Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2190182092', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.11.020', 'title': 'The First World War from above and below. Historical aerial photographs and mine craters in the Ypres Salient', 'display_name': 'The First World War from above and below. Historical aerial photographs and mine craters in the Ypres Salient', 'publication_year': 2016, 'publication_date': '2016-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2190182092', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.11.020', 'mag': '2190182092'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.11.020', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S115443327', 'display_name': 'Applied Geography', 'issn_l': '0143-6228', 'issn': ['0143-6228', '1873-7730'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/7009975/file/7010105', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5082748383', 'display_name': 'Birger Stichelbaut', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9841-1489'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210105873', 'display_name': 'In Flanders Fields Museum', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0173en609', 'country_code': 'BE', 'type': 'archive', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210105873']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I32597200', 'display_name': 'Ghent University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00cv9y106', 'country_code': 'BE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I32597200']}], 'countries': ['BE'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Birger Stichelbaut', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Centre for Historical and Archaeological Aerial Photography, Ghent University, In Flanders Fields Museum, Province of West-Flanders, Grote Markt 34, 8900 Ypres, Belgium'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Centre for Historical and Archaeological Aerial Photography, Ghent University, In Flanders Fields Museum, Province of West-Flanders, Grote Markt 34, 8900 Ypres, Belgium', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210105873', 'https://openalex.org/I32597200']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5029875592', 'display_name': 'Wouter Gheyle', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-7903'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I32597200', 'display_name': 'Ghent University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00cv9y106', 'country_code': 'BE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I32597200']}], 'countries': ['BE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Wouter Gheyle', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I32597200']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5041765096', 'display_name': 'Timothy Saey', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I32597200', 'display_name': 'Ghent University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00cv9y106', 'country_code': 'BE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I32597200']}], 'countries': ['BE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Timothy Saey', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Soil Management, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Soil Management, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I32597200']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5005720548', 'display_name': 'Veerle Van Eetvelde', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2382-6182'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I32597200', 'display_name': 'Ghent University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00cv9y106', 'country_code': 'BE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I32597200']}], 'countries': ['BE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Veerle Van Eetvelde', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Geography, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, 9000 Gent, Belgium'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Geography, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, 9000 Gent, Belgium', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I32597200']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5024502996', 'display_name': 'Marc Van Meirvenne', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2030-2914'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I32597200', 'display_name': 'Ghent University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00cv9y106', 'country_code': 'BE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I32597200']}], 'countries': ['BE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Marc Van Meirvenne', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Soil Management, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Soil Management, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I32597200']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5052513578', 'display_name': 'Nicolas Note', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6174-9627'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I32597200', 'display_name': 'Ghent University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00cv9y106', 'country_code': 'BE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I32597200']}], 'countries': ['BE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Nicolas Note', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Soil Management, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Soil Management, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I32597200']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5086753973', 'display_name': 'Hanne Van den Berghe', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8058-3530'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I32597200', 'display_name': 'Ghent University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00cv9y106', 'country_code': 'BE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I32597200']}], 'countries': ['BE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Hanne Van den Berghe', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Geography, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, 9000 Gent, Belgium'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Geography, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, 9000 Gent, Belgium', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I32597200']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5083304946', 'display_name': 'Jean Bourgeois', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7590-7200'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I32597200', 'display_name': 'Ghent University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00cv9y106', 'country_code': 'BE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I32597200']}], 'countries': ['BE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Jean Bourgeois', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I32597200']}]}], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5082748383'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210105873', 'https://openalex.org/I32597200'], 'apc_list': {'value': 2900, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 2900, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 12.274, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 23, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.95427, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 92, 'max': 93}, 'biblio': {'volume': '66', 'issue': None, 'first_page': '64', 'last_page': '72'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12364', 'display_name': 'Archaeological Remote Sensing using Remote Sensing Techniques', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1912', 'display_name': 'Space and Planetary Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12364', 'display_name': 'Archaeological Remote Sensing using Remote Sensing Techniques', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1912', 'display_name': 'Space and Planetary Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11211', 'display_name': '3D Geospatial Modelling Techniques', 'score': 0.999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1907', 'display_name': 