Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2161633633', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/519795', 'title': 'PLINK: A Tool Set for Whole-Genome Association and Population-Based Linkage Analyses', 'display_name': 'PLINK: A Tool Set for Whole-Genome Association and Population-Based Linkage Analyses', 'publication_year': 2007, 'publication_date': '2007-09-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2161633633', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/519795', 'mag': '2161633633', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17701901', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1950838'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/519795', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.cell.com/article/S0002929707613524/pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S134425043', 'display_name': 'The American Journal of Human Genetics', 'issn_l': '0002-9297', 'issn': ['0002-9297', '1537-6605'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'publisher-specific-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'bronze', 'oa_url': 'http://www.cell.com/article/S0002929707613524/pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5051460895', 'display_name': 'Shaun Purcell', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7402-5812'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts General Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/002pd6e78', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'https://openalex.org/I48633490']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I107606265', 'display_name': 'Broad Institute', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05a0ya142', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I107606265']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63966007', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042nb2s44', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210105714', 'display_name': 'Center for Human Genetics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01gcrbc43', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210105714']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Shaun Purcell', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA', 'Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'https://openalex.org/I4210105714']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I107606265', 'https://openalex.org/I63966007']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5015235673', 'display_name': 'Benjamin M. Neale', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1513-6077'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I124357947', 'display_name': 'University of London', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04cw6st05', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I124357947']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I107606265', 'display_name': 'Broad Institute', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05a0ya142', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I107606265']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63966007', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042nb2s44', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}], 'countries': ['GB', 'US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Benjamin Neale', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA', 'Institute of Psychiatry, University of London, London'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Institute of Psychiatry, University of London, London', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I124357947']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I107606265', 'https://openalex.org/I63966007']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5059286326', 'display_name': 'Katherine EO Todd-Brown', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3109-8130'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts General Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/002pd6e78', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'https://openalex.org/I48633490']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210105714', 'display_name': 'Center for Human Genetics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01gcrbc43', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210105714']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Kathe Todd-Brown', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'https://openalex.org/I4210105714']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5049640726', 'display_name': 'Lisa Thomas', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210105714', 'display_name': 'Center for Human Genetics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01gcrbc43', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210105714']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts General Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/002pd6e78', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'https://openalex.org/I48633490']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Lori Thomas', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210105714', 'https://openalex.org/I4210087915']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5074490470', 'display_name': 'Manuel A. R. Ferreira', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9059-1825'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210105714', 'display_name': 'Center for Human Genetics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01gcrbc43', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210105714']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts General Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/002pd6e78', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'https://openalex.org/I48633490']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Manuel A.R. Ferreira', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210105714', 'https://openalex.org/I4210087915']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5085836147', 'display_name': 'D.B. Bender', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6503-6221'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I107606265', 'display_name': 'Broad Institute', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05a0ya142', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I107606265']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210105714', 'display_name': 'Center for Human Genetics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01gcrbc43', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210105714']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63966007', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042nb2s44', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts General Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/002pd6e78', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'https://openalex.org/I48633490']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'David Bender', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA', 'Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I107606265', 'https://openalex.org/I63966007']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210105714', 'https://openalex.org/I4210087915']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5026130275', 'display_name': 'Julian Maller', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1565-9559'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts General Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/002pd6e78', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'https://openalex.org/I48633490']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I107606265', 'display_name': 'Broad Institute', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05a0ya142', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I107606265']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63966007', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042nb2s44', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210105714', 'display_name': 'Center for Human Genetics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01gcrbc43', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210105714']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Julian Maller', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA', 'Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'https://openalex.org/I4210105714']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I107606265', 'https://openalex.org/I63966007']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5103097768', 'display_name': 'Pamela B. Mahon', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3947-441X'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63966007', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042nb2s44', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210105714', 