Title: Receptor Activation and Inositol Lipid Hydrolysis in Neural Tissues
Abstract: Journal of NeurochemistryVolume 48, Issue 4 p. 999-1017 Free Access Receptor Activation and Inositol Lipid Hydrolysis in Neural Tissues Stephen K. Fisher, Stephen K. Fisher Neuroscience Laboratory and Departments of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorBernard W. Agranoff, Corresponding Author Bernard W. Agranoff Neuroscience Laboratory and Departments of Biological Chemistry, and Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. B. W. Agranoff at Neuroscience Laboratory Building, University of Michigan, 1103 East Huron, Ann Arbor, MI 48104–1687, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author Stephen K. Fisher, Stephen K. Fisher Neuroscience Laboratory and Departments of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorBernard W. Agranoff, Corresponding Author Bernard W. Agranoff Neuroscience Laboratory and Departments of Biological Chemistry, and Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. B. W. Agranoff at Neuroscience Laboratory Building, University of Michigan, 1103 East Huron, Ann Arbor, MI 48104–1687, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author First published: April 1987 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1987.tb05618.xCitations: 285AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abbreviations used: ACh acetylcholine ACTH corticotropin (1–24)tetracosapeptide APB dl-2-amino-4-phosphobutyric acid APV dl-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate CDP-DG cytidine di-phosphodiacylglycerol DG 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol GAP growth-associated protein G-protein guanine nucleotide binding protein 5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine IP1 d-myo-inositol 1-phosphate IP2 d-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate IP3 d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-tris-phosphate IP4 D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate mAChR muscarinic acetylcholine receptor NMDA N-methyl d-aspartate PA phosphatidic acid PI phosphatidylinositol PIP phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate PIP2 phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate PK-C protein kinase C PMA 4β-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate TRH thyrotropin-releasing hormone. The 1,2 cyclic derivatives of IP., IP2, and IP3, in which there is a phosphodiester bridge between the D-1 and D-2 positions of myo-inositol, are designated by the prefix "c." Thus, for example, (c1,2)-IP1 is d-1,2 (cyclic) myo-inosi-tol phosphate. The abbreviations used for inositol lipids and inositol phosphates are those recommended at the Chilton Conference on Inositol and Phosphoinositides (Dallas, TX, January 1984) (see Agranoff et al., 1985). The standard IUPAC-IUB abbreviations for phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate are PtdIns, PtdIns 4-P, and Pt-dlns 4,5-Pz REFERENCES Abdel-Latif A. A. (1986) Calcium mobilizing receptors, polyphos-phoinositides, and the generation of second messengers. Pharmacol. Rev. 38, 227– 272. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Abdel-Latif A. A., Yau S.-J., and Smith J. P. (1974) Effect of neuro-transmitters on phospholipid metabolism in rat cerebral-cortex slices—cellular and subcellular distribution. J. Neurochem. 22, 383– 393. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Agranoff B. W. (1978) Cyclitol confusion. Trends Biochem. Sci. 3, N283– N285. CrossrefCASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Agranoff B. W. (1981) Learning and memory: biochemical approaches, in Basic Neurochemistry ( R. Katzman, eds), pp. 801– 820. Little Brown and Co., Boston . Google Scholar Agranoff B. W. (1987) Receptor-mediated phosphoinositide metabolism, in Advances in Experimental Biology and Medicine: Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Responsiveness ( R. H. Lenox, eds), in press. Plenum Press, New York . Google Scholar Agranoff B. W. and Seguin E. B. (1974) Preparation of inositol trisphosphate from brain: GLC of trimethylsilyl derivative. Prep. Biochem. 4, 359– 366. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Agranoff B. W., Bradley R. M., and Brady R. O. (1958) The enzymatic synthesis of inositol phosphatide. J. Biol. Chem. 233, 1077– 1083. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Agranoff B. W., Murthy P., and Seguin E. B. (1983) Thrombin-induced phosphodiesteratic cleavage of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate in human platelets. J. Biol. Chem. 258, 2076– 2078. