Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2178035735', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<0302:trawca>2.0.co;2', 'title': 'Tropical Rainfall Associated with Convective and Stratiform Clouds: Intercomparison of Disdrometer and Profiler Measurements', 'display_name': 'Tropical Rainfall Associated with Convective and Stratiform Clouds: Intercomparison of Disdrometer and Profiler Measurements', 'publication_year': 1999, 'publication_date': '1999-03-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2178035735', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<0302:trawca>2.0.co;2', 'mag': '2178035735'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<0302:trawca>2.0.co;2', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S117191290', 'display_name': 'Journal of Applied Meteorology', 'issn_l': '0894-8763', 'issn': ['0894-8763', '1520-0450'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320260', 'host_organization_name': 'American Meteorological Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320260'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Meteorological Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'hybrid', 'oa_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<0302:trawca>2.0.co;2', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5086898984', 'display_name': 'Ali Tokay', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1306266525', 'display_name': 'Goddard Space Flight Center', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0171mag52', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1306266525', 'https://openalex.org/I4210124779']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Ali Tokay', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Office, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Office, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1306266525']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5113457651', 'display_name': 'David Short', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1306266525', 'display_name': 'Goddard Space Flight Center', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0171mag52', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1306266525', 'https://openalex.org/I4210124779']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'David A. Short', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Office, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Office, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1306266525']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5016173920', 'display_name': 'Christopher R. Williams', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9394-8850'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I161675122', 'display_name': 'Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00bdqav06', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1308126019', 'https://openalex.org/I1343035065', 'https://openalex.org/I161675122', 'https://openalex.org/I188538660', 'https://openalex.org/I2802992173']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I188538660', 'display_name': 'University of Colorado Boulder', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02ttsq026', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I188538660']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Christopher R. Williams', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I161675122', 'https://openalex.org/I188538660']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5003630431', 'display_name': 'W. L. Ecklund', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I161675122', 'display_name': 'Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00bdqav06', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1308126019', 'https://openalex.org/I1343035065', 'https://openalex.org/I161675122', 'https://openalex.org/I188538660', 'https://openalex.org/I2802992173']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I188538660', 'display_name': 'University of Colorado Boulder', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02ttsq026', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I188538660']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Warner L. Ecklund', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I161675122', 'https://openalex.org/I188538660']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5109173954', 'display_name': 'Kenneth S. Gage', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1308126019', 'display_name': 'National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02z5nhe81', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1308126019', 'https://openalex.org/I1343035065']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Kenneth S. Gage', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['NOAA/Aeronomy laboratory, Boulder, Colorado'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'NOAA/Aeronomy laboratory, Boulder, Colorado', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1308126019']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 4, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 3.717, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 136, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999818, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 97, 'max': 98}, 'biblio': {'volume': '38', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '302', 'last_page': '320'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11234', 'display_name': 'Precipitation Measurement and Analysis', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1902', 'display_name': 'Atmospheric Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11234', 'display_name': 'Precipitation Measurement and Analysis', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1902', 'display_name': 'Atmospheric Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10466', 