Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2164455818', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1162/089120101753342653', 'title': 'A Machine Learning Approach to Coreference Resolution of Noun Phrases', 'display_name': 'A Machine Learning Approach to Coreference Resolution of Noun Phrases', 'publication_year': 2001, 'publication_date': '2001-12-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2164455818', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1162/089120101753342653', 'mag': '2164455818'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1162/089120101753342653', 'pdf_url': 'https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/27/4/521/1797672/089120101753342653.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S155526855', 'display_name': 'Computational Linguistics', 'issn_l': '0891-2017', 'issn': ['0891-2017', '1530-9312'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320244', 'host_organization_name': 'Association for Computational Linguistics', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320244'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Association for Computational Linguistics'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'bronze', 'oa_url': 'https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/27/4/521/1797672/089120101753342653.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5086320526', 'display_name': 'Wee Meng Soon', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I28490864', 'display_name': 'DSO National Laboratories', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03e05fb06', 'country_code': 'SG', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I28490864']}], 'countries': ['SG'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Wee Meng Soon', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['DSO National Laboratories, 20 Science Park Drive, Singapore 118230. E-mail:'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'DSO National Laboratories, 20 Science Park Drive, Singapore 118230. E-mail:', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I28490864']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5110081955', 'display_name': 'Hwee Tou Ng', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I28490864', 'display_name': 'DSO National Laboratories', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03e05fb06', 'country_code': 'SG', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I28490864']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I165932596', 'display_name': 'National University of Singapore', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01tgyzw49', 'country_code': 'SG', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I165932596']}], 'countries': ['SG'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Hwee Tou Ng', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['DSO National Laboratories, 20 Science Park Drive, Singapore 118230. E-mail: This author is also affiliated with the Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, National University of Singapore Web address:'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'DSO National Laboratories, 20 Science Park Drive, Singapore 118230. E-mail: This author is also affiliated with the Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, National University of Singapore Web address:', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I28490864', 'https://openalex.org/I165932596']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5061784033', 'display_name': 'Daniel Chung Yong Lim', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I28490864', 'display_name': 'DSO National Laboratories', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03e05fb06', 'country_code': 'SG', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I28490864']}], 'countries': ['SG'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Daniel Chung Yong Lim', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['DSO National Laboratories, 20 Science Park Drive, Singapore 118230. E-mail:'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'DSO National Laboratories, 20 Science Park Drive, Singapore 118230. E-mail:', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I28490864']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5086320526', 'https://openalex.org/A5110081955', 'https://openalex.org/A5061784033'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I28490864', 'https://openalex.org/I28490864', 'https://openalex.org/I165932596', 'https://openalex.org/I28490864'], 'apc_list': {'value': 0, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 0, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 21.242, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 1013, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999929, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '27', 'issue': '4', 'first_page': '521', 'last_page': '544'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10181', 'display_name': 'Natural Language Processing Techniques', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1702', 'display_name': 'Artificial Intelligence'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10181', 'display_name': 'Natural Language Processing Techniques', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1702', 'display_name': 'Artificial Intelligence'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10028', 'display_name': 'Topic Modeling', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1702', 'display_name': 'Artificial Intelligence'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13629', 'display_name': 'Text Readability and Simplification', 'score': 0.9964, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1702', 'display_name': 'Artificial Intelligence'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/coreference', 'display_name': 'Coreference', 'score': 0.9873658}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/phrase', 'display_name': 'Phrase', 'score': 0.48773512}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C28076734', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63087', 'display_name': 'Coreference', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.9873658}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153962237', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401131', 'display_name': 'Noun phrase', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.90886927}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.84022224}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C204321447', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642', 'display_name': 'Natural language processing', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.7774458}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.70520365}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780451532', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676', 'display_name': 'Task (project management)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6235454}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121934690', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1084', 'display_name': 