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Agranoff B. W., Eisenberg, F., Hauser, G., Hawthorne J. N., and Michell R. H. (1985) Comment on abbreviations, in Cyclitols and Inositides ( J. Eichberg, eds), pp. xxi– xxii. Humana Press, Clifton , New Jersey . Google Scholar Akhtar R. A. and Abdel-Latif A. A. (1980) Requirement for calcium ions in acetylcholine-stimulated phosphodiesteratic cleavage of phosphatidyl-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate in rabbit iris smooth muscle. Biochem. J. 192, 783– 791. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Akhtar R. A. and Abdel-Latif A. A. (1986) Surgical sympathetic denervation increases α1-adrenoceptor-mediated accumulation of myo-inositol trisphosphate and muscle contraction in rabbit iris dilator smooth muscle. J. Neurochem. 46, 96– 104. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Akiyama K., Vickroy T. W., Watson M., Roeske W. R., Reisine T. D., Smith T. L., and Yamamura H. I. (1986) Muscarinic cholinergic ligand binding to intact mouse pituitary tumor cells (AtT-20/D16–16) coupling with two biochemical effectors: ad-enylate cyclase and phosphatidylinositol turnover. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 236, 653– 661. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Allison J. H. and Blisner M. E. (1976) Inhibition of the effect of lithium on brain inositol by atropine and scopolamine. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 68, 1332– 1338. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Allison J. H., Blisner M. E., Holland W. H., Hipps P. P., and Sherman W. R. (1976) Increased brain myo-inositol 1-phosphate in lithium-treated rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 71, 664– 670. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Anderson R. E. and Hollyfield J. G. (1981) Light stimulates the incorporation of inositol into phosphatidylinositol in the retina. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 665, 619– 622. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Anderson R. E. and Hollyfield J. G. (1984) Inositol incorporation into phosphoinositides in retinal horizontal cells of Xenopus laevis: enhancement by acetylcholine, inhibition by glycine. J. Cell Biol. 99, 686– 691. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Anderson R. E., Maude M. B., Kelleher P. A., Rayborn M. E., and Hollyfield J. G. (1983) Phosphoinositide metabolism in the retina: localization to horizontal cells and regulation by light and divalent cations. J. Neurochem. 41, 764– 771. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Audigier S., Barberis C., and Jard S. (1986) Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide increases inositol phospholipid breakdown in the rat superior cervical ganglion. Brain Res. 376, 363– 367. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Baraban J. M., Snyder S. H., and Alger B. E. (1985) Protein kinase C regulates ionic conductance in hippocampal pyramidal neurons: electrophysiological effects of phorbol esters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 2538– 2542. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Batty I. R., Nahorski S. R., and Irvine R. F. (1985) Rapid formation of inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate following muscarinic receptor stimulation of rat cerebral cortical slices. Biochem. J. 232, 211– 215. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Baudry M., Evans J., and Lynch G. (1986) Excitatory amino acids inhibit stimulation of phosphatidylinositol metabolism by aminergic agonists in hippocampus. Nature 319, 329– 331. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Baukal A. J., Guillemette G., Rubin R., Spat A., and Catt K. J. (1985) Binding sites for inositol trisphosphate in the bovine adrenal cortex. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 133, 532– 538. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bell M. E., Peterson R. G., and Eichberg J. (1982) Metabolism of phospholipids in peripheral nerve from rats with chronic strep-tozotocin-induced diabetes: increased turnover of phosphati-dylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate. J. Neurochem. 39, 192– 200. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Benjamins J. A. and Agranoff B. W. (1969) Distribution and properties of CDP-diglyceride: inositol transferase from brain. J. Neurochem. 16, 513– 527. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Benowitz L. I. and Lewis E. R. (1983) Increased transport of 44,000–to 49,000-dalton acidic proteins during regeneration of the goldfish optic nerve: a two-dimensional gel analysis. J. Neu-rosci. 3, 2153– 2163. