Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2165880240', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1243/1468087011545316', 'title': 'The internal flow of diesel fuel injector nozzles: A review', 'display_name': 'The internal flow of diesel fuel injector nozzles: A review', 'publication_year': 2001, 'publication_date': '2001-02-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2165880240', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1243/1468087011545316', 'mag': '2165880240'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1243/1468087011545316', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S53651343', 'display_name': 'International Journal of Engine Research', 'issn_l': '1468-0874', 'issn': ['1468-0874', '2041-3149'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320017', 'host_organization_name': 'SAGE Publishing', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320017'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['SAGE Publishing'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5068753065', 'display_name': 'David P. Schmidt', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4876-1143'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I24603500', 'display_name': 'University of Massachusetts Amherst', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0072zz521', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I24603500']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'D. P. Schmidt', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I24603500']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5068441731', 'display_name': 'Michael L. Corradini', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1353-9123'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I135310074', 'display_name': 'University of Wisconsin–Madison', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01y2jtd41', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I135310074']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'M. L. Corradini', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I135310074']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.628, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 192, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.8, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 98, 'max': 99}, 'biblio': {'volume': '2', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '1', 'last_page': '22'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11382', 'display_name': 'Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer', 'score': 0.9993, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2206', 'display_name': 'Computational Mechanics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11382', 'display_name': 'Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer', 'score': 0.9993, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2206', 'display_name': 'Computational Mechanics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10117', 'display_name': 'Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies', 'score': 0.9982, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1507', 'display_name': 'Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/15', 'display_name': 'Chemical Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12540', 'display_name': 'Cyclone Separators and Fluid Dynamics', 'score': 0.9979, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2206', 'display_name': 'Computational Mechanics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/spray-characteristics', 'display_name': 'Spray characteristics', 'score': 0.6038933}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/discharge-coefficient', 'display_name': 'Discharge coefficient', 'score': 0.60235834}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C56200935', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q250840', 'display_name': 'Nozzle', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.93004847}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C135186712', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425705', 'display_name': 'Injector', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.81172264}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C207057113', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201666', 'display_name': 'Cavitation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.72347105}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C57879066', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217', 'display_name': 'Mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.68324506}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C190894226', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7580227', 'display_name': 'Spray characteristics', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.6038933}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C170028559', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1261059', 'display_name': 'Discharge coefficient', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.60235834}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C9526370', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308881', 'display_name': 'Fuel injection', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.598603}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138171918', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38423', 'display_name': 'Diesel fuel', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5525923}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C38349280', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290', 'display_name': 'Flow (mathematics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.49272445}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C196558001', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132', 'display_name': 'Turbulence', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.45113996}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C78519656', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333', 'display_name': 'Mechanical engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.39919508}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.3266846}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.24399307}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C171146098', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192', 'display_name': 'Automotive engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.19832334}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C116705413', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2167111', 'display_name': 'Spray nozzle', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.14310333}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1243/1468087011545316', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S53651343', 