Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2167029049', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400000369', 'title': 'The resolution of conflicts among competing systems: A bidirectional perspective', 'display_name': 'The resolution of conflicts among competing systems: A bidirectional perspective', 'publication_year': 1987, 'publication_date': '1987-12-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2167029049', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400000369', 'mag': '2167029049'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400000369', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S38427009', 'display_name': 'Applied Psycholinguistics', 'issn_l': '0142-7164', 'issn': ['0142-7164', '1469-1817'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311721', 'host_organization_name': 'Cambridge University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311721', 'https://openalex.org/P4310311702'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Cambridge University Press', 'University of Cambridge'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5062823200', 'display_name': 'Susan M. Gass', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5222-3319'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I87216513', 'display_name': 'Michigan State University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05hs6h993', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I87216513']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Susan M. Gass', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Michigan State University'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Michigan State University', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I87216513']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5062823200'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I87216513'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 12.797, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 125, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.995367, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 97, 'max': 98}, 'biblio': {'volume': '8', 'issue': '4', 'first_page': '329', 'last_page': '350'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10034', 'display_name': 'Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation', 'score': 0.9928, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1203', 'display_name': 'Language and Linguistics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/12', 'display_name': 'Arts and Humanities'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10034', 'display_name': 'Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation', 'score': 0.9928, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1203', 'display_name': 'Language and Linguistics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/12', 'display_name': 'Arts and Humanities'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10021', 'display_name': 'EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning', 'score': 0.9908, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1203', 'display_name': 'Language and Linguistics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/12', 'display_name': 'Arts and Humanities'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13623', 'display_name': 'Linguistic Studies and Language Acquisition', 'score': 0.9894, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1702', 'display_name': 'Artificial Intelligence'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/word-order', 'display_name': 'Word order', 'score': 0.573871}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/animacy', 'display_name': 'Animacy', 'score': 0.5313723}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/bates', 'display_name': 'BATES', 'score': 0.46139288}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-interpretation', 'display_name': 'Semantic interpretation', 'score': 0.43581384}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41895202', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162', 'display_name': 'Linguistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.72744256}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C60048249', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437', 'display_name': 'Syntax', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.60158736}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5841192}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C70777604', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q257885', 'display_name': 'Word order', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.573871}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C11693617', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181839', 'display_name': 'Pragmatics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5612331}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778589607', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1250335', 'display_name': 'Animacy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5313723}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C184337299', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428', 'display_name': 'Semantics (computer science)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.51700914}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C114010052', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150352', 'display_name': 'Foreign language', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48049557}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C527412718', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395', 'display_name': 'Interpretation (philosophy)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4616486}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781303124', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4834681', 'display_name': 'BATES', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46139288}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777530160', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796', 'display_name': 'Sentence', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44733557}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C170350167', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455178', 'display_name': 'Second-language acquisition', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44341847}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C193125573', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449065', 'display_name': 'Semantic