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Berridge M. J. (1984) Inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol as second messengers. Biochem. J. 220, 345– 360. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Berridge M. (1986) Second messenger dualism in neuromodulation and memory. Nature 323, 294– 295. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Berridge M. J. and Irvine R. F. (1984) Inositol trisphosphate, a novel second messenger in cellular signal transduction. Nature 312, 315– 321. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Berridge M. J., Downes C. P., and Hanley M. R. (1982) Lithium amplified agonist-dependent phosphatidylinositol responses in brain and salivary glands. Biochem. J. 206, 587– 595. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Berridge M. J., Dawson R. M. C., Downes C. P., Heslop J. P., and Irvine R. F. (1983) Changes in the levels of inositol phosphates after agonist-dependent hydrolysis of membrane phosphoino-sitides. Biochem. J. 212, 473– 482. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Berti-Mattera L., Peterson R., Bell M., and Eichberg J. (1985) Effect of hyperglycemia and its prevention by insulin treatment on the incorporation of 32P into polyphosphoinositides and other phospholipids in peripheral nerve of the streptozotocin diabetic rat. J. Neurochem. 45, 1692– 1698. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bone E. A. and Michell R. H. (1985) Accumulation of inositol phosphates in sympathetic ganglia. Effects of depolarization and of amine peptide neurotransmitters. Biochem. J. 227, 263– 269. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bone E. A., Fretten P., Palmer S., Kirk C. J., and Michell R. H. (1984) Rapid accumulation of inositol phosphates in isolated rat superior cervical sympathetic ganglia exposed to V1-vaso-pressin and muscarinic cholinergic stimuli. Biochem. J. 221, 803– 811. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Briggs C. A., Horwitz J., McAfee D. A., Tsymbalov S., and Perlman R. L. (1985) Effects of neuronal activity on inositol phospho-lipid metabolism in the rat autonomic nervous system. J. Neurochem. 44, 731– 739. Wiley Online LibraryPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Brown E., Kendall D. A., and Nahorski S. R. (1984) Inositol phos-pholipid hydrolysis in rat cerebral cortical slices: 1. Receptor characterisation. J. Neurochem. 42, 1379– 1387. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Brown J. H. and Brown S. L. (1984) Agonists differentiate muscarinic receptors that inhibit cyclic AMP formation from those that stimulate phosphoinositide metabolism. J. Biol. Chem 259, 3777– 3781. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Brown J. H., Goldstein D., and Masters S. B. (1985) The putative Ml muscarinic receptor does not regulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis: studies with pirenzepine and McN-A-343 in chick heart and astrocytoma cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 27, 525– 531. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Burgess G. M., Godfrey P. P., McKinney J. S., Berridge, M. J., Irvine, R. F., and Putney, J. W. (1984) The second messenger linking receptor activation to internal Ca release in liver. Nature 309, 63– 66. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Carswell H. and Young J. M. (1986) Regional variation in the characteristics of histamine H1-agonist-mediated breakdown of inositol phospholipids in guinea-pig brain. Br. J. Pharmacol. 89, 809– 817. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Carter J. R. and Kennedy E. P. (1966) Enzymatic synthesis of cyti-dine diphosphate diglyceride. J. Lipid Res. 7, 678– 683. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Cheek T. R. and Burgoyne R. D. (1985) Effect of activation of muscarinic receptors on intracellular free calcium and secretion in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 846, 167– 173. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Claro E., Arbones L., Garcia A., and Picatoste F. (1986) Phosphoinositide hydrolysis mediated by histamine H1-receptors in rat brain cortex. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 123, 187– 196. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Cohen N. M., Schmidt D. M., McGlennen R. C., and Klein W. L. (1983) Receptor-mediated increases in phosphatidylinositol turnover in neuron-like cell lines. J. Neurochem 40, 547– 554. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Colodzin M. and Kennedy E. P. (1965) Biosynthesis of diphospho-inositide in brain. J. Biol. Chem. 240, 3771– 3780. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Conn P. J. and Sanders-Bush E. (1984) Selective 5HT-2 antagonists inhibit serotonin stimulated phosphatidylinositol metabolism in cerebral cortex. Neuropharmacology 23, 993– 996. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Conn P. J. and Sanders-Bush E. (1985) Serotonin-stimulated phosphoinositide turnover: mediation by the S2 binding site in rat cerebral cortex but not in subcortical regions. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 234, 195– 203. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Conn P. J. and Sanders-Bush E. (1986) Biochemical characterization of serotonin stimulated phosphoinositide turnover. Life Sci. 38, 663– 669. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Conn P. J., Sanders-Bush E., Hoffman B. J., and Hartig P. R. (1986) A unique serotonin receptor in choroid plexus is linked to phosphatidylinositol turnover. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 4086– 4088. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Connolly T. M. and Majerus P. W. (1986) Protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylates human platelet inositol trisphosphate 5′-phos-phomonoesterase (IP3 5′-p'tase) increasing phosphatase activity. Fed. Proc. 45, 1872. Google Scholar Connolly T. M., Bross T. E., and Majerus P. W. (1985) Isolation of a phosphomonoesterase from human platelets that specifically hydrolyzes the 5-phosphate of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. J. Biol. Chem. 260, 7868– 7874. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Connolly T. M., Wilson D. B., Bross T. E., and Majerus P. W. (1986) Isolation and characterization of the inositol cyclic phosphate products of phosphoinositide cleavage by phospho-lipase C. J. Biol. Chem. 261, 122– 126. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Daniel L. W., Waite M., and Wykle R. L. (1986) A novel mechanism of diglyceride formation. J. Biol. Chem. 261, 9128– 9132. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Daum P. R., Downes C. P., and Young J. M. (1983) Histamine-induced inositol phospholipid breakdown mirrors H1-receptor density in brain. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 87, 497– 498. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Daum P. R., Downes C. P., and Young J. M. (1984) Histamine stimulation of inositol 1-phosphate accumulation in lithium-treated slices from regions of guinea pig brain. J. Neurochem. 43, 25– 32. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Dawson A. P. (1985) GTP enhances inositol trisphosphate-stimu-lated Ca2+ release from rat liver microsomes. FEBS Lett. 185, 147– 150. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Dawson R. M. C. (1959) Studies on the enzymic hydrolysis of monophosphoinositide by phospholipase preparations from P. notatum and ox pancreas. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 33, 68– 77. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Dawson R. M. C., Freinkel N., Jungalwala F. B., and Clarke N. (1971) The enzymic formation of myoinositol 1:2 cyclic phosphate from phosphatidylinositol. Biochem. J. 122, 605– 607. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar De Riemer S. A., Strong J. A., Albert K. A., Greengard P., and Kaczmarek L. K. (1986) Enhancement of calcium current in Aplysia neurones by phorbol ester and protein kinase C. Na-ture 313, 313– 316. Google Scholar Donaldson J. and Hill S. J. (1986) Histamine-induced hydrolysis of polyphosphoinositides in guinea-pig ileum and brain. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 124, 255– 265. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Downes C. P. (1982) Receptor-stimulated inositol phospholipid metabolism in the central nervous system. Cell Calcium 3, 413– 428. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Downes C. P. (1983) Inositol phospholipids and neurotransmitter-receptor signalling mechanisms. Trends Neurosci 6, 313– 316. CrossrefCASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Downes C. P. (1986) Inositol phosphates: concord or confusion? Trends Neurosci. 9, 394– 396. CrossrefCASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Downes C. P. and Stone M. A. (1986) Lithium-induced reduction in intracellular inositol supply in cholinergically stimulated parotid gland. Biochem. J. 234, 199– 204. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Drummond A. H. and Raeburn C. A. (1984) The interaction of lithium with thyrotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated lipid metabolism in GH3 pituitary tumour cells. Biochem. J. 224, 129– 136. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Eberhard D. and Holz R. W. (1987) Nicotinic and muscarinic receptor activation and micromolar Ca2+ stimulate production of inositol phosphates in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. J. Neurochem. (in press). Wiley Online LibraryPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Eichberg J. and Hauser G. (1973) The subcellular distribution of polyphosphoinositides in myelinated and unmyelinated rat brain. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 326, 210– 223. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Eisenberg, F. (1967) d-Myoinositol 1-phosphate as product of cyclization of glucose 6-phosphate and substrate for a specific phosphatase in rat testis. J. Biol. Chem. 242, 1375– 1382. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Enjalbert A., Sladeczek F., Guillon G., Bertrand P., Shu C., Epel-baum J., Garcia-Sainz A., Jard S., Lombard C., Kordon C., and Bockaert J. (1986) Angiotensin II and dopamine modulate both cAMP and inpsitol phosphate productions in anterior pituitary cells. J. Biol. Chem. 261, 4071– 4075. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Erneaux C., Delvaux A., Moreau C., and Dumont J. E. (1986) Characterization of d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate phosphatase in rat brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 134, 351– 358. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Eva C. and Costa E. (1986) Potassium ion facilitation of phospho-inositide turnover activation by muscarinic receptor agonists in rat brain. J. Neurochem. 46, 1429– 1435. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Evans T., Hepler J. R., Masters S. B., Brown J. H., and Harden T. K. (1985) Guanine nucleotide regulation of agonist binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Biochem. J. 232, 751– 757. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Figueiredo J. C., Fisher S. K., and Horowitz M. I. (1986) Modulation of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptor mediated catecholamine secretion in guinea pig chromaffin cells by phor-bol esters. Fed. Proc. 45, 505. Google Scholar Fisher S. K. (1986) Inositol lipids and signal transduction at CNS muscarinic receptors. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. Supp.l: Subtypes of Muscarinic Receptors II, 61– 65. Google Scholar Fisher S. K. and Agranoff B. W. (1980) Calcium and the muscarinic synaptosomal phospholipid labeling effect. J. Neurochem. 34, 1231– 1240. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fisher S. K. and Agranoff B. W. (1981) Enhancement of the muscarinic synaptosomal phospholipid labeling effect by the iono-phore A23187. J. Neurochem. 37, 968– 977. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fisher S. K. and Agranoff B. W. (1985) The biochemical basis and functional significance of enhanced phosphatidate and phos-phoinositide turnover, in Phospholipids in Nervous Tissues ( J. Eichberg, ed), pp. 241– 295. John Wiley, New York . Google Scholar Fisher S. K. and Agranoff B. W. (1986) Phosphoinositide turnover in the CNS and in neural-related tissues, in Receptor Biochemistry and Methodology: Receptors and Phosphoinositides ( J. W. Putney, ed), pp. 219– 243. Alan R. Liss, New York . Google Scholar Fisher S. K. and Bartus R. T. (1985) Regional differences in the coupling of muscarinic receptors to inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in guinea pig brain. J. Neurochem. 45, 1085– 1095. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fisher S. K. and Snider R. M. (1986) Receptor occupancy requirements for muscarinic receptor-stimulated phosphoinositide turnover in brain and in neuroblastoma. (Abstr) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 12, 491. Google Scholar Fisher S. K., Boast C. A., and Agranoff B. W. (1980) The muscarinic stimulation of phospholipid labeling is independent of its cholinergic input. Brain Res. 189, 284– 288. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fisher S. K., Frey K. A., and Agranoff B. W. (1981a) Loss of muscarinic receptors and of stimulated phospholipid labeling in ibo-tenate-treated hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 1, 1407– 1413. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fisher S. K., Holz R. W., and Agranoff B. W. (1981b) Muscarinic receptors in chromaffin cell cultures mediate enhanced phospholipid labeling but not catecholamine secretion. J. Neurochem. 37, 491– 497. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fisher S. K., Klinger P. D., and Agranoff B. W. (1983) Muscarinic agonist binding and phospholipid turnover in brain. J. Biol. Chem. 258, 7358– 7363. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fisher S. K., Figueiredo J. C., and Bartus R. T. (1984) Differential stimulation of inositol phospholipid turnover in brain by analogs of oxotremorine. J. Neurochem. 