Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2165840580', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00015353', 'title': "The limits of reformism: Wei Yüan's Reaction to Western Intrusion", 'display_name': "The limits of reformism: Wei Yüan's Reaction to Western Intrusion", 'publication_year': 1972, 'publication_date': '1972-03-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2165840580', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00015353', 'mag': '2165840580'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00015353', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S188415705', 'display_name': 'Modern Asian Studies', 'issn_l': '0026-749X', 'issn': ['0026-749X', '1469-8099'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311721', 'host_organization_name': 'Cambridge University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311721', 'https://openalex.org/P4310311702'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Cambridge University Press', 'University of Cambridge'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5084734075', 'display_name': 'Peter M. Mitchell', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I192455969', 'display_name': 'York University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05fq50484', 'country_code': 'CA', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I192455969']}], 'countries': ['CA'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Peter M. Mitchell', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['York University, Ontario, Canada'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'York University, Ontario, Canada', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I192455969']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5084734075'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I192455969'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.0, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 36, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.885729, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 93, 'max': 94}, 'biblio': {'volume': '6', 'issue': '2', 'first_page': '175', 'last_page': '204'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10893', 'display_name': 'Chinese history and philosophy', 'score': 0.9993, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10893', 'display_name': 'Chinese history and philosophy', 'score': 0.9993, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11198', 'display_name': 'Japanese History and Culture', 'score': 0.9956, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3316', 'display_name': 'Cultural Studies'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12872', 'display_name': 'Philippine History and Culture', 'score': 0.9637, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3314', 'display_name': 'Anthropology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/acknowledgement', 'display_name': 'Acknowledgement', 'score': 0.5535147}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C7991579', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17955', 'display_name': 'Criticism', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6541784}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777880217', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4674282', 'display_name': 'Acknowledgement', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5535147}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781291010', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178580', 'display_name': 'Period (music)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48665056}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C191935318', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148', 'display_name': 'China', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48645088}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C95457728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309', 'display_name': 'History', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.48216504}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C182306322', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371', 'display_name': 'Order (exchange)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48099077}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777855551', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021', 'display_name': 'Subject (documents)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46887827}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C6303427', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398', 'display_name': 'Economic history', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.35606545}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.2866733}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.25681162}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.21807784}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C107038049', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986', 'display_name': 'Aesthetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.12148705}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C161191863', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655', 'display_name': 'Library science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.08846602}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C166957645', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498', 'display_name': 'Archaeology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.086872876}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.07948798}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C38652104', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521', 'display_name': 'Computer security', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C10138342', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015', 'display_name': 'Finance', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00015353', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S188415705', 'display_name': 'Modern Asian Studies', 'issn_l': '0026-749X', 