Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W218949133', 'doi': None, 'title': 'War on the Cheap. Using Information Warfare to Lengthen the Decision Cycle.', 'display_name': 'War on the Cheap. Using Information Warfare to Lengthen the Decision Cycle.', 'publication_year': 1996, 'publication_date': '1996-02-12', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W218949133', 'mag': '218949133'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a307767.pdf', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': None, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': [], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5102886863', 'display_name': 'Thomas H. Carr', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6039-0209'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Thomas H. Carr', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5102886863'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.0, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 0, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.0, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 0, 'max': 54}, 'biblio': {'volume': None, 'issue': None, 'first_page': None, 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12888', 'display_name': 'Military Strategy and Technology', 'score': 0.737, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2207', 'display_name': 'Control and Systems Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12888', 'display_name': 'Military Strategy and Technology', 'score': 0.737, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2207', 'display_name': 'Control and Systems Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/information-warfare', 'display_name': 'Information Warfare', 'score': 0.6644236}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/military-doctrine', 'display_name': 'Military doctrine', 'score': 0.45579773}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/information-operations', 'display_name': 'Information Operations', 'score': 0.44632316}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/hacker', 'display_name': 'Hacker', 'score': 0.44021475}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41065033', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412', 'display_name': 'Adversary', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.76655924}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776211767', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117850', 'display_name': 'Doctrine', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7206191}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781349506', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911036', 'display_name': 'Information warfare', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6644236}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C38652104', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521', 'display_name': 'Computer security', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.49118587}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C189326492', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690689', 'display_name': 'Revolution in Military Affairs', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.47787657}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778007780', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140224', 'display_name': 'Military doctrine', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.45579773}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C94625758', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163', 'display_name': 'Politics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.45566338}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.4556319}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121858775', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18600568', 'display_name': 'Information Operations', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44632316}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86844869', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798820', 'display_name': 'Hacker', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44021475}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C42475967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292', 'display_name': 'Operations research', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.37038594}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3685291}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C451841', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192386', 'display_name': 'Military science', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.3675977}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.3265174}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.22546107}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a307767.pdf', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': None, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16', 'display_name': 'Peace, justice, and strong institutions', 'score': 0.64}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W340412636', 'https://openalex.org/W340358163', 'https://openalex.org/W327888537', 'https://openalex.org/W303762975', 'https://openalex.org/W301891472', 'https://openalex.org/W292118421', 'https://openalex.org/W2756023496', 'https://openalex.org/W274323907', 'https://openalex.org/W268667273', 'https://openalex.org/W261509789', 'https://openalex.org/W259120017', 'https://openalex.org/W246511289', 'https://openalex.org/W225882214', 'https://openalex.org/W2230154015', 'https://openalex.org/W1750188030', 'https://openalex.org/W1561395062', 'https://openalex.org/W1551943781', 'https://openalex.org/W1504885164', 'https://openalex.org/W12354866', 'https://openalex.org/W103014860'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Abstract': [0], ':': [1], 'This': [2, 162, 193], 'paper': [3, 163, 194], 'investigates': [4], 'how': [5, 167, 178, 197], 'an': [6, 58, 62], 'adversary': [7, 181], 'of': [8, 17, 19, 51, 57, 97, 122, 126], 'the': [9, 55, 84, 115, 127, 137, 173, 205], 'United': [10, 21, 41, 107, 117, 138, 174, 206, 226, 259], 'States': [11, 22, 42, 108, 118, 139, 175, 207, 227, 260], 'might': [12, 182], 'indirectly': [13], 'attack': [14], 'a': [15, 20, 80, 102, 179, 198, 244, 254], 'center': [16], 'gravity': [18], 'military': [23, 33, 109, 261], 'operation': [24], 'by': [25, 172, 210, 217, 258], 'disrupting': [26], 'operational': [27, 59, 131, 191], 'tempo': [28, 60, 132], 'using': [29], 'information': [30, 145, 168, 236], 'warfare.': [31], 'Current': [32], 'doctrine': [34, 53, 78], 'mandates': [35], 'quick': [36], 'and': [37, 66, 91, 133, 152, 222, 251], 'decisive': [38], 'victories': [39], 'whenever': [40], 'Forces': [43], 'are': [44, 170], 'called': [45], 'to': [46, 119, 157, 185, 189, 230], 'combat.': [47], 'A': [48, 234], 'key': [49, 156], 'element': [50], 'this': [52, 241], 'is': [54, 100, 252], 'creation': [56], 'that': [61, 83, 104], 'enemy': [63], 'cannot': [64], 'match': [65], 'so': [67], 'defeating': [68], 'him': [69], 'quickly': [70], 'with': [71, 94, 225], 'as': [72, 75, 240], 'few': [73], 'casualties': [74], 'possible.': [76], 'The': [77, 124], 'reflects': [79], 'political': [81], 'reality': [82], 'American': [85], 'public': [86], 'will': [87, 111, 140, 154, 164, 195], 'not': [88, 165, 209, 253], 'support': [89, 148, 228], 'protracted': [90], 'indecisive': [92], 'conflicts': [93], 'large': [95], 'numbers': [96], 'casualties.': [98], 'It': [99], 'also': [101], 'fact': [103], 'most': [105], 'future': [106, 159], 'operations': [110], 'project': [112], 'forward': [113], 'from': [114, 136, 143], 'continental': [116], 'immature': [120], 'theaters': [121], 'operations.': [123], 'combination': [125], 'requirements': [128], 'for': [129, 150, 248], 'high': [130], 'power': [134], 'projection': [135], 'demand': [141], 'much': [142], 'our': [144], 'technology.': [146], 'Automated': [147], 'systems': [149], 'administration': [151], 'logistics': [153], 'be': [155, 183, 243], 'any': [158, 249], 'successful': [160], 'operation.': [161], 'discuss': [166], 'resources': [169, 188], 'used': [171], 'but': [176, 216], 'rather': [177], 'potential': [180], 'able': [184], 'manipulate': [186], 'these': [187, 232], 'disrupt': [190], 'tempo.': [192], 'show': [196], 'financially': [199], 'limited': [200], 'country': [201], 'could': [202], 'effectively': [203], 'fight': [204], 'military,': [208], 'buying': [211], 'expensive': [212], 'exotic': [213], 'weapons': [214], 'systems,': [215], 'paying': [218], 'talented': [219], 'computer': [220], 'hackers': [221], 'others': [223], 'familiar': [224], 'networks': [229], 'disturb': [231], 'systems.': [233], 'good': [235], 'warfare': [237], 'capability': [238, 255], 'such': [239], 'would': [242], 'great': [245], 'combat': [246], 'multiplier': [247], 'foe': [250], 'realized': [256], 'sufficiently': [257], 'joint': [262], 'planners.': [263]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W218949133', 'counts_by_year': [], 'updated_date': '2024-12-14T02:46:07.278366', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}