43, 1171– 1179. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fowler C. J., Magnusson O., Mohammed A. K., Danysz W., and Archer T. (1986) The effect of selective noradrenergic lesions upon the stimulation by noradrenaline of inositol phospholipid breakdown in rat hippocampal miniprisms. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 123, 401– 407. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gershengorn M. and Paul M. E. (1986) Evidence for tight coupling of receptor occupancy by thyrotropin-releasing hormone to phospholipase C-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat pituitary cells: use of chlordiazepoxide as a competitive antagonist. Endocrinology 119, 833– 839. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gil D. W. and Wolfe B. B. (1985) Pirenzepine distinguishes between muscarinic receptor-mediated phosphoinositide breakdown and inhibition of adenylate cyclase. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 232, 608– 616. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gill D. L., Ueda T., Chueh S.-H., and Noel M. W. (1986) Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum is mediated by a guanine nucleotide regulatory mechanism. Nature 320, 461– 464. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gispen W. H., Leunissen J. L. M., Oestreicher A. B., Verkleij A. J., and Zwiers H. (1985) Presynaptic localization of B-50 phos-phoprotein: the (ACTH)-sensitive protein kinase substrate involved in rat brain polyphosphoinositide metabolism. Brain Res. 328, 381– 385. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Goedert M., Pinnock R. D., Downes C. P., Mantyh P. W., and Em-son P. C. (1984) Neurotensin stimulates inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in rat brain slices. Brain Res. 323, 193– 197. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Goelet P., Castellucci V. F., Schacher S., and Kandel E. R. (1986) The long and the short of long-term memory—a molecular framework. Nature 322, 419– 422. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gonzales R. A. and Crews F. T. (1984) Characterization of the cholinergic stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis of rat brain slices. J. Neurosci. 4, 3120– 3127. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gonzales R. A. and Crews F. T. (1985) Guanine nucleotides stimulate production of inositol trisphosphate in rat cortical membranes. Biochem. J. 232, 799– 804. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gonzales R. A., Feldstein J. B., Crews F. T., and Raizada M. K. (1985) Receptor mediated inositide hydrolysis is a neuronal response: comparison of primary neuronal and glial cultures. Brain Res 345, 350– 355. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Goswami S. K. and Gould R. M. (1985) Effect of electrical stimulation on phosphoinositide metabolism in rat sciatic nerve in vivo. J. Neurochem. 44, 941– 946. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Greene D. A. and Lattimer S. A. (1983) Impaired rat sciatic nerve sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphate in acute streptozo-tocin diabetes and its correction by myo-inositol supplementation. J. Clin. Invest. 72, 1058– 1063. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Greene D. A. and Lattimer S. A. (1985) Altered nerve myo-inositol metabolism in experimental diabetes and its relationship to nerve function, in Inositol and Phosphoinositides: Metabolism and Biological Regulation ( J. Eichberg, and G. Hauser, eds), pp. 563– 582. Humana Press, Clifton , New Jersey . CrossrefWeb of Science®Google Scholar Greene D. A. and Lattimer S. A. (1986) Protein kinase C agonists acutely normalize decreased ouabain-inhibitable respiration in diabetic rabbit nerve: implications for (Na,K)-ATPase regulation and diabetic complications. Diabetes 35, 242– 245. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Griffin H. D. and Hawthorne J. N. (1978) Calcium-activated hydrolysis of phosphatidyl-myo-inositol 4-phosphate and phos-phatidyl-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate in guinea pig synapto-somes. Biochem. J. 176, 541– 552. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Griffin H. D., Hawthorne J. N., and Sykes M. (1979) A calcium requirement for the phosphatidylinositol response following activation of presynaptic muscarinic receptors. Biochem. Pharmacol. 28, 1143– 1147. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gusovsky F., Hollingsworth E. B., and Daly J. W. (1986) Regulation of phosphatidylinositol turnover in brain synapt