'display_name': 'Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1902', 'display_name': 'Atmospheric Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10029', 'display_name': 'Climate variability and models', 'score': 0.999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2306', 'display_name': 'Global and Planetary Change'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/disdrometer', 'display_name': 'Disdrometer', 'score': 0.9886086}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-profiler', 'display_name': 'Wind profiler', 'score': 0.81258035}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation-types', 'display_name': 'Precipitation types', 'score': 0.42691788}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C116810829', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230193', 'display_name': 'Disdrometer', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.9886086}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778913063', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756324', 'display_name': 'Wind profiler', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.81258035}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C107054158', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257', 'display_name': 'Precipitation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.62707007}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C10899652', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160329', 'display_name': 'Convection', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5648935}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C65440619', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974', 'display_name': 'Atmosphere (unit)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5371009}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142757262', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436', 'display_name': 'Doppler effect', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.49535954}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C39432304', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847', 'display_name': 'Environmental science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.4867818}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127313418', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069', 'display_name': 'Geology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.45823127}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C186293655', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3268251', 'display_name': 'Precipitation types', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.42691788}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C91586092', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520', 'display_name': 'Atmospheric sciences', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.41700763}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153294291', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261', 'display_name': 'Meteorology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.34206074}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.16222465}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C554190296', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528', 'display_name': 'Radar', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.15017435}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C76155785', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418', 'display_name': 'Telecommunications', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C1276947', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333', 'display_name': 'Astronomy', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C120961793', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190052', 'display_name': 'Rain gauge', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<0302:trawca>2.0.co;2', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S117191290', 'display_name': 'Journal of Applied Meteorology', 'issn_l': '0894-8763', 'issn': ['0894-8763', '1520-0450'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320260', 'host_organization_name': 'American Meteorological Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320260'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Meteorological Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<0302:trawca>2.0.co;2', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S117191290', 'display_name': 'Journal of Applied Meteorology', 'issn_l': '0894-8763', 'issn': ['0894-8763', '1520-0450'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320260', 'host_organization_name': 'American Meteorological Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320260'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Meteorological Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14', 'score': 0.6, 'display_name': 'Life below water'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 27, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1264312868', 'https://openalex.org/W1477472374', 'https://openalex.org/W1964708333', 'https://openalex.org/W1968742065', 'https://openalex.org/W1981930753', 'https://openalex.org/W1995669325', 'https://openalex.org/W2001063609', 'https://openalex.org/W2011330405', 'https://openalex.org/W2011969637', 'https://openalex.org/W2012592134', 'https://openalex.org/W2021595836', 'https://openalex.org/W2030293362', 'https://openalex.org/W2053195268', 'https://openalex.org/W2073695294', 'https://openalex.org/W2075718420', 'https://openalex.org/W2080304784', 'https://openalex.org/W2082027031', 'https://openalex.org/W2088218462', 'https://openalex.org/W2094151809', 'https://openalex.org/W2121176750', 'https://openalex.org/W2129293713', 'https://openalex.org/W2173701786', 'https://openalex.org/W2175901758', 'https://openalex.org/W2176686227', 'https://openalex.org/W4230250764', 'https://openalex.org/W4238600486', 