'issn': ['0026-749X', '1469-8099'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311721', 'host_organization_name': 'Cambridge University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311721', 'https://openalex.org/P4310311702'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Cambridge University Press', 'University of Cambridge'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Peace, justice, and strong institutions', 'score': 0.49, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 13, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1601425706', 'https://openalex.org/W1999619181', 'https://openalex.org/W2047231906', 'https://openalex.org/W2071815569', 'https://openalex.org/W2152186001', 'https://openalex.org/W2324109562', 'https://openalex.org/W2325407837', 'https://openalex.org/W2795705307', 'https://openalex.org/W2796147846', 'https://openalex.org/W2798064442', 'https://openalex.org/W4248971358', 'https://openalex.org/W4252671040', 'https://openalex.org/W601892336'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4385757279', 'https://openalex.org/W4283656061', 'https://openalex.org/W3102611879', 'https://openalex.org/W2748952813', 'https://openalex.org/W2620413320', 'https://openalex.org/W2356873024', 'https://openalex.org/W2211012933', 'https://openalex.org/W2067129656', 'https://openalex.org/W1504381137', 'https://openalex.org/W1002241103'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Three': [0], 'other': [1], 'articles': [2], 'in': [3, 15, 30, 58, 62, 111, 130, 146, 169, 181, 194, 261, 286, 330], 'this': [4, 290, 317], 'issue': [5], 'of': [6, 27, 47, 79, 86, 99, 108, 138, 143, 165, 191, 199, 214, 221, 231, 264, 293], 'Modern': [7], 'Asian': [8, 151], 'Studies': [9], 'endeavour': [10], 'to': [11, 113, 153, 237, 249, 302, 313], 'trace': [12], 'conceptual': [13, 328], 'changes': [14], 'the': [16, 19, 42, 84, 105, 109, 139, 161, 195, 219, 232, 250, 282, 321], 'years': [17], 'surrounding': [18], 'Opium': [20], 'War,': [21], 'and': [22, 35, 83, 171, 197, 276, 305, 327], 'particularly': [23], 'those': [24], 'arising': [25], 'out': [26], 'works': [28], 'appearing': [29], 'Chinese': [31], 'on': [32, 75, 148, 267, 281], 'world': [33], 'geography': [34], 'related': [36], 'Western': [37, 154, 284, 325], 'knowledge.': [38], 'One': [39], 'such': [40, 117], 'work,': [41], 'Hai-kuo': [43, 162], "t'u-chih": [44], '(Illustrated': [45], 'Gazetteer': [46], 'Maritime': [48], 'Nations),': [49], 'has': [50], 'received': [51], 'mixed': [52], 'reviews': [53], 'since': [54], 'its': [55, 63, 76, 87, 144, 179, 192, 200], 'original': [56], 'publication': [57], '1844.': [59], 'Although': [60], 'read': [61], 'various': [64], 'editions': [65], 'by': [66, 246], 'many': [67], 'late': [68], "Ch'ing": [69], 'modernizers,': [70], 'it': [71], 'provoked': [72], 'sharp': [73], 'criticism': [74], 'suggested': [77], 'methods': [78], 'handling': [80], 'foreign': [81], 'affairs': [82], 'outdatedness': [85], 'materials.': [88], 'Feng': [89], 'Kuei-fen': [90], '(1809–74),': [91], 'for': [92, 227, 272], 'example,': [93, 320], 'maintained': [94], 'that': [95, 207, 238, 255], '‘only': [96], 'one': [97, 318], 'sentence': [98], 'Wei': [100, 202, 222], 'Yuan': [101], 'is': [102], 'correct:': [103], 'Learn': [104], 'strong': [106], 'techniques': [107], 'barbarians': [110], 'order': [112], 'control': [114], 'them.’': [115], 'Despite': [116], 'criticism—generally': [118], 'less': [119, 210], 'totally': [120], 'condemnatory': [121], 'than': [122, 212], "Feng's—this": [123], 'work': [124], 'not': [125], 'only': [126], 'influenced': [127], 'early': [128], 'modernizers': [129], 'China': [131], 'but': [132], 'also': [133], 'proved': [134], 'popular': [135], 'among': [136], 'Japanese': [137], 'Bakumatsu': [140], 'period,': [141], 'illustrative': [142, 213], 'importance': [145], 'studies': [147], 'initial': [149], 'East': [150], 'reaction': [152], 'in-trusion.': [155], 'The': [156, 205], 'previous': [157], 'paper': [158, 175], 'dealt': [159], 'with': [160], "t'u-chih's": [163], 'perception': [164], 'European': [166], 'imperialist': [167], 'expansion': [168], 'South': [170], 'South-east': [172], 'Asia.': [173], 'This': [174], 'will': [176, 308], 'briefly': [177], 'analyze': [178], 'significance': [180], 'a': [182, 187, 225, 310], 'different': [183], 'vein,': [184], 'namely': [185], 'through': [186, 316], 'more': [188], 'intensive': [189], 'examination': [190], 'place': [193], 'career': [196], 'thought': [198], 'compiler,': [201], 'Yüan': [203, 223], '(1794-1857).': [204], 'acknowledgement': [206], 'he': [208, 235], 'was': [209, 258], 'typical': [211], 'his': [215, 262, 300], 'times': [216], 'must': [217], 'accompany': [218], 'choice': [220], 'as': [224], 'subject': [226], 'study.': [228], 'A': [229], 'number': [230], 'scholargentry': [233], 'minority,': [234], 'belonged': [236], 'even': [239], 'smaller': [240], 'group': [241], 'which': [242], 'rose': [243], 'above': [244], 'mediocrity': [245], 'serious': [247], 'dedication': [248], 'political-intellectual': [251], 'roles': [252], 'traditionally': [253], 'accorded': [254], 'class.': [256], 'He': [257], 'specifically': [259], 'untypical': [260], 'combination': [263, 292], 'radical': [265], 'views': [266], 'Confucian': [268], 'orthodoxy,': [269], 'intense': [270], 'concern': [271], 'domestic': [273, 303], 'administrative': [274], 'problems': [275], 'finally': [277], 'relatively': [278], 'enlightened': [279], 'perspectives': [280], 'new': [283], 'presence': [285], 'China.': [287, 332], 'Though': [288], 'untypical,': [289], 'very': [291], 'unique': [294], 'qualities': [295], 'suggests': [296], "Wei's": [297], 'significance.': [298], 'Tracing': [299], 'relationship': [301], 'intellectual': [304], 'political': [306], 'developments': [307], 'provide': [309], 'convenient': [311], 'approach': [312], 'analyzing,': [314], 'again': [315], 'individual': [319], 'actual': [322], 'interplay': [323], 'between': [324], 'intrusion': [326], 'change': [329], 'mid-nineteenth-century': [331]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2165840580', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-16T08:11:26.388706', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}