'display_name': 'International Journal of Engine Research', 'issn_l': '1468-0874', 'issn': ['1468-0874', '2041-3149'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320017', 'host_organization_name': 'SAGE Publishing', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320017'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['SAGE Publishing'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Affordable and clean energy', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7', 'score': 0.78}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 44, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1489894585', 'https://openalex.org/W1497096402', 'https://openalex.org/W1505949956', 'https://openalex.org/W1524725502', 'https://openalex.org/W1539531610', 'https://openalex.org/W1550524162', 'https://openalex.org/W1587261652', 'https://openalex.org/W1595885935', 'https://openalex.org/W1605553151', 'https://openalex.org/W173819977', 'https://openalex.org/W1935044644', 'https://openalex.org/W1977227161', 'https://openalex.org/W1977285258', 'https://openalex.org/W1982797066', 'https://openalex.org/W1989456287', 'https://openalex.org/W1992533510', 'https://openalex.org/W1996100512', 'https://openalex.org/W2008207077', 'https://openalex.org/W2018865172', 'https://openalex.org/W2020301508', 'https://openalex.org/W2022151042', 'https://openalex.org/W2023248330', 'https://openalex.org/W2023861017', 'https://openalex.org/W2024861783', 'https://openalex.org/W2028187043', 'https://openalex.org/W2036926219', 'https://openalex.org/W2072380735', 'https://openalex.org/W2072805081', 'https://openalex.org/W2080194703', 'https://openalex.org/W2083567387', 'https://openalex.org/W2139581991', 'https://openalex.org/W2167587642', 'https://openalex.org/W2219191668', 'https://openalex.org/W2220553128', 'https://openalex.org/W2238228984', 'https://openalex.org/W2261154505', 'https://openalex.org/W2267696811', 'https://openalex.org/W2279957752', 'https://openalex.org/W228903095', 'https://openalex.org/W2293916378', 'https://openalex.org/W2317138703', 'https://openalex.org/W2990878909', 'https://openalex.org/W4365803588', 'https://openalex.org/W98763060'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W635615682', 'https://openalex.org/W2373619304', 'https://openalex.org/W2372358216', 'https://openalex.org/W2359938617', 'https://openalex.org/W2141324331', 'https://openalex.org/W2093950854', 'https://openalex.org/W2037683033', 'https://openalex.org/W2032803329', 'https://openalex.org/W1996139512', 'https://openalex.org/W1987213322'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Diesel': [0, 42], 'fuel': [1, 39, 43, 81, 185], 'injector': [2, 44, 82, 186], 'nozzles': [3, 63, 187], 'have': [4, 55, 111, 188, 206, 243], 'a': [5, 66, 95, 128, 275, 283, 287], 'significant': [6], 'effect': [7, 23], 'on': [8, 226], 'the': [9, 17, 29, 35, 38, 57, 62, 78, 91, 116, 121, 135, 138, 142, 144, 152, 155, 164, 168, 172, 182, 197, 227, 231, 253, 264, 279, 292], 'quality': [10], 'of': [11, 21, 28, 37, 59, 130, 154, 167, 176, 201, 252, 272, 300], 'spray': [12], 'and': [13, 19, 50, 215], 'charge': [14], 'preparation.': [15], 'However,': [16], 'mechanism': [18], 'degree': [20], 'this': [22, 160, 235], 'is': [24, 222, 281], 'unclear.': [25], 'The': [26, 84, 123, 250], 'complexity': [27], 'internal': [30], 'nozzle': [31, 45], 'flow': [32, 150, 170, 183], 'has': [33, 72], 'hindered': [34], 'study': [36], 'injection': [40], 'process.': [41], 'flows': [46, 101], 'are': [47, 102, 238, 257], 'highly': [48], 'turbulent': [49], 'usually': [51], 'two-phase.': [52], 'Several': [53], 'experiments': [54, 158], 'shown': [56, 112], 'presence': [58], 'cavitation': [60, 79, 114, 248, 260, 280, 294], 'in': [61, 80, 106, 159, 184, 245], 'to': [64, 87, 94, 126, 208, 217, 266], 'be': [65, 88, 127, 209], 'dominating': [67], 'effect.': [68], 'Recent': [69], 'experimental': [70, 255], 'work': [71, 193], 'revealed': [73], 'new': [74], 'qualitative': [75], 'details': [76], 'about': [77], 'nozzles.': [83, 122, 203], 'cavity': [85, 285], 'tends': [86], 'smooth': [89, 284], 'near': [90, 137, 151], 'inlet,': [92], 'transitioning': [93], 'more': [96, 212, 268], 'ruffled': [97], 'appearance': [98], 'downstream.': [99], 'These': [100], 'also': [103], 'strongly': [104], 'asymmetric': [105], 'realistic': [107], 'geometries.': [108], 'Additionally,': [109], 'photographs': [110], 'string': [113], 'inside': [115], 'sac': [117], 'volume': [118], 'extending': [119], 'into': [120, 148], 'strings': [124, 145], 'appear': [125], 'form': [129], 'stratified': [131], 'two-phase': [132, 169], 'flow,': [133], 'like': [134], 'cavities': [136], 'inlet': [139], 'corner.': [140], 'Like': [141], 'cavities,': [143], 'break': [146], 'down': [147], 'bubbly': [149, 288], 'exit': [153], 'nozzle.': [156], 'Future': [157], 'field': [161], 'should': [162, 262], 'address': [163], 'exact': [165], 'nature': [166], 'at': [171], 'exit.': [173], 'In': [174, 290], 'spite': [175], 'these': [177], 'difficulties,': [178], 'useful': [179, 210], 'models': [180, 192, 205, 240, 261], 'for': [181, 196, 211], 'been': [189], 'developed.': [190], 'Analytical': [191], 'very': [194], 'well': [195], 'steady': [198], 'state': [199], 'behaviour': [200], 'axisymmetric': [202], 'Multi-dimensional': [204], 'proved': [207], 'general': [213], 'geometries': [214], 'attempt': [216], 'predict': [218], 'transient': [219], 'behaviour.': [220, 249, 301], 'There': [221], 'currently': [223], 'no': [224], 'consensus': [225], 'basic': [228], 'physics': [229], 'behind': [230], 'multi-dimensional': [232], 'models.': [233], 'Despite': [234], 'controversy,': [236], 'there': [237], 'several': [239], 'available': [241], 'that': [242, 258, 278], 'succeeded': [244], 'predicting': [246], 'gross': [247], 'implications': [251], 'recent': [254], 'investigations': [256], 'future': [259], 'include': [263], 'ability': [265], 'simulate': [267], 'than': [269], 'one': [270], 'kind': [271, 299], 'cavitation.': [273], 'Typically,': [274], 'model': [276, 295], 'assumes': [277], 'either': [282, 298], 'or': [286], 'mixture.': [289], 'general,': [291], 'ideal': [293], 'must': [296], 'capture': [297]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2165880240', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 16}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 18}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 18}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 16}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 12}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 13}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-08T20:22:20.605025', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}