'Noun', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.51916206}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138268822', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925', 'display_name': 'Resolution (logic)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5172625}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776224158', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187931', 'display_name': 'Phrase', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48773512}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41895202', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162', 'display_name': 'Linguistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.34425098}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0641996}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C187736073', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921', 'display_name': 'Management', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 3, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1162/089120101753342653', 'pdf_url': 'https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/27/4/521/1797672/089120101753342653.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S155526855', 'display_name': 'Computational Linguistics', 'issn_l': '0891-2017', 'issn': ['0891-2017', '1530-9312'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320244', 'host_organization_name': 'Association for Computational Linguistics', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320244'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Association for Computational Linguistics'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-4004', 'pdf_url': 'https://aclanthology.org/J01-4004.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306402137', 'display_name': 'The COCOON platform (University of Paris)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I102197404', 'host_organization_name': 'Université Paris-Sud', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I102197404'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Université Paris-Sud'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by-nc-sa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa', 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.18.8040', 'pdf_url': 'http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/J/J01/J01-4004.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400349', 'display_name': 'CiteSeer X (The Pennsylvania State University)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I130769515', 'host_organization_name': 'Pennsylvania State University', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I130769515'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Pennsylvania State University'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1162/089120101753342653', 'pdf_url': 'https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article-pdf/27/4/521/1797672/089120101753342653.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S155526855', 'display_name': 'Computational Linguistics', 'issn_l': '0891-2017', 'issn': ['0891-2017', '1530-9312'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320244', 'host_organization_name': 'Association for Computational Linguistics', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320244'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Association for Computational Linguistics'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 21, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1520377376', 'https://openalex.org/W1543515964', 'https://openalex.org/W1573629781', 'https://openalex.org/W1576504150', 'https://openalex.org/W1710827551', 'https://openalex.org/W186897643', 'https://openalex.org/W1974874933', 'https://openalex.org/W1976895794', 'https://openalex.org/W2000363133', 'https://openalex.org/W2061271742', 'https://openalex.org/W2063790016', 'https://openalex.org/W2068210077', 'https://openalex.org/W2095487819', 'https://openalex.org/W2102381086', 'https://openalex.org/W2125055259', 'https://openalex.org/W2127071136', 'https://openalex.org/W2131554698', 'https://openalex.org/W2167277498', 'https://openalex.org/W3023431232', 'https://openalex.org/W3195375', 'https://openalex.org/W4231741839'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3171444480', 'https://openalex.org/W3041549465', 'https://openalex.org/W2380927837', 'https://openalex.org/W2380610138', 'https://openalex.org/W2171828761', 'https://openalex.org/W2164455818', 'https://openalex.org/W2023791625', 'https://openalex.org/W2023244356', 'https://openalex.org/W1547546052', 'https://openalex.org/W1523977890'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'In': [0], 'this': [1], 'paper,': [2], 'we': [3], 'present': [4], 'a': [5, 21, 32], 'learning': [6, 100], 'approach': [7, 18, 74, 101], 'to': [8, 108, 124], 'coreference': [9, 59, 84, 97], 'resolution': [10], 'of': [11, 35, 53, 65, 110, 126], 'noun': [12, 36, 43, 55, 95], 'phrases': [13], 'in': [14], 'unrestricted': [15], 'text.': [16], 'The': [17], 'learns': [19], 'from': [20], 'small,': [22], 'annotated': [23], 'corpus': [24], 'and': [25, 82, 86, 104], 'the': [26, 50, 54, 80, 93, 99, 116], 'task': [27], 'includes': [28], 'resolving': [29], 'not': [30, 48], 'just': [31], 'certain': [33], 'type': [34], 'phrase': [37, 96], '(e.g.,': [38], 'pronouns)': [39], 'but': [40], 'rather': [41], 'general': [42, 94], 'phrases.': [44], 'It': [45], 'also': [46], 'does': [47], 'restrict': [49], 'entity': [51], 'types': [52], 'phrases;': [56], 'that': [57, 91, 109, 120, 125], 'is,': [58], 'is': [60, 115], 'assigned': [61], 'whether': [62], 'they': [63], 'are': [64], '“organization,”': [66], '“person,”': [67], 'or': [68], 'other': [69], 'types.': [70], 'We': [71], 'evaluate': [72], 'our': [73], 'on': [75, 92, 130], 'common': [76], 'data': [77, 132], 'sets': [78], '(namely,': [79], 'MUC-6': [81], 'MUC-7': [83], 'corpora)': [85], 'obtain': [87], 'encouraging': [88], 'results,': [89], 'indicating': [90], 'task,': [98], 'holds': [102], 'promise': [103], 'achieves': [105], 'accuracy': [106], 'comparable': [107, 123], 'nonlearning': [111, 128], 'approaches.': [112], 'Our': [113], 'system': [114, 119], 'first': [117], 'learning-based': [118], 'offers': [121], 'performance': [122], 'state-of-the-art': [127], 'systems': [129], 'these': [131], 'sets.': [133]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2164455818', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 20}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 16}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 36}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 35}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 50}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 50}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 37}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 62}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 62}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 49}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 66}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 76}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-10T01:39:13.385856', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}