'Geology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11846', 'display_name': 'Temporal, Spatial, and Social Aspects of Cultural Heritage Studies', 'score': 0.9947, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1204', 'display_name': 'Archeology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/12', 'display_name': 'Arts and Humanities'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/stalemate', 'display_name': 'Stalemate', 'score': 0.86324567}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/siege', 'display_name': 'Siege', 'score': 0.6517993}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-survey', 'display_name': 'Aerial Survey', 'score': 0.477019}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C179537507', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55818', 'display_name': 'Impact crater', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8698636}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C109913982', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208330', 'display_name': 'Stalemate', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.86324567}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780719617', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752', 'display_name': 'Salient', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.67717344}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C186857363', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188055', 'display_name': 'Siege', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6517993}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C166957645', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498', 'display_name': 'Archaeology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5725536}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777551076', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842332', 'display_name': 'Front (military)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5596875}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C205649164', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071', 'display_name': 'Geography', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.50490075}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127313418', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069', 'display_name': 'Geology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.45486516}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C58640448', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515', 'display_name': 'Cartography', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.36312336}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C95457728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309', 'display_name': 'History', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.35588574}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62649853', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687', 'display_name': 'Remote sensing', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3547858}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C94625758', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163', 'display_name': 'Politics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.10015315}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153294291', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261', 'display_name': 'Meteorology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.09730756}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C87355193', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411', 'display_name': 'Astrobiology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.07438332}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.11.020', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S115443327', 'display_name': 'Applied Geography', 'issn_l': '0143-6228', 'issn': ['0143-6228', '1873-7730'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/7009975/file/7010105', 'pdf_url': 'https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/7009975/file/7010105', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400478', 'display_name': 'Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I32597200', 'host_organization_name': 'Ghent University', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I32597200'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Ghent University'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/7009975/file/7010105', 'pdf_url': 'https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/7009975/file/7010105', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400478', 'display_name': 'Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I32597200', 'host_organization_name': 'Ghent University', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I32597200'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Ghent University'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.7, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11', 'display_name': 'Sustainable cities and communities'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 32, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1481107017', 'https://openalex.org/W1487187218', 'https://openalex.org/W1503218760', 'https://openalex.org/W172463590', 'https://openalex.org/W1798489336', 'https://openalex.org/W1969685066', 'https://openalex.org/W1972933202', 'https://openalex.org/W2017535418', 'https://openalex.org/W2034638704', 'https://openalex.org/W2057055115', 'https://openalex.org/W2063833216', 'https://openalex.org/W2070865131', 'https://openalex.org/W2082492880', 'https://openalex.org/W2084394734', 'https://openalex.org/W2093651953', 'https://openalex.org/W2148018658', 'https://openalex.org/W2167904349', 'https://openalex.org/W2202777762', 'https://openalex.org/W2254913860', 'https://openalex.org/W2278448846', 'https://openalex.org/W2316217744', 'https://openalex.org/W2327881225', 'https://openalex.org/W2479442227', 'https://openalex.org/W2946382771', 'https://openalex.org/W2984458151', 'https://openalex.org/W3087438914', 'https://openalex.org/W3087653473', 'https://openalex.org/W4231411277', 'https://openalex.org/W581520302', 'https://openalex.org/W590833663', 'https://openalex.org/W8506750', 'https://openalex.org/W862471602'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W806177966', 'https://openalex.org/W4253072212', 'https://openalex.org/W3125203782', 'https://openalex.org/W3019057163', 'https://openalex.org/W2901162087', 'https://openalex.org/W2897333907', 'https://openalex.org/W2807914053', 'https://openalex.org/W2377743224', 'https://openalex.org/W2140335343', 'https://openalex.org/W2076883590'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'During': [0], 'the': [1, 16, 19, 24, 63, 69], 'First': [2], 'World': [3], 'War,': [4], 'ancient': [5], 'siege': [6], 'techniques': [7], 'were': [8], 'used': [9, 52], 'in': [10, 18, 73], 'an': [11], 'attempt': [12], 'to': [13, 59], 'break': [14], 'through': [15], 'stalemate': [17], 'trenches.': [20], 'This': [21], 'paper': [22, 76], 'approaches': [23], 'mine': [25, 65], 'crater': [26, 66], 'war': [27, 82], 'from': [28], 'a': [29, 36, 54, 78, 87, 99], 'completely': [30], 'new': [31], 'perspective': [32], 'and': [33, 61], 'focuses': [34], 'on': [35, 41], 'landscape-scale': [37], 'approach': [38], 'rather': [39], 'than': [40], 'fragmented': [42], 'individual': [43], 'sites.': [44], 'Thousands': [45], 'of': [46, 57, 86, 91], 'contemporary': [47], 'aerial': [48, 92], 'photographs': [49], 'have': [50], 'been': [51], 'as': [53], 'primary': [55], 'source': [56], 'information': [58], 'detect': [60], 'understand': [62], 'historical': [64, 96], 'landscape': [67, 97], 'along': [68], 'former': [70], 'Western': [71], 'Front': [72], 'Belgium.': [74], 'The': [75], 'presents': [77], 'methodology': [79], 'for': [80], 'dating': [81], 'features': [83], 'by': [84], 'means': [85], 'time': [88], 'series': [89], 'analysis': [90], 'photographs,': [93], 'confronting': [94], 'this': [95], 'with': [98], 'high-resolution': [100], 'Airborne': [101], 'Laser': [102], 'Scanning': [103], '(ALS)': [104], 'dataset.': [105]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2190182092', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 2}], 'updated_date': '2024-08-11T13:47:43.996734', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}