leave': [2722], 'completing': [2725], 'exams': [2727], 'pursue': [2729, 2988], 'photojournalism': [2733], '8).': [2735], 'set': [2737, 3156], 'up': [2738, 3157], 'company': [2740], 'Camerapix': [2741], '1963,': [2743], 'Independence,': [2747], 'highly': [2753], 'experienced': [2754], 'workings': [2757], 'taught': [2763, 2941], 'cine': [2767], '16mm': [2772], 'hand-cranked': [2773], 'Bolex': [2774], 'newsreel': [2775], 'white': [2778, 2894, 2916, 3984, 3991], 'opponents': [2781], 'apartheid': [2783], 'sanctuary': [2787], 'Julius': [2789], "Nyerere's": [2790], 'government.Mo': [2791], 'camera,': [2799], 'reading': [2807], 'small': [2808, 2817], 'pocket': [2809], 'guide': [2810], 'processing': [2813, 3369], 'films': [2814, 3798, 3960], 'enamel': [2818], 'bath': [2819], 'soap': [2820], 'holder.19': [2821], '1952,': [2823], 'unable': [2824], 'pass': [2826], 'O-level': [2828], 'exams,': [2829], 'stumbled': [2831], 'inadvertently': [2832, 3665], 'responding': [2839], 'advert': [2842], 'junior': [2845], 'placed': [2848], 'proprietor': [2851], 'pharmacy.': [2854], 'owned': [2857, 3876], 'Halle': [2858, 2905], 'photo': [2860, 3366], 'studio.': [2861, 2933], 'was,': [2863], 'unsurprisingly,': [2864], 'rejected': [2865], 'clerical': [2868], 'post,': [2869], 'chance': [2874], 'darkroom.': [2880], 'notes': [2882], '“this': [2884], 'my': [2888], 'conversational': [2890], 'contact': [2891, 3293], 'person': [2895], 'level.”20': [2898], '1955': [2900], 'ownership': [2903], 'Studio.': [2906], '1960': [2908], 'formed': [2910], 'Africapix': [2911], 'colleagues,': [2917], 'journalist': [2918], 'Ivor': [2919], 'Davies,': [2920], 'whom': [2921], 'became': [2923], 'friendly': [2924], 'make': [2945], 'newsreels': [2946], 'suggestion': [2949], 'visiting': [2952], 'executive': [2954], 'United': [2956], 'Press': [2957, 4081], 'International,': [2958], 'having': [2959, 3647], 'obtained': [2960], 'A4': [2962], 'sheets': [2963], 'instructions.21Cousins': [2965], '9)': [2972], 'milieu': [2978], 'printing,': [2980, 3495], 'publishing,': [2981], 'encouraged': [2986], 'interests.': [2990], 'initially': [2993, 3364], 'contributed': [2996], 'various': [2999], 'newspapers': [3001], 'Times,': [3008], "uncle's": [3011], 'Times.': [3014], 'American': [3015], 'Eliot': [3017], 'Elisofon,22': [3018], 'spotted': [3026], "Priya's": [3027], 'obtain': [3032], 'admission': [3033], 'Art': [3036, 3205, 3331, 3455], 'Center': [3037], 'School': [3038, 3407], 'California': [3040], '1958/9': [3042], 'photography.23': [3045], 'contracted': [3048], '1962': [3055], 'return': [3058, 3337], 'Nairobi.Anil': [3060], "Vidyarthi's": [3061], 'interest': [3062, 3417], 'sparked': [3066], "cousin's": [3070], 'work.': [3071], 'recalls': [3073, 3807], '1950s': [3078, 4494], 'came': [3083], 'Priya,': [3090], 'pose': [3095], 'spear,': [3098], 'noting': [3099], 'more': [3103], 'interested': [3104], '[Ramrakha]': [3109], 'photograph': [3113, 3482, 3831, 4106], 'than': [3114], 'itself': [3117], 'banter.': [3120], 'friends.”24': [3127], 'brief': [3130], 'stint': [3131], 'couple': [3134], 'River': [3139], 'Road,': [3140], 'joined': [3143], 'Nation': [3145, 4290], '1962.': [3148], 'leaving': [3150], 'organization': [3152], '1967': [3154], 'block': [3159], "press.Priya's": [3161], 'ambush': [3165], 'Nigeria': [3171, 3607], '1968': [3173, 3210, 3609], "Anil's": [3175], 'plans': [3176], 'cousin.': [3183], 'influenced': [3187], 'friend': [3191], 'Nazir': [3196, 3296, 3378, 3411], 'Sulemanji,': [3197, 3253], 'enroll': [3199], 'Derby': [3202, 3328], 'College': [3203, 3329, 3450, 3453], 'UK': [3208, 3460], 'photography;': [3215], 'granted': [3218, 3828], "year's": [3220], 'exemption': [3221], 'due': [3222], 'skills': [3225], 'acquired': 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'speak': [3814], 'directly': [3815, 4465], 'Ugandan': [3817], 'President': [3818, 3867], 'Idi': [3819, 3891, 3975, 3999], 'immediately': [3821], 'seized': [3824], 'power': [3825], 'him.': [3832], 'shared': [3834], 'surname': [3835], 'association': [3840], 'permitted': [3842], 'access': [3843], 'unprecedented': [3846], 'time.': [3849], 'spite': [3851, 4022], 'ethnicity,': [3855], 'cordially': [3864], 'received': [3865], 'even': [3869], 'though,': [3870], '1972,': [3872], 'nationalized': [3874], 'properties': [3875], 'Europeans': [3880], 'amid': [3881], 'expulsion': [3883], '60,000': [3885], 'Asians.': [3886], 'possible': [3889], 'regional': [3896, 4092], 'trend.': [3897], 'Tanzanian': [3899], 'Acquisition': [3900], 'Buildings': [3902], 'Act': [3903, 3931], '1971': [3906], 'targeted': [3909], 'Asians,': [3911], 'nevertheless': [3913], 'severely': [3916], 'detrimental': [3917], 'impact': [3918, 3928], 'income.': [3921], '(2009:161–67)': [3923], 'about': [3926], 'family.': [3936], 'There': 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