'display_name': 'Center for Human Genetics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01gcrbc43', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210105714']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts General Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/002pd6e78', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'https://openalex.org/I48633490']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I107606265', 'display_name': 'Broad Institute', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05a0ya142', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I107606265']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Pamela Sklar', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA', 'Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007', 'https://openalex.org/I107606265']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210105714', 'https://openalex.org/I4210087915']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5066704276', 'display_name': 'Paul I. W. de Bakker', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7735-7858'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I107606265', 'display_name': 'Broad Institute', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05a0ya142', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I107606265']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63966007', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042nb2s44', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210105714', 'display_name': 'Center for Human Genetics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01gcrbc43', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210105714']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts General Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/002pd6e78', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'https://openalex.org/I48633490']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Paul I.W. de Bakker', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA', 'Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I107606265', 'https://openalex.org/I63966007']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210105714', 'https://openalex.org/I4210087915']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5019646038', 'display_name': 'Mark J. Daly', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0949-8752'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I107606265', 'display_name': 'Broad Institute', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05a0ya142', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I107606265']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63966007', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042nb2s44', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210105714', 'display_name': 'Center for Human Genetics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01gcrbc43', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210105714']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts General Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/002pd6e78', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210087915', 'https://openalex.org/I48633490']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Mark J. Daly', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA', 'Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I107606265', 'https://openalex.org/I63966007']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210105714', 'https://openalex.org/I4210087915']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5018516395', 'display_name': 'Pak C. Sham', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2533-7270'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I889458895', 'display_name': 'University of Hong Kong', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02zhqgq86', 'country_code': 'HK', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I889458895']}], 'countries': ['HK'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Pak C. Sham', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Genome Research Center, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Genome Research Center, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I889458895']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 3, 'institutions_distinct_count': 6, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 5150, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 5150, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 315.825, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 28719, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999943, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '81', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '559', 'last_page': '575'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10261', 'display_name': 'Genomic Studies and Association Analyses', 'score': 0.9995, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1311', 'display_name': 'Genetics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10261', 'display_name': 'Genomic Studies and Association Analyses', 'score': 0.9995, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1311', 'display_name': 'Genetics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11468', 'display_name': 'Genetic Architecture of Quantitative Traits', 'score': 0.9979, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1311', 'display_name': 'Genetics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10887', 'display_name': 'Analysis of Gene Interaction Networks', 'score': 0.9852, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/linkage', 'display_name': 'Linkage (software)', 'score': 0.7396777}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/genome-wide-association-studies', 'display_name': 'Genome-wide Association Studies', 'score': 0.580397}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-association', 'display_name': 'Genetic association', 'score': 0.5700656}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-set-enrichment-analysis', 'display_name': 'Gene Set Enrichment Analysis', 'score': 0.552658}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/genomic-data-integration', 'display_name': 'Genomic Data Integration', 'score': 0.535017}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/genome-wide-association', 'display_name': 'Genome-Wide Association', 'score': 0.514345}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/pathway-analysis', 'display_name': 'Pathway Analysis', 'score': 0.512605}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/association', 'display_name': 'Association (psychology)', 'score': 0.5119318}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/genome-wide-association-study', 'display_name': 'Genome-wide association study', 'score': 0.506431}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C31266012', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6554340', 'display_name': 'Linkage (software)', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.7396777}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C186413461', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744727', 'display_name': 'Genetic association', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.5700656}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142853389', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778', 'display_name': 'Association (psychology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5119318}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C106208931', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1098876', 'display_name': 'Genome-wide association study', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.506431}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C177264268', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741', 'display_name': 'Set (abstract data type)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.49314588}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.46972382}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.44894505}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2908647359', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603', 'display_name': 'Population', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4467073}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C70721500', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005', 'display_name': 'Computational biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.44050664}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C78458016', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400', 'display_name': 'Evolutionary biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.377683}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.28172028}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153209595', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q501128', 'display_name': 'Single-nucleotide polymorphism', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.22365317}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.17453349}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.14013478}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104317684', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187', 'display_name': 'Gene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.11569089}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C135763542', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106016', 'display_name': 'Genotype', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.08488417}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C99454951', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068', 'display_name': 'Environmental health', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C542102704', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257', 'display_name': 'Psychotherapist', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199360897', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143', 'display_name': 'Programming language', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D008040', 'descriptor_name': 'Genetic Linkage', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D015894', 'descriptor_name': 'Genome, Human', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011153', 'descriptor_name': 'Population', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D020641', 'descriptor_name': 'Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012984', 'descriptor_name': 'Software', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 4, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/519795', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.cell.com/article/S0002929707613524/pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S134425043', 'display_name': 'The American Journal of Human Genetics', 'issn_l': '0002-9297', 'issn': ['0002-9297', '1537-6605'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'publisher-specific-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1950838', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1950838?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1950838', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17701901', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/519795', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.cell.com/article/S0002929707613524/pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S134425043', 'display_name': 'The American Journal of Human Genetics', 'issn_l': '0002-9297', 'issn': ['0002-9297', '1537-6605'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'publisher-specific-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 45, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1560012080', 'https://openalex.org/W1841573652', 'https://openalex.org/W1964100346', 'https://openalex.org/W1966928698', 'https://openalex.org/W1984941527', 'https://openalex.org/W1987882116', 'https://openalex.org/W1989679667', 'https://openalex.org/W1998158007', 'https://openalex.org/W2002374079', 'https://openalex.org/W2008047653', 'https://openalex.org/W2009144436', 'https://openalex.org/W2039608769', 'https://openalex.org/W2042103448', 'https://openalex.org/W2045921037', 'https://openalex.org/W2048755332', 'https://openalex.org/W2051904003', 'https://openalex.org/W2062298637', 'https://openalex.org/W2066669827', 'https://openalex.org/W2078343620', 'https://openalex.org/W2078625752', 'https://openalex.org/W2081872599', 'https://openalex.org/W2091143313', 'https://openalex.org/W2098126593', 'https://openalex.org/W2102109283', 'https://openalex.org/W2110065044', 'https://openalex.org/W2110343195', 'https://openalex.org/W2114044152', 'https://openalex.org/W2118967025', 'https://openalex.org/W2123466824', 'https://openalex.org/W2125860227', 'https://openalex.org/W2129559300', 'https://openalex.org/W2134866233', 'https://openalex.org/W2135678173', 'https://openalex.org/W2141461000', 'https://openalex.org/W2142752948', 'https://openalex.org/W2143249342', 'https://openalex.org/W2145739032', 'https://openalex.org/W2150290224', 'https://openalex.org/W2153362877', 'https://openalex.org/W2157752701', 'https://openalex.org/W2162530578', 'https://openalex.org/W2169556112', 'https://openalex.org/W3015688538', 'https://openalex.org/W3148300490', 'https://openalex.org/W4236554388'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W2794350630', 'https://openalex.org/W2771541573', 'https://openalex.org/W2765794416', 'https://openalex.org/W2594299395', 'https://openalex.org/W2170506381', 'https://openalex.org/W2111842731', 'https://openalex.org/W2066467839', 'https://openalex.org/W2039666944', 'https://openalex.org/W1971424770', 'https://openalex.org/W1531630856'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Whole-genome': [0], 'association': [1, 126], 'studies': [2], '(WGAS)': [3], 'bring': [4], 'new': [5, 37], 'computational,': [6], 'as': [7, 9, 83], 'well': [8, 82], 'analytic,': [10], 'challenges': [11], 'to': [12, 21, 86, 100, 157, 165, 191], 'researchers.': [13], 'Many': [14], 'existing': [15], 'genetic-analysis': [16], 'tools': [17, 85], 'are': [18, 171], 'not': [19, 33], 'designed': [20], 'handle': [22], 'such': [23], 'large': [24, 58], 'data': [25, 41, 59, 102, 120], 'sets': [26, 60], 'in': [27, 78, 145, 200], 'a': [28, 201], 'convenient': [29], 'manner': [30], 'and': [31, 76, 112, 128, 138, 142, 159, 164], 'do': [32], 'necessarily': [34], 'exploit': [35], 'the': [36, 88, 114, 136, 146, 183, 189], 'opportunities': [38], 'that': [39, 103, 170, 195], 'whole-genome': [40, 101, 107, 150], 'bring.': [42], 'To': [43], 'address': [44], 'these': [45], 'issues,': [46], 'we': [47, 133], 'developed': [48], 'PLINK,': [49, 57], 'an': [50], 'open-source': [51], 'C/C++': [52], 'WGAS': [53], 'tool': [54], 'set.': [55], 'With': [56], 'comprising': [61], 'hundreds': [62], 'of': [63, 65, 70, 106, 118, 140, 148, 182, 185], 'thousands': [64, 69], 'markers': [66], 'genotyped': [67], 'for': [68, 161], 'individuals': [71], 'can': [72, 154], 'be': [73, 155], 'rapidly': [74], 'manipulated': [75], 'analyzed': [77], 'their': [79], 'entirety.': [80], 'As': [81], 'providing': [84], 'make': [87], 'basic': [89], 'analytic': [90], 'steps': [91], 'computationally': [92], 'efficient,': [93], 'PLINK': [94, 111], 'also': [95], 'supports': [96], 'some': [97], 'novel': [98], 'approaches': [99], 'take': [104], 'advantage': [105], 'coverage.': [108], 'We': [109], 'introduce': [110], 'describe': [113], 'five': [115], 'main': [116], 'domains': [117], 'function:': [119], 'management,': [121], 'summary': [122], 'statistics,': [123], 'population': [124, 162], 'stratification,': [125], 'analysis,': [127], 'identity-by-descent': [129, 143], 'estimation.': [130], 'In': [131], 'particular,': [132], 'focus': [134], 'on': [135], 'estimation': [137], 'use': [139], 'identity-by-state': [141], 'information': [144, 153], 'context': [147], 'population-based': [149, 202], 'studies.': [151], 'This': [152], 'used': [156], 'detect': [158], 'correct': [160], 'stratification': [163], 'identify': [166], 'extended': [167], 'chromosomal': [168], 'segments': [169], 'shared': [172], 'identical': [173], 'by': [174], 'descent': [175], 'between': [176], 'very': [177], 'distantly': [178], 'related': [179], 'individuals.': [180], 'Analysis': [181], 'patterns': [184], 'segmental': [186], 'sharing': [187], 'has': [188], 'potential': [190], 'map': [192], 'disease': [193], 'loci': [194], 'contain': [196], 'multiple': [197], 'rare': [198], 'variants': [199], 'linkage': [203], 'analysis.': [204]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2161633633', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 1826}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 2744}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 2603}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 2585}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 2343}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 2050}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 1877}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1830}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 1653}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 1680}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 1577}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 1431}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 1309}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-16T19:58:44.312420', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}