interpretation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.43581384}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C171041071', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36870', 'display_name': 'First language', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.42725694}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C12713177', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281', 'display_name': 'Perspective (graphical)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4173566}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.34789383}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.2514305}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C180747234', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373', 'display_name': 'Cognitive psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.246292}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199360897', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143', 'display_name': 'Programming language', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C146978453', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668', 'display_name': 'Aerospace engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400000369', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S38427009', 'display_name': 'Applied Psycholinguistics', 'issn_l': '0142-7164', 'issn': ['0142-7164', '1469-1817'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311721', 'host_organization_name': 'Cambridge University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311721', 'https://openalex.org/P4310311702'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Cambridge University Press', 'University of Cambridge'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.85, 'display_name': 'Quality education', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 26, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1528211185', 'https://openalex.org/W1551770093', 'https://openalex.org/W1965453221', 'https://openalex.org/W1971486133', 'https://openalex.org/W1981319657', 'https://openalex.org/W1984388796', 'https://openalex.org/W1993100258', 'https://openalex.org/W2007969336', 'https://openalex.org/W2050140899', 'https://openalex.org/W2064020861', 'https://openalex.org/W2066358185', 'https://openalex.org/W2074340378', 'https://openalex.org/W2075166633', 'https://openalex.org/W2087371365', 'https://openalex.org/W2126275175', 'https://openalex.org/W2135844202', 'https://openalex.org/W2140466034', 'https://openalex.org/W2144819516', 'https://openalex.org/W2145902246', 'https://openalex.org/W2151017908', 'https://openalex.org/W2598679928', 'https://openalex.org/W2950416202', 'https://openalex.org/W3150350718', 'https://openalex.org/W579354923', 'https://openalex.org/W586828413', 'https://openalex.org/W609797524'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W659631982', 'https://openalex.org/W4286248524', 'https://openalex.org/W2907034009', 'https://openalex.org/W2883757583', 'https://openalex.org/W2551959008', 'https://openalex.org/W2524204799', 'https://openalex.org/W2352579587', 'https://openalex.org/W2116945915', 'https://openalex.org/W2094699006', 'https://openalex.org/W1517766450'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'ABSTRACT': [0], 'The': [1, 21, 83, 164], 'present': [2], 'study': [3, 100], 'investigates': [4], 'the': [5, 13, 103, 119, 129, 139, 148, 155, 183, 186, 200, 209, 214], 'interaction': [6], 'of': [7, 15, 24, 54, 93, 105, 131, 151, 157, 182, 185, 188, 202, 237], 'syntax,': [8], 'semantics,': [9], 'and': [10, 26, 46, 65, 154, 161, 246], 'pragmatics': [11], 'from': [12, 109, 170], 'perspective': [14], 'functional': [16], 'constraints': [17], 'on': [18, 102], 'sentence': [19], 'processing.': [20], 'functionalist': [22], 'model': [23, 236], 'Bates': [25], 'Mac-Whinney': [27], '(1981a,': [28], '1987)': [29], 'is': [30, 59, 70, 116, 239], 'taken': [31], 'as': [32], 'a': [33, 56, 67, 171, 175, 192, 234], 'basis': [34], 'for': [35, 63, 74, 231], 'investigating': [36], "subjects'": [37], 'reactions': [38], 'to': [39, 61, 72, 113, 127, 174, 198, 219, 223], 'sentences': [40], 'in': [41, 91, 121, 142, 168, 191, 205, 213], 'which': [42, 58, 69, 122], 'word': [43, 189, 203], 'order,': [44], 'topic,': [45], 'animacy': [47], 'are': [48, 125, 250], 'varied.': [49], 'Subjects': [50], 'were': [51, 88], 'native': [52, 85], 'speakers': [53], 'Italian,': [55], 'language': [57, 68, 97, 173, 194, 245], 'sensitive': [60, 71], 'semantics': [62], 'interpretation': [64, 75], 'English,': [66], 'syntax': [73], '(Bates,': [76], 'McNew,': [77], 'MacWhinney,': [78], 'Devescovi,': [79], '&': [80], 'Smith,': [81], '1982).': [82], 'two': [84], 'speaker': [86], 'groups': [87], 'further': [89], 'subdivided': [90], 'terms': [92], 'second': [94, 193, 244], 'versus': [95], 'foreign': [96, 247], 'learners.': [98], 'This': [99], 'focusses': [101], 'question': [104], 'how': [106], 'learners': [107, 124, 178], 'move': [108], 'one': [110], 'organizational': [111], 'system': [112], 'another.': [114], 'It': [115], 'argued': [117], 'that': [118, 167, 206], 'ways': [120], 'L2': [123, 143], 'able': [126, 197], 'determine': [128, 199], 'strength': [130, 150, 156], 'dominant': [132], 'factors': [133], 'provides': [134], 'insights': [135], 'not': [136], 'only': [137], 'into': [138, 147], 'processes': [140], 'involved': [141], 'acquisition': [144, 238], 'but': [145], 'also': [146], 'relative': [149], 'components': [152], 'crosslinguistically': [153], 'boundaries': [158], 'between': [159, 243], 'linguistic': [160], 'extra-linguistic': [162], 'information.': [163], 'results': [165], 'suggest': [166], 'moving': [169, 212], 'semantic-dominant': [172], 'syntactic-dominant': [176], 'one,': [177], 'first': [179], 'become': [180], 'aware': [181], 'importance': [184], 'concept': [187], 'order': [190, 204], 'before': [195], 'being': [196], 'specifics': [201], 'language.': [207], 'On': [208], 'other': [210, 215], 'hand,': [211], 'direction': [216], '(from': [217], 'syntactic': [218], 'semantic': [220], 'dominance)': [221], 'seems': [222], 'come': [224], 'about': [225], 'with': [226], 'greater': [227], 'ease.': [228], 'To': [229], 'account': [230], 'these': [232], 'results,': [233], 'prototype': [235], 'introduced.': [240], 'Finally,': [241], 'differences': [242], 'language-learning': [248], 'environments': [249], 'discussed.': [251]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2167029049', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 24}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 2}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-02T02:34:58.616031', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}