Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2161357558', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s11149-011-9157-0', 'title': 'Bottleneck co-ownership as a regulatory alternative', 'display_name': 'Bottleneck co-ownership as a regulatory alternative', 'publication_year': 2011, 'publication_date': '2011-06-14', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2161357558', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s11149-011-9157-0', 'mag': '2161357558'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s11149-011-9157-0', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S114801022', 'display_name': 'Journal of Regulatory Economics', 'issn_l': '0922-680X', 'issn': ['0922-680X', '1573-0468'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900', 'host_organization_name': 'Springer Science+Business Media', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319965', 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Springer Nature', 'Springer Science+Business Media'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/116588/1/IEB11-38_Boffa.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5039770071', 'display_name': 'Federico Boffa', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2394-9441'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I55133342', 'display_name': 'University of Macerata', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0001fmy77', 'country_code': 'IT', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I55133342']}], 'countries': ['IT'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Federico Boffa', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Legal and Economic Studies, University of Macerata, Jesi, Italy'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Legal and Economic Studies, University of Macerata, Jesi, Italy', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I55133342']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5041189474', 'display_name': 'John C. Panzar', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I111979921', 'display_name': 'Northwestern University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/000e0be47', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I111979921']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I154130895', 'display_name': 'University of Auckland', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03b94tp07', 'country_code': 'NZ', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I154130895']}], 'countries': ['NZ', 'US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'John Panzar', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Economics, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA', 'Department of Economics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Economics, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I111979921']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Economics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I154130895']}]}], 'countries_distinct_count': 3, 'institutions_distinct_count': 3, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5039770071'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I55133342'], 'apc_list': {'value': 2290, 'currency': 'EUR', 'value_usd': 2890, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 5.296, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 9, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.861999, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 84, 'max': 85}, 'biblio': {'volume': '41', 'issue': '2', 'first_page': '201', 'last_page': '215'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11043', 'display_name': 'Competition, Collusion, and Market Structure Dynamics', 'score': 0.9992, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11043', 'display_name': 'Competition, Collusion, and Market Structure Dynamics', 'score': 0.9992, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11499', 'display_name': 'Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Development', 'score': 0.9921, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2214', 'display_name': 'Media Technology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11161', 'display_name': 'Economic Analysis of Retail and Marketing Strategies', 'score': 0.9898, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1406', 'display_name': 'Marketing'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/14', 'display_name': 'Business, Management and Accounting'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-monopoly', 'display_name': 'Natural monopoly', 'score': 0.76821446}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/market-structure', 'display_name': 'Market Structure', 'score': 0.526694}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/market-competition', 'display_name': 'Market Competition', 'score': 0.515409}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780513914', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350', 'display_name': 'Bottleneck', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.9443083}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776207758', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5303302', 'display_name': 'Downstream (manufacturing)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.91337514}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C191172861', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7899321', 'display_name': 'Upstream (networking)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8589773}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C106094368', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q648510', 'display_name': 'Natural monopoly', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.76821446}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C40700', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783', 'display_name': 'Industrial organization', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.67692447}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C89611455', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646', 'display_name': 'Mechanism (biology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.63449067}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781127519', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43637', 'display_name': 'Monopoly', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6224358}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C91306197', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767', 'display_name': 'Competition (biology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6134109}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C178283979', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274490', 'display_name': 'Public finance', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5836261}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C158980903', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7899329', 'display_name': 'Upstream and downstream (DNA)', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5754254}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C29321873', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5970087', 'display_name': 'Economies of scale', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5748666}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C175444787', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072', 'display_name': 'Microeconomics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.57231224}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5556674}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778755073', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537', 'display_name': 'Scale (ratio)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.49330917}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144133560', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453', 'display_name': 'Business', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.40519774}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.16905361}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C21547014', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657', 'display_name': 'Operations management', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.10383174}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C76155785', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418', 'display_name': 'Telecommunications', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.068197966}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C139719470', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680', 'display_name': 'Macroeconomics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.06497535}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C18903297', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150', 'display_name': 'Ecology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111472728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471', 'display_name': 'Epistemology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62520636', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944', 'display_name': 'Quantum mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 5, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s11149-011-9157-0', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S114801022', 'display_name': 'Journal of Regulatory Economics', 'issn_l': '0922-680X', 'issn': ['0922-680X', '1573-0468'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900', 'host_organization_name': 'Springer Science+Business Media', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319965', 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Springer Nature', 'Springer Science+Business Media'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://hdl.handle.net/2445/116588', 'pdf_url': 'https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/116588/1/IEB11-38_Boffa.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401653', 'display_name': 'Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I71999127', 'host_organization_name': 'Universitat de Barcelona', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I71999127'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Universitat de Barcelona'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by-nc-nd', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd', 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://ieb.ub.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2011-IEB-WorkingPaper-38.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://ieb.ub.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2011-IEB-WorkingPaper-38.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401271', 'display_name': 'RePEc: Research Papers in Economics', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I77793887', 'host_organization_name': 'Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I77793887'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/oaiart?codigo=3781481', 'pdf_url': 'https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/3781481.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401293', 'display_name': 'Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I3032752892', 'host_organization_name': 'Universidad Internacional de La Rioja', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I3032752892'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Universidad Internacional de La Rioja'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://hdl.handle.net/11393/74039', 'pdf_url': 'https://u-pad.unimc.it/bitstream/11393/74039/1/Offprints%20JRE%20of%20paper%20version.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4377196455', 'display_name': 'U-PAD Unimc - Open Digital Publications (University of Macerata)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I55133342', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Macerata', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I55133342'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Macerata'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://hdl.handle.net/2445/116588', 'pdf_url': 'https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/116588/1/IEB11-38_Boffa.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401653', 'display_name': 'Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I71999127', 'host_organization_name': 'Universitat de Barcelona', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I71999127'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Universitat de Barcelona'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by-nc-nd', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd', 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9', 'display_name': 'Industry, innovation and infrastructure', 'score': 0.5}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 48, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1516216046', 'https://openalex.org/W1565533612', 'https://openalex.org/W1566447567', 'https://openalex.org/W1577156806', 'https://openalex.org/W1582933155', 'https://openalex.org/W1594942224', 'https://openalex.org/W1970915980', 'https://openalex.org/W1973135735', 'https://openalex.org/W1979505449', 'https://openalex.org/W1981862073', 'https://openalex.org/W2000818569', 'https://openalex.org/W2017444941', 'https://openalex.org/W2042008766', 'https://openalex.org/W2042047339', 'https://openalex.org/W2057036923', 'https://openalex.org/W2059692012', 'https://openalex.org/W2069026644', 'https://openalex.org/W2084018929', 'https://openalex.org/W2087554089', 'https://openalex.org/W2100084320', 'https://openalex.org/W2106003434', 'https://openalex.org/W2111033593', 'https://openalex.org/W2115762260', 'https://openalex.org/W2118050157', 'https://openalex.org/W2128920288', 'https://openalex.org/W2137631937', 'https://openalex.org/W2141595295', 'https://openalex.org/W2155300024', 'https://openalex.org/W2160182578', 'https://openalex.org/W2171203669', 'https://openalex.org/W2212035916', 'https://openalex.org/W2490302518', 'https://openalex.org/W2800186492', 'https://openalex.org/W3121638396', 'https://openalex.org/W3121800872', 'https://openalex.org/W3122469189', 'https://openalex.org/W3122671745', 'https://openalex.org/W3122993785', 'https://openalex.org/W3122999234', 'https://openalex.org/W3123473468', 'https://openalex.org/W3123754526', 'https://openalex.org/W3125233240', 'https://openalex.org/W3125493530', 'https://openalex.org/W3126100955', 'https://openalex.org/W40945538', 'https://openalex.org/W4242178059', 'https://openalex.org/W643229143', 'https://openalex.org/W653827382'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4322775356', 'https://openalex.org/W3125376000', 'https://openalex.org/W3124485524', 'https://openalex.org/W3113528484', 'https://openalex.org/W2738872473', 'https://openalex.org/W2373560751', 'https://openalex.org/W2348356937', 'https://openalex.org/W2241146542', 'https://openalex.org/W2161357558', 'https://openalex.org/W2088945351'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'This': [0, 52], 'paper': [1], 'proposes': [2], 'a': [3, 83, 95], 'regulatory': [4], 'mechanism': [5, 78], 'for': [6], 'vertically': [7], 'related': [8], 'industries': [9], 'in': [10, 44, 71, 87], 'which': [11, 88], 'the': [12, 30, 33, 36, 60, 89], 'upstream': [13, 37, 90], '“bottleneck”': [14], 'segment': [15], 'faces': [16], 'significant': [17], 'returns': [18], 'to': [19, 41, 46, 98], 'scale': [20, 66], 'while': [21, 54], 'other': [22], '(downstream)': [23], 'segments': [24], 'may': [25], 'be': [26], 'more': [27, 80], 'competitive.': [28], 'In': [29], 'proposed': [31], 'mechanism,': [32, 53], 'ownership': [34], 'of': [35, 49, 62, 65], 'firm': [38], 'is': [39, 79], 'allocated': [40], 'downstream': [42, 56, 72], 'firms': [43], 'proportion': [45], 'their': [47], 'shares': [48], 'input': [50], 'purchases.': [51], 'preserving': [55], 'competition,': [57], 'partially': [58], 'internalizes': [59], 'benefits': [61], 'exploiting': [63], 'economies': [64], 'resulting': [67], 'from': [68], 'an': [69], 'increase': [70], 'output.': [73], 'We': [74], 'show': [75], 'that': [76], 'this': [77], 'efficient': [81], 'than': [82], 'disintegrated': [84], 'market': [85], 'structure': [86], 'natural': [91], 'monopoly': [92], 'bottleneck': [93], 'sets': [94], 'price': [96], 'equal': [97], 'average': [99], 'cost.': [100]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2161357558', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-11T11:01:58.621809', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}