'https://openalex.org/W48346683'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4303980679', 'https://openalex.org/W3080454102', 'https://openalex.org/W3019830514', 'https://openalex.org/W2576906498', 'https://openalex.org/W2556799818', 'https://openalex.org/W2550689845', 'https://openalex.org/W2178035735', 'https://openalex.org/W2001559226', 'https://openalex.org/W1970209950', 'https://openalex.org/W1964801436'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'The': [0], 'motivation': [1], 'for': [2, 14, 23, 235, 259], 'this': [3, 43], 'research': [4], 'is': [5, 66, 159, 217, 308], 'to': [6, 52, 112, 138, 161, 219, 318], 'move': [7], 'in': [8, 97, 142, 184, 210, 227, 246, 269, 279, 291, 360, 376], 'the': [9, 15, 74, 78, 83, 103, 120, 156, 165, 169, 193, 197, 207, 214, 220, 224, 228, 231, 248, 254, 263, 270, 274, 284, 293, 305, 312, 336, 345, 370, 388], 'direction': [10], 'of': [11, 18, 35, 82, 172, 189, 200, 239, 352, 387, 401], 'improved': [12], 'algorithms': [13, 158, 278], 'remote': [16], 'sensing': [17], 'rainfall,': [19], 'which': [20, 292], 'are': [21, 409, 424], 'crucial': [22], 'meso-': [24], 'and': [25, 29, 38, 60, 107, 130, 151, 179, 343], 'large-scale': [26], 'circulation': [27], 'studies': [28], 'climate': [30], 'applications': [31], 'through': [32], 'better': [33], 'determinations': [34], 'precipitation': [36, 54, 140, 320, 355, 380, 422], 'type': [37, 55, 141], 'latent': [39], 'heating': [40], 'profiles.': [41], 'Toward': [42], 'end': [44], 'a': [45, 58, 62, 175, 203, 236, 350], 'comparison': [46], 'between': [47, 155], 'two': [48, 157], 'independent': [49], 'techniques,': [50], 'designed': [51], 'classify': [53, 113, 139, 319], 'from': [56, 133], '1)': [57, 283], 'disdrometer': [59, 166, 194, 275, 285, 306], '2)': [61, 311], '915-MHz': [63], 'wind': [64], 'profiler,': [65], 'presented,': [67], 'based': [68], 'on': [69], 'simultaneous': [70], 'measurements': [71], 'collected': [72], 'at': [73, 302, 335], 'same': [75, 121], 'site': [76], 'during': [77], 'Intensive': [79], 'Observing': [80], 'Period': [81], 'Tropical': [84], 'Ocean': [85], 'Global': [86], 'Atmosphere': [87], 'Coupled': [88], 'Ocean–Atmosphere': [89], 'Response': [90], 'Experiment.': [91], 'Disdrometer-derived': [92], 'quantities': [93], 'such': [94], 'as': [95, 115, 323], 'differences': [96], 'drop': [98, 260], 'size': [99], 'distribution': [100], 'parameters,': [101], 'particularly': [102], 'intercept': [104], 'parameter': [105], 'N0': [106], 'rainfall': [108, 114, 237], 'rate,': [109], 'were': [110, 136], 'used': [111, 137], 'stratiform': [116, 167, 190, 221, 286, 324, 379], 'or': [117, 276], 'convective.': [118, 410], 'At': [119], 'time,': [122], 'profiler-derived': [123, 389], 'quantities,': [124], 'namely,': [125], 'Doppler': [126, 134, 185, 211, 332], 'velocity,': [127, 186], 'equivalent': [128], 'reflectivity,': [129], 'spectral': [131, 367], 'width,': [132], 'spectra': [135, 234], 'four': [143, 420], 'categories:': [144], 'shallow': [145], 'convective,': [146, 148, 297], 'deep': [147, 363], 'mixed': [149, 353], 'convective–stratiform,': [150], 'stratiform.': [152], 'Overall': [153], 'agreement': [154], 'found': [160], 'be': [162], 'reasonable.': [163], 'Given': [164, 223], 'classification,': [168], 'mean': [170, 198], 'profile': [171, 199], 'reflectivity': [173, 201], 'shows': [174], 'distinct': [176], 'bright': [177, 204, 341], 'band': [178], 'associated': [180], 'large': [181], 'vertical': [182, 208, 294, 331, 390], 'gradient': [183, 209], 'both': [187], 'indicators': [188], 'rain.': [191], 'For': [192, 411], 'convective': [195], 'classification': [196, 271, 287, 307, 314, 347], 'lacks': [202], 'band,': [205], 'while': [206], 'velocity': [212, 333], 'below': [213], 'melting': [215, 337, 371, 383], 'level': [216, 338], 'opposite': [218], 'case.': [222], 'profiler': [225, 277, 313, 346], 'classifications,': [226], 'order': [229], 'shallow–deep–mixed–stratiform,': [230], 'composite': [232], 'raindrop': [233], 'rate': [238], '5': [240, 416], 'mm': [241, 407, 417], 'h−1': [242, 408, 418], 'show': [243], 'an': [244], 'increase': [245], 'D0,': [247], 'median': [249], 'volume': [250], 'diameter,': [251], 'consistent': [252], 'with': [253, 362, 378, 392], 'dominant': [255], 'microphysical': [256], 'processes': [257], 'responsible': [258], 'formation.': [261], 'Nevertheless,': [262], 'intercomparison': [264], 'does': [265], 'reveal': [266], 'some': [267, 358], 'limitations': [268], 'methodology': [272], 'utilizing': [273], 'isolation.': [280], 'In': [281], 'particular,': [282], 'includes': [288, 349], 'individual': [289], 'cases': [290, 327, 400], 'profiles': [295], 'appear': [296], 'but': [298, 339, 373], 'these': [299], 'usually': [300], 'occur': [301], 'times': [303], 'when': [304], 'highly': [309], 'variable;': [310], 'scheme': [315, 348], 'also': [316], 'appears': [317], 'too': [321], 'frequently': [322], 'by': [325], 'including': [326], 'that': [328, 356, 397], 'have': [329], 'small': [330], 'gradients': [334], 'no': [340], 'band;': [342], '3)': [344], 'category': [351], '(stratiform–convective)': [354], 'has': [357], 'features': [359, 375], 'common': [361, 377], 'convection': [364], '(e.g.,': [365, 381], 'enhanced': [366], 'width': [368], 'above': [369], 'level)': [372], 'other': [374], 'well-developed': [382], 'layer': [384], 'signature).': [385], 'Comparison': [386], 'structure': [391], 'disdrometer-determined': [393], 'rain': [394, 402, 412], 'rates': [395, 403, 413], 'reveals': [396], 'almost': [398], 'all': [399, 419], 'greater': [404], 'than': [405, 415], '10': [406], 'less': [414], 'profiler-determined': [421], 'classes': [423], 'well': [425], 'represented.': [426]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2178035735', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 7}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-24T13:17:59.213974', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}